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THE READER DOESN'T HAVE TO UNDERSTAND EVERYTHING ABOUT BITCOIN EXCEPT THE CORE PRINCIPLES OF THE TECHNOLOGY. --> {{pp-protected|small=yes}} {{Multiple issues| {{lead rewrite|date=April 2013}} {{Expert-subject |reason= The technical content might be inaccurate|date=April 2013}} {{overly detailed|date=April 2013}} }} <!-- Do not remove sources citing inflation rates and introduction dates. They are indeed secondary and are the only portal into the bitcoin network's statistics. Independent sources can be added when found. --> {{ infobox currency | image_1 = Electrum Bitcoin Wallet.png | image_title_1 = A digital bitcoin wallet | image_2 = | image_title_2 = |image_width_2 = | iso_code = Not designated. Not recognized as a currency by [[SIX Interbank Clearing]]. |issuing_authority =The majority of the bitcoin [[peer-to-peer]] network regulates transactions and balances.<ref name="whitepaper"/><ref name=UCPaper>{{cite journal |title=Bitter to Better — how to make Bitcoin a better currency |journal=Financial Cryptography and Data Security |url=http://crypto.stanford.edu/~xb/fc12/bitcoin.pdf |publisher=Springer |year=2012 |author=Barber, Simon; Boyen, Xavier; Shi, Elaine and Uzun, Esrin }}</ref> |date_of_introduction = 3 January 2009 |date_of_introduction_source = [http://blockexplorer.com/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f Bitcoin Genesis Block] |using_countries = International |inflation_rate = Limited release |inflation_source_date = [http://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total BTC in Circulation] |inflation_method = The rate of inflation will be halved every 4 years until there are 21 million BTC<ref name="Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph">{{cite web|title=Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph|url=http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/584.pdf|publisher=Cryptology ePrint Archive|accessdate=18 October 2012|author=Ron Dorit|coauthors=Adi Shamir|page=17|year=2012}}</ref> | symbol = BTC, [[File:Bitcoin BTC symbol.svg|9px]], ฿,<ref name="SatoshiDice Forbes">{{cite web|last=Matonis|first=Jon|title=Bitcoin Casinos Release 2012 Earnings|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/jonmatonis/2013/01/22/bitcoin-casinos-release-2012-earnings/|publisher=Forbes|date=22 January 2013|quote=Responsible for more than 50% of daily network volume on the Bitcoin blockchain, SatoshiDice reported first year earnings from wagering at an impressive ฿33,310. |archiveurl=http://archive.is/JHWHM |archivedate=2013-02-16 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Ƀ |subunit_ratio_1 = .001 |subunit_name_1 = mBTC (millicoin) |subunit_ratio_2 = .000001 |subunit_name_2 = μBTC (microcoin) |subunit_ratio_3 = .00000001 |subunit_name_3 = satoshi<ref name="satoshi unit" /> }} [[File:Bitcoin logo.svg|thumb|260px|A common bitcoin logo.]] <!-- BELOW IS THE LEAD TO THE ARTICLE. IT SHOULD BRIEFLY, VERY BRIEFLY SUMMARIZE THE ENTIRE ARTICLE. EXCESS DETAIL, ANECDOTES, EXAMPLES AND TECHNICAL PRECISION ARE NOT APPROPRIATE HERE. FEEL FREE TO ADD LARGE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MAIN ARTICLE. --> '''Bitcoin''' ('''BTC''') is a [[digital currency]] first described in a 2008 paper by [[pseudonym]]ous [[software developer|developer]] Satoshi Nakamoto, who called it a [[peer-to-peer]], electronic cash system.<ref name=whitepaper /><ref>Sidel, Robin. (16 April 2013) {{cite web |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324345804578426692340390104.html?mod=googlenews_wsj |title=Bitcoin Investors Hang On for the Ride – WSJ.com |archiveurl=http://archive.is/GuDKU |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Online.wsj.com. Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21576149-even-if-it-crashes-bitcoin-may-make-dent-financial-world-mining-digital |title=Virtual currencies: Mining digital gold |archiveurl=http://archive.is/TjiXA |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. The Economist (13 April 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> Bitcoin creation and transfer is based on an [[open source]] [[cryptographic protocol]] and is not managed by any central authority. Each bitcoin is subdivided into 100 million smaller units called satoshis, defined by eight decimal places.<ref name="satoshi unit">{{cite web|title=Cracking the Bitcoin: Digging Into a $131M USD Virtual Currency|url=http://www.dailytech.com/Cracking+the+Bitcoin+Digging+Into+a+131M+USD+Virtual+Currency/article21878.htm|publisher=Daily Tech|date=12 June 2011|accessdate=30 September 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/oeqh9 |archivedate=2013-01-20 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Bitcoins can be transferred through a [[personal computer|computer]] or [[smartphone]] without an intermediate financial institution.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Hough |first1= Jack |date=3 June 2011 |title= The Currency That's Up 200,000% |journal= [[SmartMoney]] |publisher= Dow Jones & Company |url= http://www.smartmoney.com/invest/stocks/the-currency-thats-up-200000-1307029053200/ |accessdate= 18 February 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/6N2Cz |archivedate=2013-04-11 |deadurl=no}}</ref> The creation of new bitcoins is automated and accomplished by [[Server (computing)|servers]], called ''bitcoin miners'' that run on an internet-based network and confirm bitcoin transactions by adding codes to a decentralized log, which is updated and archived periodically.<ref name=UCPaper /> The number of newly created bitcoins per period depends on how long the network has been running. Currently, 25 new bitcoins are generated with every 10-minute block. This will be halved to 12.5 BTC during the year 2017 and halved continuously every 4 years after until a hard limit of 21 million bitcoins is reached during the year 2140.<ref name=whitepaper /><ref name=Wired:RFB /> Bitcoin is accepted in trade by various merchants and individuals in many parts of the world. A large share of such commercial use is believed to be for illicit drug and gambling transactions.<ref name="Guardian Ball">{{cite web|last=Ball|first=James|title=Silk Road: the online drug marketplace that officials seem powerless to stop|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/22/silk-road-online-drug-marketplace|publisher=The Guardian|date=22 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/wNXAj |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spendbitcoins.com/places/ |title=Places that accept bitcoins |archiveurl=http://archive.is/8dibE |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Spendbitcoins.com. Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref><ref>Browdie, Brian. (29 October 2012) {{cite web |url=http://www.americanbanker.com/issues/177_209/bitcoin-merchants-plan-own-version-of-black-friday-1053951-1.html |title=Bitcoin Merchants Plan Their Own Version of Black Friday |archiveurl=http://archive.is/LHWOn |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. American Banker Article. Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref><ref name="foxnews1">{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2013/04/11/bitcoin-electronic-cash-beloved-by-hackers/ |title=Bitcoin, the nationless electronic cash beloved by hackers, bursts into financial mainstream |archiveurl=http://archive.is/YwB03 |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Fox News (11 April 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> Although bitcoin is promoted as a digital currency, many commentators have criticized Bitcoin's volatile market value, relatively inflexible supply, and minimal use in trade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/louiswoodhill/2013/04/11/bitcoins-are-digital-collectibles-not-real-money/ |title=Bitcoins are not real money |archiveurl=http://archive.is/AYBC5 |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Forbes (18 April 2012). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/04/11/yes-bitcoin-is-volatile-its-still-got-defenders/ |title=Yes, Bitcoin is volatile. But it’s still got defenders |archiveurl=http://archive.is/cnWeq |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Washingtonpost.com (11 April 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref><ref name=Bloomber89>{{cite web|last=Zeitlin|first=Matthew|title=Bitcoin's Wild Ride Shows It's Not Real Money|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-11/bitcoin-s-wild-ride-shows-its-not-real-money.html|publisher=Bloomberg|date=11 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/qfgrN |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=Krugman1 /> ==Transactions== {{Cleanup|reason=This section contains unsourced, incomplete, and confusing content|date=April 2013}} Bitcoins can be sent and received through various websites and apps after being bought on an exchange. ===Addresses=== [[File:Capture-Electrum.png|thumb|350px|A bitcoin transaction log showing addresses.]] Based on [[digital signatures]], payments are made to bitcoin "addresses" or "public keys": human-readable strings of numbers and letters around 33 characters in length, always beginning with the digit 1 or 3, as in the example of<!-- Do not change this intentionally invalid address. Address chosen by consensus (see [[Talk:Bitcoin]]), it is SHA1("Bitcoin") in base58 with an invalid checksum character added --> ''175tWpb8K1S7NmH4Zx6rewF9WQrcZv245W''. Users obtain new bitcoin addresses as necessary; these are stored in a wallet file with links to cryptographic passwords or "private keys" that enable access to and transfer of bitcoins. A file or "wallet" containing bitcoin addresses is usually [[encrypted]] with an additional password. ===Confirmation=== The network's software confirms transactions when it records them in the transaction log or "blockchain" stored across the peer-to-peer network every 10-minutes. Confirmation of future transaction records makes the ones before it increasingly permanent. After six confirmed records or "blocks" (usually one hour), a transaction is usually considered confirmed beyond reasonable doubt. Initiators of a bitcoin transaction may voluntarily pay a transaction fee for the confirmation of these records. Any fees are collected by the operators of bitcoin servers – often called nodes or "bitcoin miners". The transaction fee acts as an incentive to the miners to expend computational resources verifying transactions; without it the miners could choose not to do so and the transaction would not go through. However, transaction fees may not cover the cost of [[electrical power]] required to operate a [[Bitcoin mining|bitcoin miner]]. As a result the network server operators often rely on "mined" bitcoins as their only significant revenue.<ref name="Network Transaction Cost Deficit Historical Time Series">{{cite web|title=Network Deficit|url=http://blockchain.info/charts/network-deficit|publisher=blockchain.info|accessdate=1 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/slVcR |archivedate=2013-04-12 |deadurl=no}}</ref> [[File:Bitcoin-coin2.jpg|thumb|100px|Bitcoin-based coin]] ===Banknotes and coins=== Various vendors offer [[banknotes]] and [[coins]] denominated in bitcoins; a bitcoin private key is sold as part of a coin or banknote. Usually, a seal has to be broken to access the key, while the receiving address remains visible on the outside so that the balance can be verified.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} A 1-BTC Casascius Coin was shown in the [[British Museum]] in [[London]] to represent bitcoin.<ref name="The British Museum">{{cite web|title=The British Museum – Token|url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_image.aspx?objectId=3451294&partId=1&searchText=g68%2f18&orig=%2fresearch%2fsearch_the_collection_database.aspx&numPages=10&currentPage=1&asset_id=1156712|publisher=Trustees of the British Museum|accessdate=23 January 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/4aqYq |archivedate=2013-04-14 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ==History== Bitcoin is one of the first implementations of a concept called "crypto-currency". Based on this concept, bitcoin is designed around the idea of a new form of money that uses [[cryptography]] to control its creation and transactions, rather than relying on central authorities. ===Timeline=== ====2008–2009==== * In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto posted a paper describing the bitcoin protocol on the internet.<ref name="whitepaper">{{cite web |last= Nakamoto |first= Satoshi |title= Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System |url= http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf |accessdate = 20 December 2012 |date= 24 May 2009}}</ref><ref name=Wired:RFB /><ref>{{cite web |url= http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.encryption.general/12588/ |title= Bitcoin P2P e-cash paper|date=31 October 2008 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/FKta |archivedate=2012-12-28 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=cryptography@metzdowd.com&q=from:%22Satoshi+Nakamoto%22 |title=Satoshi's posts to Cryptography mailing list |publisher=Mail-archive.com |accessdate=26 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/ljVHR |archivedate=2013-01-03 |deadurl=no}}</ref> * In 2009, the bitcoin network came into existence with the release of the first [[open source]] bitcoin client and the issuance of the first bitcoins.<ref name=Wired:RFB /><ref>{{cite web |title=Block 0 – Bitcoin Block Explorer |url=http://blockexplorer.com/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f |archiveurl=http://archive.is/mLnC |archivedate=2012-07-09 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/msg10142.html|author= Nakamoto, Satoshi |date=9 January 2009 |title=Bitcoin v0.1 released |archiveurl=http://archive.is/KBoi |archivedate=2012-09-04 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sourceforge.net/news/?group_id=244765 |title=SourceForge.net: Bitcoin |archiveurl=http://archive.is/jC5M |archivedate=2012-07-16 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ====2010==== * The initial prices for bitcoins were set by individuals on the bitcointalk forums. One notable transaction involved a 10,000 BTC pizza.<ref name=Wired:RFB>{{cite web|author=Wallace, Benjamin|title=The Rise and Fall of Bitcoin|url=http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/11/mf_bitcoin/|publisher=Wired|date=23 November 2011|accessdate=13 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/oODpb |archivedate=2013-02-09 |deadurl=no}}</ref> * On 6 August, a major vulnerability in the bitcoin protocol was found. Transactions weren't properly verified before they were included in the transaction log or "blockchain" which allowed for users to bypass bitcoin's economic restrictions and create an indefinite number of bitcoins.<ref name=Monetarism1 /><ref name=NIST1 /> * On 15 August, the major vulnerability was exploited. Over 184 billion bitcoins were generated in a transaction, and sent to two addresses on the network. Within hours, the transaction was spotted{{who|date=April 2013}} and erased from the transaction log after the bug was fixed and the network forked to an updated version of the bitcoin protocol. This was the only major security flaw found and exploited in bitcoin's history.<ref name=Monetarism1>{{cite web|last=Sawyer|first=Matt|title=The Beginners Guide To Bitcoin – Everything You Need To Know|url=http://www.monetarism.co.uk/the-beginners-guide-to-bitcoin-everything-you-need-to-know/|publisher=Monetarism|date=26 February 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/3JU4w |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=NIST1>{{cite web|title=Vulnerability Summary for CVE-2010-5139|url=https://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2010-5139|publisher=National Vulnerability Database|accessdate=22 March 2013|date=8 June 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/mgLGp |archivedate=2013-04-09 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ====2011–2012==== * In June 2011, [[Wikileaks]]<ref>{{cite news |last= Greenberg |first= Andy |url= http://blogs.forbes.com/andygreenberg/2011/06/14/wikileaks-asks-for-anonymous-bitcoin-donations/ |title= WikiLeaks Asks For Anonymous Bitcoin Donations |publisher= logs.forbes.com | date= 14 June 2011 |accessdate = 22 June 2011 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/wwVC |archivedate=2012-07-07 |deadurl=no}}</ref> and other organizations began to accept bitcoin as donations. The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] initially did but has since stopped, citing concerns about a lack of legal precedent about new currency systems, and that they "generally don't endorse any type of product or service."<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/06/eff-and-bitcoin |title= EFF and Bitcoin &#124; Electronic Frontier Foundation |publisher= Eff.org |date= 14 June 2011 |accessdate = 22 June 2011 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/sAV7 |archivedate=2012-12-09 |deadurl=no}}</ref> * In late-2011, the bitcoin price crashed from $30 to below $2. Some{{who|date=April 2013}} claimed the crash was due to a lower cost in producing bitcoins through cheaper computing power.<ref name=Guardian78>{{cite web|last=Arthur|first=Charles|title=Bitcoin value crashes below cost of production as broader use stutters|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/oct/18/bitcoin-value-crash-cryptocurrency|publisher=The Guardian|date=18 October 2011 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/hBfhT |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> * In October 2012, BitPay reported having over 1000 merchants accepting Bitcoin under its payment processing service.<ref>{{cite web|title=BitPay Signs 1,000 Merchants to Accept Bitcoin Payments|url=http://www.americanbanker.com/issues/177_176/bitpay-signs-1000-merchants-to-accept-bitcoin-payments-1052538-1.html|publisher=American Banker|date=11 September 2012|author= Browdie, Brian |archiveurl=http://archive.is/BMAA4 |archivedate=2013-01-01 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ====2013==== =====February===== * The bitcoin-based [[payment processor]] Coinbase reported selling $1 million in bitcoins in a single month at over $22 per bitcoin.<ref name=$1MBitcoinamonth>{{cite web|last=Ludwig|first=Sean|title=Y Combinator-backed Coinbase now selling over $1M Bitcoin per month|url=http://venturebeat.com/2013/02/08/coinbase-bitcoin/|publisher=VentureBeat|date=8 February 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/3sXNi |archivedate=2013-04-12 |deadurl=no}}</ref> * The [[Internet Archive]] announced that it is ready to accept donations in the form of bitcoin and that it intends to give employees the option to receive portions of their salaries in bitcoin currency.<ref name=paritynews>{{cite web|last=Mandalia|first=Ravi|title=The Internet Archive Starts Accepting Bitcoin Donations|url=http://www.paritynews.com/web-news/item/690-the-internet-archive-starts-accepting-bitcoin-donations|publisher=Parity News|date=22 February 2013|accessdate=28 February 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/GQE64 |archivedate=2013-04-11 |deadurl=no}}</ref> =====March===== * The bitcoin transaction log or "blockchain" temporarily forked into two independent logs with differing rules on how transactions could be accepted. The Mt.Gox bitcoin exchange briefly halted bitcoin deposits. Bitcoin prices briefly dipped by 23% to $37 as the event occurred<ref name=ArsFork /><ref name=VergeFork /> before recovering to their previous level in the following hours, a price of approximately $48.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bitcoin Charts|url=http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD#rg60zczsg2013-03-12zeg2013-03-15ztgSzm1g10zm2g25zv |archiveurl=http://archive.is/0QOAS |archivedate=2013-04-19 |deadurl=no}}</ref> * In the [[United States of America|US]], the [[FinCEN|Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN)]] established regulatory guidelines for "virtual currencies" such as bitcoin, classifying American "bitcoin miners" who sell their generated bitcoins as Money Service Businesses (or MSBs), that may now be subject to registration and other legal obligations.<ref name=ArsFinCEN /><ref name=Finextra1 /><ref name=FinCEN1 /> =====April===== * Payment processor BitInstant and [[Mt.Gox]] experienced processing delays due to insufficient capacity.<ref>Roose, Kevin (8 April 2013) {{cite web |url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/04/inside-the-bitcoin-bubble-bitinstants-ceo.html |title=Inside the Bitcoin Bubble: BitInstant’s CEO – Daily Intelligencer |archiveurl=http://archive.is/yAyxl |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Nymag.com. Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> * On the 10th, bitcoin dropped from a price of $266 to $105 before returning to a price of $160 within six hours.<ref name=ArstechnicaCrash2013>{{cite web|last=Farivar|first=Cyrus|title=Bitcoin crashes, losing nearly half of its value in six hours|url=http://arstechnica.com/business/2013/04/bitcoin-crashes-losing-nearly-half-of-its-value-in-six-hours/|publisher=Arstechnica|date=11 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/jGzjh |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ===Satoshi Nakamoto=== Satoshi Nakamoto was the pseudonymous person or group of people who designed the original bitcoin protocol in 2008 and launched the bitcoin network in 2009. Beyond bitcoin, no other links to this identity have been found. His involvement in the original bitcoin protocol does not appear to extend past mid-2010.<ref name=Wired:RFB>{{cite web|title=The Rise and Fall of Bitcoin|url=http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/11/mf_bitcoin/|publisher= Wired |date=23 November 2011|accessdate= 13 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/oODpb |archivedate=2013-02-09 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Nakamoto was active in making modifications to the bitcoin network and posting technical information on the BitcoinTalk Forum until his contact with bitcoin users began to fade. Until a few months before he left, he was responsible for creating the majority of the bitcoin protocol, only rarely accepting contributions.<ref name=Wired:RFB>{{cite web|title=The Rise and Fall of Bitcoin |url= http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/11/mf_bitcoin/ |publisher= [[Wired (website)|Wired]] |date=23 November 2011|accessdate= 13 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/oODpb |archivedate=2013-02-09 |deadurl=no}}</ref> In April 2011, Satoshi communicated to a bitcoin contributor saying he had “moved on to other things.”<ref>{{cite web|last= Davis|first= Joshua |title= The Crypto-Currency |url= http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/10/10/111010fa_fact_davis |publisher= [[The New Yorker]] |date=10 October 2011|accessdate= 16 February 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/JKMS |archivedate=2012-12-17 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ====Identity==== Investigations into the real [[wikt:identity|identity]] of Satoshi Nakamoto have been attempted by ''[[The New Yorker]]'' and ''[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]]''. ''Fast Company'''s investigation brought up [[circumstantial evidence]] that indicated a link between an [[encryption]] [[patent]] application filed by Neal King, Vladimir Oksman and Charles Bry on 15 August 2008, and the bitcoin.org domain name which was registered 72 hours later. The patent application ([http://patent.ipexl.com/U2S/20100042841.html #20100042841]) contained networking and encryption technologies similar to bitcoin's. After [[Content analysis|textual analysis]], the phrase "...computationally impractical to reverse" was found in both the patent application and bitcoin's whitepaper.<ref name=whitepaper /> All three inventors explicitly denied being Satoshi Nakamoto.<ref>{{cite web|last= Penenberg |first= Adam |title= The Bitcoin Crypto-Currency Mystery Reopened |url= http://www.fastcompany.com/1785445/bitcoin-crypto-currency-mystery-reopened |publisher= [[FastCompany]] |accessdate= 16 February 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/97HqS |archivedate=2013-04-09 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last= Greenfield |first= Rebecca |title= The Race to Unmask Bitcoin's Inventor(s) |url= http://www.theatlanticwire.com/technology/2011/10/race-unmask-bitcoins-inventors/43535/ |publisher= [[The Atlantic]] |date=11 October 2011|accessdate= 16 February 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/RHThA |archivedate=2013-04-12 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ===The fork of March 2013=== On 12 March 2013, a bitcoin server (also called a "miner") running the more recent "version 0.8.0" of the bitcoin protocol created a large record in bitcoin's transaction log (called the blockchain) that was incompatible with earlier versions of the bitcoin protocol due to its size. This created a split or "fork" in the transaction log. Some users ran the more recent version of the protocol, accepting and building on the diverging log, whereas other users ran older versions of the bitcoin protocol and rejected it. This split resulted in two separate transaction logs being formed without clear consensus, which allows for the same funds on both chains to be [[double-spending|double-spent]]. In response, the Mt.Gox bitcoin exchange temporarily halted bitcoin deposits.<ref name=Mtgoxforkchain>{{cite web|last=Karpeles|first=Mark|title=Bitcoin blockchain issue – bitcoin deposits temporarily suspended|url=https://mtgox.zendesk.com/entries/21477395-Bitcoin-blockchain-issue-bitcoin-deposits-temporarily-suspended|publisher=Mt.Gox|accessdate=12 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/LzeKd |archivedate=2013-04-12 |deadurl=no}}</ref> The price of a bitcoin fell 23% to $37 on the Mt.Gox bitcoin exchange as this event occurred but subsequently rose most of the way back to its prior level of approximately $48.<ref name=ArsFork>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Timothy|title=Major glitch in Bitcoin network sparks sell-off; price temporarily falls 23%|url=http://arstechnica.com/business/2013/03/major-glitch-in-bitcoin-network-sparks-sell-off-price-temporarily-falls-23/|publisher=Arstechnica|date=12 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/kj9PR |archivedate=2013-04-17 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=VergeFork>{{cite web|last=Blagdon|first=Jeff|title=Technical problems cause Bitcoin to plummet from record high, Mt. Gox suspends deposits|url=http://www.theverge.com/2013/3/12/4092898/technical-problems-cause-bitcoin-to-plummet-from-record-high|publisher=The Verge|date=12 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/VmI8N |archivedate=2013-04-12 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Developers at bitcoin.org attempted to resolve the split by recommending that users downgrade to "version 0.7", which utilized the oldest transaction log in the split. User funds largely remained unaffected and were available when network consensus was reached.<ref name=ChainFork1>{{cite web|title=11/12 March 2013 Chain Fork Information|url=http://bitcoin.org/chainfork.html|publisher=Bitcoin Project|accessdate=12 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/Fo4tS |archivedate=2013-04-14 |deadurl=no}}</ref> The network reached consensus and continued to operate as normal a few hours after the split.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bitcoin software bug has been rapidly resolved|url=http://ecurrency.ec/2013/03/bitcoin-bug-resolved/|publisher=ecurrency|date=12 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/cyTYJ |archivedate=2013-04-12 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ===FinCEN regulation=== On 18 March 2013, the [[Financial Crimes Enforcement Network]] (or FinCEN), a bureau of the [[United States Department of the Treasury]], issued a report regarding [[centralized]] and decentralized "virtual currencies" and their legal status within "[[money services business]]" (MSB) and [[Bank Secrecy Act]] regulations.<ref name=FinCEN1 /> It classified digital currencies and other digital payment systems such as bitcoin as "virtual currencies" because they are not [[legal tender]] under any sovereign [[jurisdiction (area)|jurisdiction]]. FinCEN cleared American users of bitcoin of legal obligations by saying, "A user of virtual currency is not an MSB under FinCEN’s regulations and therefore is not subject to MSB registration, reporting, and recordkeeping regulations." However, it held that American entities who generate "virtual currency" such as bitcoins are money transmitters or MSBs if they sell their generated currency for [[national currency]]: "...a person that creates units of convertible virtual currency and sells those units to another person for real currency or its equivalent is engaged in transmission to another location and is a money transmitter." This specifically extends to "miners" of the bitcoin network who may have to register as an MSB and abide by the respective requirements of being a money transmitter if they sell their generated bitcoins for [[national currency]] and are within the [[United States]].<ref name=ArsFinCEN>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Timothy|title=http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/03/us-regulator-bitcoin-exchanges-must-comply-with-money-laundering-laws/|url=http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/03/us-regulator-bitcoin-exchanges-must-comply-with-money-laundering-laws/|publisher=Arstechnica|date=20 March 2013|quote=Bitcoin miners must also register if they trade in their earnings for dollars. |archiveurl=http://archive.is/ozDCh |archivedate=2013-04-07 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Additionally, FinCEN claimed regulation over American entities that manage bitcoins in a [[payment processor]] setting or as an exchanger: "In addition, a person is an exchanger and a money transmitter if the person accepts such de-centralized convertible virtual currency from one person and transmits it to another person as part of the acceptance and transfer of currency, funds, or other value that substitutes for currency."<ref name=Finextra1>{{cite web|title=US govt clarifies virtual currency regulatory position|url=http://www.finextra.com/News/FullStory.aspx?newsitemid=24645|publisher=Finextra|date=19 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/W176A |archivedate=2013-04-09 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=FinCEN1>{{cite web|title=Application of FinCEN's Regulations to Persons Administering, Exchanging, or Using Virtual Currencies|url=http://www.fincen.gov/statutes_regs/guidance/pdf/FIN-2013-G001.pdf|publisher=Department of the Treasury Financial Crimes Enforcement Network|accessdate=19 March 2013}}</ref> In summary, FinCEN's decision would require Bitcoin exchanges where bitcoins are traded for traditional currencies to disclose large transactions and suspicious activity, comply with [[money laundering]] regulations, and collect information about their customers as traditional [[financial institutions]] are required to do.<ref name=Forbes1>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Timothy|title=New Money Laundering Guidelines Are A Positive Sign For Bitcoin|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/timothylee/2013/03/19/new-money-laundering-guidelines-are-a-positive-sign-for-bitcoin/|publisher=Forbes|date=19 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/dlI9t |archivedate=2013-04-10 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=JapanTimes>{{cite web|title=The rise of the bitcoin: Virtual gold or cyber-bubble?|url=http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-04-04/world/38280106_1_bitcoin-satoshi-nakamoto-monetary-policy|publisher=Washington Post|date=4 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/pWxnr |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Patrick Murck of the Bitcoin Foundation criticized FinCEN's testament as an "overreach" and claimed that FinCEN "cannot rely on this guidance in any enforcement action".<ref name=BTCFoundationFinCEN1>{{cite web|last=Murck|first=Patrick|title=Today, we are all money transmitters... (no, really!)|url=https://bitcoinfoundation.org/blog/?p=152|publisher=Bitcoin Foundation|date=19 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/eWcYH |archivedate=2013-04-14 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ===2013 values=== The USD value of a bitcoin increased ten-fold in early 2013 from $13/BTC on 1 January to $190/BTC on 9 April, three months later. Suggested reasons for the rise in price included the [[European sovereign-debt crisis]] – particularly the [[2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis]] – statements by FinCEN improving the currency's legal standing and rising media and Internet interest.<ref name=NewYorker1>{{cite web|last=Traverse|first=Nick|title=Bitcoin's Meteoric Rise|url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2013/04/the-number-141.html|date=3 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/gfRcQ |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=NewYorker2>{{cite web|last=Bustillos|first=Maria|title=The Bitcoin Boom|url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/elements/2013/04/the-future-of-bitcoin.html|date=2 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/s4wpw |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=Quartz1>{{cite web|last=Seward|first=Zachary|title=Bitcoin, up 152% this month, soaring 57% this week|url=http://qz.com/68328/bitcoin-up-152-this-month-tops-1-billion-in-total-value/|accessdate=9 April 2013|date=28 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/u9QqU |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=Economist1>{{cite news|title=A Bit expensive|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/03/daily-chart-12|date=1 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/xfasi |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> As the market value of the total bitcoin supply approached $1 billion USD, financial commentators described bitcoin prices as a [[economic bubble|bubble]].<ref name=Atlantic1>{{cite web|last=Estes|first=Adam|title=Bitcoin Is Now A Billion Dollar Industry|url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/business/2013/03/bitcoin-now-billion-dollar-industry/63667/|date=28 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/mvPg0 |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="FelixSalmon1">{{cite web|last=Salmon|first=Felix|title=The Bitcoin Bubble and the Future of Currency|url=https://medium.com/money-banking/2b5ef79482cb|accessdate=9 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/K6uFF |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="ArtCashin1">{{cite web|last=Ro|first=Sam|title=Art Cashin: The Bitcoin Bubble|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/art-cashin-the-bitcoin-bubble-2013-4|date=3 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/Am9un |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> On 10 April 2013, Bitcoin dropped from a price of $266 to $105 before returning to a value of $160 within six hours.<ref name="ArstechnicaCrash2013" /> ==Distribution== [[File:Total bitcoins over time.png|thumb|right|300px|Total bitcoins over time]] Unlike [[fiat currency]], bitcoin has no centralized issuing authority.<ref name="ars-06-08-11">{{Cite news |first= Thomas |last= Lowenthal |title= Bitcoin: inside the encrypted, peer-to-peer digital currency |newspaper= Ars Technica |date= 8 June 2011 |url= http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/06/bitcoin-inside-the-encrypted-peer-to-peer-currency.ars |archiveurl=http://archive.is/NYkv |archivedate=2012-12-09 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/06/virtual-currency |title= Virtual currency: Bits and bob |publisher= The Economist |date=13 June 2011 |accessdate = 22 June 2011 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/1JvB |archivedate=2012-12-08 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= Geere |first= Duncan |url= http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-05/16/bitcoin-p2p-currency |title= Peer-to-peer currency Bitcoin sidesteps financial institutions (Wired UK) |publisher= Wired.co.uk |date=16 May 2011 |accessdate = 22 June 2011 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/ZPSM0 |archivedate=2013-01-14 |deadurl=no}}</ref> The network is programmed to increase the money supply as a [[geometric series]] until the total number of bitcoins reaches 21 million BTC, by issuing them to nodes that verify transaction records through intense bruteforce hashing with computing power.<ref name="Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph"/> These nodes can then sell their earned bitcoins on exchanges or trade them at their discretion. Currently, 25 bitcoins are generated every 10 minutes. This will be halved to 12.5 BTC within the year 2017 and halved continuously every 4 years after until a hard-limit of 21 million bitcoins is reached within the year 2140.<ref name=whitepaper /><ref name=Wired:RFB /> {{As of|2013|3}} over 10.5 million of the total 21 million BTC had been created; the current total number created is available online.<ref>{{cite web |title= Total Number of Bitcoins in Existence |url= http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc |work= Bitcoin Block Explorer |accessdate = 3 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/WzLNi |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> In November 2012, half of the total supply was generated, and by end of 2016, three-quarters will have been generated. By 2140, all bitcoins will have been generated with the last one consisting of fractional parts. To ensure this granularity of the [[money supply]], clients can divide each BTC unit down to eight decimal places (a total of 2.1&nbsp;×&nbsp;10¹⁵ or 2.1 quadrillion units).<ref name="lwn">{{Cite news |author= Nathan Willis |date= 10 November 2010 |title= Bitcoin: Virtual money created by CPU cycles |publisher= [[LWN.net]] |url= http://lwn.net/Articles/414452/ |archiveurl=http://archive.is/vGMu |archivedate=2012-12-05 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ===Exchange=== Through various exchanges, bitcoins are bought and sold at a variable price against the value of other currency. Bitcoin has appreciated rapidly in relation to existing fiat currencies including the [[US dollar]], [[euro]] and [[British pound]].{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} In April 2013, 1 BTC traded from $100–$260. Taking into account the total number of bitcoins mined, the [[monetary base]] of the bitcoin network stands at over $1 billion [[USD]].<ref name=Monetarybase1>{{cite web|title=Market Capitalization|url=http://blockchain.info/charts/market-cap|publisher=Blockchain.info|accessdate=28 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/HeUf |archivedate=2012-07-07 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="Mt.Gox data">{{cite web|title=Mt.Gox data|url=http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/mtgoxUSD.html|publisher=Bitcoincharts |archiveurl=http://archive.is/lnS1w |archivedate=2013-01-02 |deadurl=no}}</ref> According to [[Reuters]], undisclosed documents indicate that [[bank]]s such as [[Morgan Stanley]] and [[Goldman Sachs]] have visited bitcoin exchanges as often as 30 times a day. Employees of international banks and major financial organizations have shown interest in the bitcoin markets as well.<ref name=Reuters1>{{cite web|last=O'Leary|first=Naomi|title=Bitcoin, the City traders' anarchic new toy|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/01/traders-bitcoin-idUSL6E8ET5K620120401|publisher=Reuters|date=1 April 2012|quote=Workers at Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs in London and New York have been visiting online Bitcoin exchanges as often as 30 times a day, according to documents seen by Reuters. Neither bank wanted to comment. Employees at almost all the major international banks and numerous trading and investment firms have shown interest. |archiveurl=http://archive.is/52sM |archivedate=2012-09-09 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ====Hedge funds==== [[Financial laws]] can limit the type of assets [[institutional investors]] can buy, including [[alternative asset]]s like bitcoin. However, assets stored in a licensed product can usually be bought by regulated entities. [[Exante Ltd.]], a [[Malta|Malta-based]] [[investment firm]], launched a bitcoin [[hedge fund]] marketed towards [[institutional investors]] and high net-worth individuals. Bitcoin shares are currently traded through the Exante Hedge Fund Marketplace platform and authorized and regulated by the [[Malta Financial Services Authority]]. As of March 2013, Exante holds $3.2 million (2.5€ million) in bitcoin assets.<ref name=BitcoinHedge1>{{cite web|last=Matonis|first=Jon|title=First Bitcoin Hedge Fund Launches From Malta|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/jonmatonis/2013/03/08/first-bitcoin-hedge-fund-launches-from-malta/|publisher=Forbes|date=8 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/V0Gyf |archivedate=2013-04-10 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ====Derivatives==== [[Financial derivatives|Derivatives]] on bitcoins are thinly available: * iCBIT [https://icbit.se/] offers [[futures contracts]] on bitcoins against multiple currencies.<ref name=Quartz2>{{cite web|last=Foxman|first=Simone|title=How to short bitcoins (if you really must)|url=http://qz.com/69630/how-to-short-bitcoins-if-you-really-must/|publisher=Quartz|date=2 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/B9Krp |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> * In April 2013, [[IG Group]] began to offer [[binary options]] on the price of bitcoins at a given date.<ref name=IGMarket1>{{cite web|title=IG Market Index (Search "Bitcoin")|url=https://demo.igmarkets.com/dealing/pd/index.htm?201303201837|publisher=IG Markets|accessdate=9 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/OYpD5 |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ==Protocol== <!-- The following content may be taken from the Satoshi Whitepaper which was released under a free, compatible license, the MIT license. It is compatible with Wikipedia and the Creative Commons licensing, and can be reproduced as followed. See the MIT License for details: http://opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php --> ===Summary=== Bitcoin is a solution to the [[double-spending]] problem of using a peer-to-peer network to manage transactions. The network [[timestamps]] transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based [[proof-of-work]], forming a record or chain that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work. The longest chain of records (called blocks) serves not only as proof of the sequence of events witnessed but also as proof that it came from the largest pool of computing power. As long as a majority of computing power is controlled by nodes that are not cooperating to attack the network, they'll generate the longest chain of records and outpace attackers. The network itself requires minimal structure. Messages are broadcast on a best effort basis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the longest proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone.<ref name=whitepaper /><ref name=UCPaper /> ===Bitcoins=== A bitcoin is defined by its chain of [[ECDSA]] [[digital signatures]]. Each owner transfers the coin to the next by digitally signing a hash of the previous transaction and the public key (or address) of the next owner and adding these to the end of the coin. A payee can verify the signatures to verify the chain of ownership. [[File:Bitcoin Transaction Visual.png|thumb|A diagram of a bitcoin transfer.]] Although it would be possible to handle coins individually, it would be unwieldy to make a separate transaction for every cent in a transfer. To allow value to be split and combined, transactions contain multiple inputs and outputs. Normally there will be either a single input from a larger previous transaction or multiple inputs combining smaller amounts, and at most two outputs: one for the payment, and one returning the change, if any, back to the sender. It should be noted that fan-out, where a transaction depends on several transactions, and those transactions depend on many more, is not a problem here. There is never the need to extract a complete standalone copy of a transaction's history. ====Hashes and signatures==== Two [[SHA-256]] hashes on top of each are used for transaction verification; however, [[RIPEMD-160]] is used on top of a SHA256 hash for bitcoin digital signatures or "addresses". A bitcoin address is specifically the hash of a ECDSA public-key, computed this way: Bitcoin address/Public-key = Version concatenated with RIPEMD-160(SHA-256(public key)) Checksum = 1st 4 bytes of SHA-256(SHA-256(Key hash)) Bitcoin Address = Base58Encode(Key hash concatenated with Checksum) ===Timestamps=== The bitcoin specification starts with a [[timestamp]]. A timestamp server works by taking a [[SHA256]] [[hash function]] of a block of items to be timestamped and widely publishing the hash, such as in a newspaper or Usenet post. The timestamp proves that the data must have existed at the time, obviously, in order to get into the hash. Each timestamp includes the previous timestamp in its hash, forming a chain, with each additional timestamp reinforcing the ones before it. ===Bitcoin mining=== To implement a distributed timestamp server on a peer-to-peer basis, bitcoin uses a [[proof-of-work]] system similar to [[Adam Back]]'s [[Hashcash]], rather than [[newspaper]] or [[Usenet]] posts.<ref name=UCPaper>{{cite web|quote=The rate of block, hence money, creation is limited by a proof of work of adaptive difficulty, that strives to maintain a creation rate of one block every 10 minutes across the whole network.}}</ref> This is often called bitcoin mining. [[File:AustrianBitCoinMiningRig.jpg|thumb|A [[GPU]]-based bitcoin miner]] The mining process or proof-of-work process involves scanning for a value that when hashed with [[SHA-256]], the [[hash function|hash]] begins with a number of zero bits. The average work required is exponential in the number of zero bits required, but can always be verified by executing a single hash. For the bitcoin timestamp network, it implements the mining process or "proof-of-work" by incrementing a [[Cryptographic nonce|nonce]] in the record or "block" until a value is found that gives the block's hash the required zero bits. Once the [[hash function|hashing]] effort has been expended to make it satisfy the proof-of-work, the block cannot be changed without redoing the work. As later records or "blocks" are chained after it, the work to change the block would include redoing all the blocks after it. [[File:Blockchain.png|thumb|The main chain (black) consists of the longest series of transaction records from the genesis block (green) to the current block or record. Orphaned records (purple) exist outside of the main chain.]] The majority decision is represented by the longest chain, which has the greatest proof-of-work effort invested in it. If a majority of computing power is controlled by honest nodes, the honest chain will grow the fastest and outpace any competing chains. To modify a past block, an attacker would have to redo the proof-of-work of the block and all blocks after it and then catch up with and surpass the work of the honest nodes. The probability of a slower attacker catching up diminishes exponentially as subsequent blocks are added.<ref name=UCPaper /> To compensate for increasing hardware speed and varying interest in running nodes over time, the proof-of-work difficulty is determined by a moving average targeting an average number of blocks per hour. If they're generated too fast, the difficulty increases.<ref name=UCPaper /> Today, bitcoin mining is a competitive field. An [[arms race]] has been observed through the various hashing technologies that are used to mine bitcoins and confirm transactions: High-end GPUs ([[Graphical Processing Unit]]s) common in many [[gaming computer]]s, FPGAs ([[Field Programmable Gate Array]]s) and ASICs ([[Application-specific integrated circuit]]s) all have been used. The newest addition, ASICS, are built into specialized servers that can cost nearly $3000 [[USD]] a unit.<ref name=TheGuardian79>{{cite web|last=Tindell|first=Ken|title=Geeks Love The Bitcoin Phenomenon Like They Loved The Internet In 1995|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/how-bitcoins-are-mined-and-used-2013-4|publisher=The Guardian|date=5 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/1M4QL |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Computing power is often bundled together from various servers or "pooled" into a central server to more effectively confirm blocks of transactions. Single servers often have to wait relatively long periods of time to confirm a block of transactions and receive payment for their "work" or hashing. When resources are "pooled", all participating servers receive a proportional number of the bitcoins earned every time any one participating server resolves a block.<ref name=Techcrunch12>{{cite web|last=Biggs|first=John|title=How To Mine Bitcoins|url=http://techcrunch.com/2013/04/08/how-to-mine-bitcoins/|publisher=Techcrunch|date=8 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/eBJ3r |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ====Process==== The steps to run the network and generate or "mine" bitcoins are:<ref name=UCPaper /> # New transactions are broadcast to all nodes. # Each node collects new transactions into a block. # Each node works on finding a difficult proof-of-work for its block. # When a node finds a proof-of-work, it broadcasts the block to all nodes. # Bitcoins are successfully collected or "mined" by the receiving node which found the proof-of-work. # Nodes accept the block only if all transactions in it are valid and not already spent. # Nodes express their acceptance of the block by working on creating the next block in the chain, using the hash of the accepted block as the previous hash. # Repeat. Nodes always consider the longest chain to be the correct one and will keep working on extending it. If two nodes broadcast different versions of the next block simultaneously, some nodes may receive one or the other first. In that case, they work on the first one they received, but save the other branch in case it becomes longer. The tie will be broken when the next proof-of-work is found and one branch becomes longer; the nodes that were working on the other branch will then switch to the longer one. New transaction broadcasts do not necessarily need to reach all nodes. As long as they reach many nodes, they will get into a block before long. Block broadcasts are also tolerant of dropped messages. If a node does not receive a block, it will request it when it receives the next block and realizes it missed one. ====Mined bitcoins==== By convention, the first transaction in a block is a special transaction that starts a new coin owned by the creator of the block. This adds an incentive for nodes to support the network,<ref name=UCPaper /> and provides a way to initially distribute coins into circulation, since there is no central authority to issue them. The continual and steady addition of new coins is analogous to gold miners expending resources to add gold to circulation.<ref name=UCPaper /> In this case, it is computing power and electricity that is expended. The incentive can also be funded with transaction fees. If the output value of a transaction is less than its input value, the difference is a transaction fee that is added to the incentive value of the block containing the transaction. ===Local system resources=== Once the latest transaction of a coin is buried under enough blocks, the spent transactions which preceded it can be discarded in order to save disk space. To facilitate this without breaking the block's hash, transactions are hashed in a [[Merkle tree]], with only the root included in the block's hash. Old blocks can then be compacted by stubbing off branches of the tree. The interior hashes need not be stored. A block header with no transactions would be about 80 bytes. Supposing that blocks are generated every 10 minutes, 80 bytes × 6 × 24 × 365 = 4.2&nbsp;MB per year. With computer systems typically selling with 2&nbsp;GB of RAM as of 2008, and [[Moore's law]] predicting current growth of 1.2&nbsp;GB per year, storage should not be a problem even if the block headers need to be kept in memory. ===Payment verification=== [[File:Bitcoinpaymentverification.png|333px|thumb|Diagram showing how bitcoin transactions are verified.]] It is possible to verify bitcoin payments without running a full network node. A user only needs to keep a copy of the block headers of the longest proof-of-work chain, which he can get by querying network nodes until he is convinced he has the longest chain, and obtain the Merkle branch linking the transaction to the block it is timestamped in. He can not check the transaction for himself, but by linking it to a place in the chain, he can see that a network node has accepted it, and blocks added after it further confirm the network has accepted it. As such, the verification is reliable as long as honest nodes control the network, but is more vulnerable if the network is overpowered by an attacker. While network nodes can verify transactions for themselves, the simplified method can be fooled by an attacker's fabricated transactions for as long as the attacker can continue to overpower the network. To protect against this, alerts from network nodes detecting an invalid block prompt the user's software to download the full block and verify alerted transactions to confirm their inconsistency. Businesses that receive frequent payments will probably still want to run their own nodes for more independent security and quicker verification. ==Applications== The bitcoin protocol introduces various technologies and economic properties that have numerous applications. ===Financial haven=== Financial journalists and analysts have speculated that there was a correlation between higher bitcoin usage in [[Spain]] and the [[2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis]], through which [[bank deposit levy|bank deposit levies]] as high as 40% could have been placed on bank deposits; conceding that bitcoin is serving as a sort of financial haven for some European savers.<ref name=CNBCBit1>{{cite web|last=Cox|first=Jeff|title=Bitcoin Bonanza: Cyprus Crisis Boosts Digital Dollars|url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/100597242|publisher=CNBC|date=27 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/7HYtm |archivedate=2013-04-10 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=WiredCrisis>{{cite web|last=Steadman|first=Ian|title=Technology Bitcoin interest spikes in Spain as Cyprus financial crisis grows|url=http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-03/20/bitcoin-spain-currency-run|publisher=Wired|date=20 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/ss4gO |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=BloombergCyprus>{{cite web|last=Salyer|first=Kirsten|title=Fleeing the Euro for Bitcoins|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-20/fleeing-the-euro-for-bitcoins-.html|publisher=Bloomberg|date=21 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/TJbl6 |archivedate=2013-04-10 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Nick Colas, a financial analyst, claimed a rally in the price of bitcoins was “One hundred percent...due to Cyprus,” and that “It means the Europeans are getting involved.” In contrast, as of 2013, the use of bitcoin as a haven is limited for large amounts. As Colas also claims, “Bitcoin is good if you want to make a deposit of between $1,000 and $10,000. But the liquidity is just not there in the system for multimillion dollar transactions...”<ref name=BWSpain1>{{cite web|last=Warner|first=Bernhard|title=Jittery Spaniards Seek Safety in Bitcoins|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-03-20/jittery-spaniards-seek-safe-haven-in-bitcoins|publisher=Business Week|date=20 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/JP1aP |archivedate=2013-04-07 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ===Namecoin DNS=== Namecoin is an alternative [[peer-to-peer]] [[Domain Name System]] that is based on the [[open-source]] bitcoin protocol. Like bitcoin, the Namecoin network reaches consensus every few minutes as to which names/values have been reserved or updated.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gallagher |first=Sean |url=http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/11/anonymous-bit-dimnet-tries-to-be-a-hedge-against-dns-censorship/ |title=Anonymous "dimnet" tries to create hedge against DNS censorship |publisher=Ars Technica |date=18 November 2011 |accessdate=26 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/NbYY |archivedate=2012-12-06 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Each user has its own copy of the full [[database]], which attempts to reduce censorship on the DNS level. The use of public-key cryptography also means that only the owner is allowed to modify a name in the [[distributed database]]. For name resolution Namecoin uses [[.bit]] as [[pseudo-top-level domain]]. ==Implications== ===As a currency=== {{POV-section|date=April 2013}} [[File:BitcoinEuroFebMarch2013.jpg|thumb|How many euros it took to buy a single bitcoin, February–March 2013; x-axis ranges from €1to €60]] The large fluctuations in the dollar value of bitcoin has evoked criticism of bitcoin's economic suitability and legitimacy as a currency.<ref name=Krugman1 /><ref name=Guardian77>{{cite web|last=Moore|first=Heidi|title=Confused about Bitcoin? It's 'the Harlem Shake of currency'|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/apr/03/bitcoin-currency-bubble-crash-not-rocking-financial-markets|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=8 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/FhJtu |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> An April 2013 article in The Atlantic stated that although bitcoin is purported to be a currency, it cannot be a currency due to its deflationary bias, which encourages hoarding.<ref>{{cite web|last=O'Brien|first=Matthew|title=Bitcoin Is No Longer a Currency|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/04/bitcoin-is-no-longer-a-currency/274859/|publisher=The Atlantic|date=11 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/Hm3uS |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Forbes contributor Louis Woodhill stated that bitcoins are the cyber equivalent of rare postage stamps, or collectibles and can never be money.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/louiswoodhill/2013/04/11/bitcoins-are-digital-collectibles-not-real-money/ |title=botcoins are digital collectibles not real money |archiveurl=http://archive.is/AYBC5 |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Forbes (18 April 2012). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> It has been noted that as a currency not under sovereign control, bitcoin is currently being used on the black-market [[Silk Road (marketplace)|Silk Road]] website (despite bitcoin's volatility<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/04/16/founder-of-drug-site-silk-road-says-bitcoin-booms-and-busts-wont-kill-his-black-market/ |title=Founder Of Drug Site Silk Road Says Bitcoin Booms And Busts Won't Kill His Black Market |archiveurl=http://archive.is/jO26U |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Forbes (18 April 2012). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref>) and is used by Iranians to evade foreign currency sanctions.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Raskin|first=Max|title=Dollar-Less Iranians Discover Virtual Currency|journal=BloombergBusinessWeek|date=29 November 2012|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-11-29/dollar-less-iranians-discover-virtual-currency|accessdate=15 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/ncmdv |archivedate=2013-04-17 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Conversely, there is also some evidence that it is being accepted by some mainstream businesses<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2013/mar/04/bitcoin-currency-of-vice |title=Bitcoin: more than just the currency of digital vice Technology guardian.co.uk |archiveurl=http://archive.is/kRH7B |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Guardian (4 March 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> and hoarded by some individuals.<ref>Popper, Nathaniel. (13 December 2012) {{cite web |url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/11/as-big-investors-emerge-bitcoin-gets-ready-for-its-close-up/ |title=Never Mind Facebook; Winklevoss Twins Rule in Digital Money |archiveurl=http://archive.is/85HVC |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Dealbook.nytimes.com. Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> There has also been growing awareness of its usage in black market transactions, frustrating its promoters. In 2013, the U.S. Treasury extended its anti-money laundering regulations to processors of bitcoin transactions.<ref name="foxnews1">{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2013/04/11/bitcoin-electronic-cash-beloved-by-hackers/ |title=Bitcoin, the nationless electronic cash beloved by hackers, bursts into financial mainstream |archiveurl=http://archive.is/YwB03 |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Fox News (11 April 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.aarp.org/2013/04/11/bitcoin-currency-hackers-make-money-investing-in-bitcoins-scams/ |title=Bitcoin Currency, Hackers Make Money, Investing in Bitcoins, Scams – AARP |archiveurl=http://archive.is/98mWj |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Blog.aarp.org (19 March 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> Bitcoins have gained traction in Argentina as an alternative to the official currency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2013/04/16/bitcoins-gain-traction-in-argentina/ |title=Bitcoins gain traction in Argentina beyondbrics |archiveurl=http://archive.is/LxHxE |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Blogs.ft.com (16 April 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> ===As an investment=== Although it is considered by supporters to be a digital currency, [[virtual currency]], or "payment scheme", it is often traded as an investment<ref name="cnbc">{{cite web | url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/45030812/The_Pros_And_Cons_Of_Biting_on_Bitcoins | title=The Pros And Cons Of Biting on Bitcoins | publisher=[[CNBC]] | date=23 November 2011 | accessdate=4 December 2012 | author=Gustke, Constance |archiveurl=http://archive.is/oH9Sz |archivedate=2013-01-19 |deadurl=no}}</ref> and accused of being a form of investment fraud known as a [[Ponzi scheme]].<ref name=Reuters1>{{cite web |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/04/01/uk-traders-bitcoin-idUKBRE8300JL20120401 |title=Bitcoin, the City traders' anarchic new toy |last1=O'Leary |first1=Naomi |date=2 April 2012 |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=14 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/6V5vk |archivedate=2013-02-01 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=USSenatebitcoin>{{cite web |url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/06/08/bitcoin_under_attack/ |title=US senators draw a bead on Bitcoin |last1=Chirgwin |first1=Richard |date=8 June 2011 |publisher=The Register |accessdate=14 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/ap9W |archivedate=2012-09-14 |deadurl=no}}</ref> On this subject, a report by the [[European Central Bank]], using the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]'s definition of a Ponzi scheme, found that the use of bitcoins shares some characteristics with Ponzi schemes, but also has characteristics of its own which contradict several common aspects of Ponzi schemes.<ref name="ecbreport">{{cite web | url=http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemes201210en.pdf | title=Virtual Currency Schemes | publisher=[[European Central Bank]] | date=October 2012 | accessdate=4 December 2012}}</ref> In contrast, The Bitcoin Project describes bitcoin exclusively as an "experimental digital currency" and does not refer to it as an investment.<ref name=BitcoinProject>{{cite web|title=Bitcoin – P2P digital currency|url=http://bitcoin.org/|publisher=Bitcoin Project|accessdate=10 January 2013|quote=© Bitcoin Project 2009–2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/B7OX |archivedate=2012-05-30 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Like many things considered to be investments, Bitcoins are also subject to [[#Incidents of theft|theft]]. In addition, a study indicated that 45 percent of Bitcoin exchanges end up closing with many customers losing their money.<ref name=Wired.co.UK>{{cite web|title=Study: 45 percent of Bitcoin exchanges end up closing |url=http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-04/26/large-bitcoin-exchanges-attacks|accessdate=28 April 2013|quote=© Condé Nast UK 2013 |archiveurl=http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-04/26/large-bitcoin-exchanges-attacks|archivedate=2013-04-26 |deadurl=no}} Wired.co.uk (26 April 2013). </ref> Bitcoins, as an investment, have been described as lacking [[Intrinsic value (finance)|intrinsic value]] because their value depends only on the [[Subjective theory of value|willingness of users]] to accept it.<ref name=WSJ1Bit>{{cite web|last=Hough|first=Jack|title=The Bitcoin Triples Again|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB70001424052702304392704576375590306494106.html|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=10 June 2011|quote=To recap, it's is a purely online currency with no intrinsic value; its worth is based solely on the willingness of holders and merchants to accept it in trade. |archiveurl=http://archive.is/cqU53 |archivedate=2013-04-12 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=justinfox>Fox, Justin (9 April 2013). {{cite web |url=http://blogs.hbr.org/fox/2013/04/building-a-better-bitcoin.html |title=Building a Better Bitcoin |archiveurl=http://archive.is/1ulMp |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. [[Harvard Business Review]]. Accessed 9 April 2013.</ref><ref>Planes, Alex. (11 April 2013) {{cite web |url=http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2013/04/11/what-the-bitcoin-crash-can-teach-us-about-money-an.aspx |title=What the Bitcoin Crash Can Teach Us About Money and Investing |archiveurl=http://archive.is/PIlAq |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Fool.com. Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> ===Privacy=== Bitcoin transactions are seen as relatively anonymous.<ref name=economist>{{cite web |url=http://www.economist.com/node/21563752 |title=Monetarists Anonymous |archiveurl=http://archive.is/j6sDZ |archivedate=2013-01-02 |deadurl=no}}. The Economist (29 September 2012). Accessed 1 April 2013.</ref> Bitcoin is the medium of exchange on the [[Silk Road (marketplace)|Silk Road]], an online [[black market]].<ref name="Forbes">Greenberg, Andy (20 April 2011). {{cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0509/technology-psilocybin-bitcoins-gavin-andresen-crypto-currency.html |title=Crypto Currency |archiveurl=http://archive.is/KDAp |archivedate=2012-12-08 |deadurl=no}}. Forbes Magazine.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= Madrigal |first= Alexis |title= Libertarian Dream? A Site Where You Buy Drugs With Digital Dollars |publisher= [[The Atlantic Monthly]] |date= 1 June 2011 |url= http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/06/libertarian-dream-a-site-where-you-buy-drugs-with-digital-dollars/239776/ |accessdate = 5 June 2011 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/INs7 |archivedate=2012-12-09 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Some proponents of Bitcoin are concerned that such an association may bring about a negative perception of the currency.<ref>Chen, Adrian (1 June 2011). {{cite web |url=http://gawker.com/5805928/the-underground-website-where-you-can-buy-any-drug-imaginable |title=The Underground Website Where You Can Buy Any Drug Imaginable |archiveurl=http://archive.is/hQa2 |archivedate=2012-07-26 |deadurl=no}}. Gawker.</ref> The privacy of Bitcoin is a field of active academic research.<ref>Androulaki, Elli ''et al.'' (2012) [http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/596.pdf Evaluating User Privacy in Bitcoin]. eprint.iacr.org</ref> Because Bitcoin transactions are broadcast to the entire network, they are inherently public. Using external information, it is possible, though usually difficult, to associate Bitcoin identities with real-life identities.<ref name="An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System">Fergal Reid and Martin Harrigan (24 July 2011). {{cite web |url=http://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.com/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html |title=An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System |archiveurl=http://archive.is/7IPTk |archivedate=2013-04-14 |deadurl=no}}. An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System.</ref><ref>The Economist. {{cite web |url=http://www.economist.com/node/21563752 |title=Monetarists Anonymous |archiveurl=http://archive.is/j6sDZ |archivedate=2013-01-02 |deadurl=no}}. 29 September 2012. Accessed 1 April 2013.</ref> Unlike regular banking,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/bitcoin-the-cryptoanarchists-answer-to-cash/0 |title= Bitcoin: The Cryptoanarchists' Answer to Cash |publisher= IEEE.org |date= June 2012 |accessdate = 5 June 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/75DuQ |archivedate=2013-01-13 |deadurl=no}}</ref> which preserves customer privacy by keeping transaction records private, loose transactional privacy is accomplished in Bitcoin by using many unique addresses for every wallet, while at the same time publishing all transactions. An [[IEEE]] paper proposing a cryptographic extension to Bitcoin, [[Zerocoin]], has been published.<ref>Miers, Ian. [http://spar.isi.jhu.edu/~mgreen/ZerocoinOakland.pdf Zerocoin: Anonymous Distributed E-Cash from Bitcoin]. isi.jhu.edu</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.cryptographyengineering.com/2013/04/zerocoin-making-bitcoin-anonymous.html |title=A Few Thoughts on Cryptographic Engineering: Zerocoin: making Bitcoin anonymous |archiveurl=http://archive.is/wkZfe |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Blog.cryptographyengineering.com (11 April 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> ===Botnet mining=== In June 2011, [[Symantec]] warned about the possibility of [[botnet]]s engaging in covert "mining" of bitcoins,<ref>{{cite web|author=Peter Coogan |url=http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/bitcoin-botnet-mining |title=Bitcoin Botnet Mining |work=Symantec.com |date=17 June 2011 |accessdate = 24 January 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/uusZ |archivedate=2012-09-14 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/security/researchers-find-malware-rigged-with-bitcoin-miner/8934 |title=Researchers find malware rigged with Bitcoin miner |publisher=ZDNet |date=29 June 2011 |accessdate = 24 January 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/7Uhft |archivedate=2013-01-05 |deadurl=no}}</ref> consuming computing cycles, using extra electricity and possibly increasing the temperature of the computer. Some malware also used the [[parallel computing|parallel processing]] capabilities of the [[GPU]]s built into many modern-day [[video card]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/08/16/gpu_bitcoin_brute_forcing/ |title=Malware mints virtual currency using victim's GPU |date=16 August 2011|first=Dan |last=Goodin |archiveurl=http://archive.is/oDCb |archivedate=2012-12-23 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Later that month, the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] caught an employee using the company's servers to generate Bitcoins without permission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thenextweb.com/au/2011/06/23/abc-employee-caught-mining-for-bitcoins-on-company-servers/ |title=ABC employee caught mining for Bitcoins on company servers |publisher=The Next Web |date=23 June 2011 |accessdate = 24 January 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/JwrjC |archivedate=2013-01-05 |deadurl=no}}</ref> In mid-August 2011, Bitcoin miner botnets were found again,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/view/20211/researcher-discovers-distributed-bitcoin-cracking-trojan-malware/ |title=Infosecurity – Researcher discovers distributed bitcoin cracking trojan malware |publisher=Infosecurity-magazine.com |date=19 August 2011 |accessdate = 24 January 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/TliPM |archivedate=2013-01-03 |deadurl=no}}</ref> less than three months later bitcoin-mining trojans infecting Mac OS X were also discovered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.techworld.com.au/article/405849/mac_os_x_trojan_steals_processing_power_produce_bitcoins |title=Mac OS X Trojan steals processing power to produce Bitcoins – sophos, security, malware, Intego – Vulnerabilities – Security |publisher=Techworld |date=1 November 2011 |accessdate = 24 January 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/SDT4 |archivedate=2012-09-18 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ===Incidents of theft=== There have been incidents of theft of bitcoin balances: * On 19 June 2011, a security breach of the [[Mt.Gox]] bitcoin exchange caused the nominal price of a bitcoin to fraudulently drop to one cent on the Mt.Gox exchange, after a hacker allegedly used credentials from a Mt.Gox auditor's compromised computer illegally to transfer a large number of bitcoins to himself. He used the exchange's software to sell them all nominally, creating a massive "ask" order at any price. Within minutes the price corrected to its correct user-traded value.<ref>{{cite web|last= Karpeles |first= Mark |title= Clarification of Mt Gox Compromised Accounts and Major Bitcoin Sell-Off |date= 30 June 2011 |url= https://mtgox.com/press_release_20110630.html |publisher= Tibanne Co. Ltd. |archiveurl=http://archive.is/2DHQ |archivedate=2012-12-08 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date= 19 June 2011 |url= http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1X6qQt9ONg |title= Bitcoin Report Volume 8 – (FLASHCRASH) |publisher= YouTube BitcoinChannel}}</ref><ref name="mick">{{cite web|last= Mick |first= Jason |title= Inside the Mega-Hack of Bitcoin: the Full Story |date= 19 June 2011 |url= http://www.dailytech.com/Inside+the+MegaHack+of+Bitcoin+the+Full+Story/article21942.htm |publisher= [[DailyTech]] |archiveurl=http://archive.is/fsllb |archivedate=2013-01-02 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>Lee, Timothy B. (19 June 2011) {{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/06/bitcoin-price-plummets-on-compromised-exchange.ars |title=Bitcoin prices plummet on hacked exchange |archiveurl=http://archive.is/Oa40 |archivedate=2012-07-09 |deadurl=no}}, Ars Technica</ref><ref>Karpeles, Mark (20 June 2011) [https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20208066-huge-bitcoin-sell-off-due-to-a-compromised-account-rollback Huge Bitcoin sell off due to a compromised account – rollback], Mt.Gox Support {{Dead link|url=https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20208066-huge-bitcoin-sell-off-due-to-a-compromised-account-rollback|date=April 2013}}</ref><ref name="register1">{{Cite news|title= Bitcoin collapses on malicious trade – Mt Gox scrambling to raise the Titanic |url= http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/06/19/bitcoin_values_collapse_again/|date=19 June 2011 |author= Chirgwin, Richard |publisher= The Register |archiveurl=http://archive.is/X2SOt |archivedate=2013-01-14 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Accounts with the equivalent of more than USD 8,750,000 were affected.<ref name="mick" /> * In July 2011, the operator of Bitomat, the third largest bitcoin exchange, announced that he lost access to his wallet.dat file with about 17,000 bitcoins (roughly equivalent to 220,000 USD at that time). He announced that he would sell the service for the missing amount, aiming to use funds from the sale to refund his customers.<ref>Dotson, Kyt (1 August 2011) {{cite web |url=http://siliconangle.com/blog/2011/08/01/third-largest-bitcoin-exchange-bitomat-lost-their-wallet-over-17000-bitcoins-missing/ |title=Third Largest Bitcoin Exchange Bitomat Lost Their Wallet, Over 17,000 Bitcoins Missing |archiveurl=http://archive.is/6hfI |archivedate=2012-07-30 |deadurl=no}}. SiliconAngle</ref> * In August 2011, MyBitcoin, a now defunct bitcoin transaction processor, declared that it was hacked, which resulted in it being shut down, with paying 49% on customer deposits, leaving more than 78,000 bitcoins (roughly equivalent to 800,000 USD at that time) unaccounted for.<ref>Jeffries, Adrianne (8 August 2011) {{cite web |url=http://betabeat.com/2011/08/mybitcoin-spokesman-finally-comes-forward-what-did-you-think-we-did-after-the-hack-we-got-shitfaced/ |title=MyBitcoin Spokesman Finally Comes Forward: “What Did You Think We Did After the Hack? We Got Shitfaced” |archiveurl=http://archive.is/epilS |archivedate=2013-01-18 |deadurl=no}}. BetaBeat</ref><ref>Jeffries, Adrianne (19 August 2011) {{cite web |url=http://betabeat.com/2011/08/search-for-owners-of-mybitcoin-loses-steam/ |title=Search for Owners of MyBitcoin Loses Steam |archiveurl=http://archive.is/yRvWb |archivedate=2013-01-18 |deadurl=no}}. BetaBeat</ref> * In early August 2012, a lawsuit was filed in San Francisco court against Bitcoinica — a bitcoin trading venue — claiming about 460,000 USD from the company. Bitcoinica was hacked twice in 2012, which led to allegations of neglecting the safety of customers' money and cheating them out of withdrawal requests.<ref>Geuss, Megan (12 August 2012) {{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/08/bitcoinica-users-sue-for-460k-in-lost-bitcoins/ |title=Bitcoinica users sue for $460k in lost bitcoins |archiveurl=http://archive.is/5nN6V |archivedate=2013-01-17 |deadurl=no}}. Arstechnica</ref><ref>Peck, Morgen (15 August 2012) {{cite web |url=http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/networks/first-bitcoin-lawsuit-filed-in-san-francisco |title=First Bitcoin Lawsuit Filed In San Francisco |archiveurl=http://archive.is/QHa2m |archivedate=2013-04-15 |deadurl=no}}. IEEE Spectrum</ref> * In late August 2012, an operation titled Bitcoin Savings and Trust was shut down by the owner, allegedly leaving around $5.6 million in bitcoin-based debts; this led to allegations of the operation being a [[Ponzi scheme]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Bitcoin ponzi scheme – investors lose $5 million USD in online hedge fund |url= http://rt.com/usa/news/investors-currency-digital-fund-868/|date=29 August 2012 |publisher= [[RT (TV network)|RT]] |archiveurl=http://archive.is/cAPZ |archivedate=2012-12-06 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last= Jeffries |first= Adrianne |title= Suspected multi-million dollar Bitcoin pyramid scheme shuts down, investors revolt |url= http://www.theverge.com/2012/8/27/3271637/bitcoin-savings-trust-pyramid-scheme-shuts-down |publisher= [[The Verge]] |date=27 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/4SplF |archivedate=2013-01-05 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last= Mick |first= Jason |title= "Pirateat40" Makes Off $5.6M USD in BitCoins From Pyramid Scheme |date= 28 August 2012 |url= http://www.dailytech.com/Pirateat40+Makes+Off+56M+USD+in+BitCoins+From+Pyramid+Scheme/article25538.htm |publisher= [[DailyTech]] |archiveurl=http://archive.is/N8bzd |archivedate=2013-01-02 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last= Mott |first= Nathaniel |title= Bitcoin: How a Virtual Currency Became Real with a $5.6M Fraud |date= 31 August 2012 |url= http://pandodaily.com/2012/08/31/bitcoin-how-a-virtual-currency-became-real-with-a-5-6m-fraud/ |publisher= [[PandoDaily]] |archiveurl=http://archive.is/YvTD8 |archivedate=2013-01-31 |deadurl=no}}</ref> In September 2012, it was reported that [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] has started an investigation on the case.<ref>Foxton, Willard (2 September 2012) {{cite web |url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/technology/willardfoxton2/100007836/bitcoin-pirate-scandal-sec-steps-in-amid-allegations-that-the-whole-thing-was-a-ponzi-scheme/ |title=Bitcoin 'Pirate' scandal: SEC steps in amid allegations that the whole thing was a Ponzi scheme |archiveurl=http://archive.is/kO3uI |archivedate=2013-04-21 |deadurl=no}}. The Telegraph</ref> * In September 2012, Bitfloor, a bitcoin exchange, also reported being hacked, with 24,000 bitcoins (roughly equivalent to 250,000 USD) stolen. As a result, Bitfloor suspended operations.<ref>{{Cite news|title= Bitcoin theft causes Bitfloor exchange to go offline |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19486695 |date= 25 September 2012 |publisher= BBC News |archiveurl=http://archive.is/LvdDP |archivedate=2013-04-19 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last= Goddard |first= Louis |title= Bitcoin exchange BitFloor suspends operations after $250,000 theft |date= 5 September 2012 |url= http://www.theverge.com/2012/9/5/3293375/bitfloor-bitcoin-exchange-suspended-theft |publisher= [[The Verge]] |archiveurl=http://archive.is/4h4JX |archivedate=2013-02-04 |deadurl=no}}</ref> The same month, Bitfloor resumed operations, with its founder saying that he reported the theft to FBI, and that he is planning to repay the victims, though the time frame for such repayment is unclear.<ref>{{Cite news|title= Bitcoin exchange back online after hack |url= http://www.pcworld.com/article/2010586/bitcoin-exchange-back-online-after-hack.html?tk=rel_news |date= 25 September 2012 |last= Chirgwin |first= Richard |publisher= [[PC World]] |archiveurl=http://archive.is/Y87fW |archivedate=2013-01-31 |deadurl=no}}</ref> * On 3 April 2013, Instawallet, a web-based wallet provider, was hacked,<ref>{{cite web|last= Cutler |first= Kim-Mai |title= Another Bitcoin Wallet Service, Instawallet, Suffers Attack, Shuts Down Until Further Notice |date= 3 April 2013 |url= http://techcrunch.com/2013/04/03/bitcoin-instawallet/ |publisher= [[TechCrunch]] |accessdate= 12 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/qOW7p |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> resulting in the theft of over 35,000 bitcoins<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blockchain.info/tx/5c265c7f63176a07d8c1a90c336e8faac133e69b95eb29e69026377781ebdd1e |title=Transaction details for bitcoins stolen from Instawallet |archiveurl=http://archive.is/2ehIK |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Blockchain.info (3 April 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> ($129.90 at the time of trade, or nearly $4.6 million USD.) Instawallet suspended operations. ===Taxation=== Matthew Elias, founder of the Cryptocurrency Legal Advocacy Group (CLAG) published "Staying Between the Lines: A Survey of U.S. Income Taxation and its Ramifications on Cryptocurrencies", which discusses "the taxability of cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin."<ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012">{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=29 October | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209–4}}</ref> CLAG "stressed the importance for taxpayers to determine on their own whether taxes are due on a bitcoin-related transaction based on whether one has "experienced a realization event."<ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012" /> Such examples are "when a taxpayer has provided a service in exchange for bitcoins, a realization event has probably occurred, and any gain or loss would likely be calculated using fair market values for the service provided."<ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012">{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today| date=29 October 2012 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209–4}}</ref> ===Energy use and environmental impact=== An April 2013 estimate<ref>{{Cite news|title=Virtual Bitcoin Mining Is a Real-World Environmental Disaster |url= http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-12/virtual-bitcoin-mining-is-a-real-world-environmental-disaster.html | date=Apr 12 2013 |publisher=[[Bloomberg]] | accessdate=Apr 19 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/EGhkM |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> showed that the amount of energy being used every day to mine bitcoins was equivalent to the amount capable of powering about 31,000 American homes. This was estimated to be about USD $147,000 worth of energy. In comparison, profits made from a day's worth of bitcoin mining were given at about $681,000. ==Reception== {{copy edit-section|date=April 2013}} In 2011, [[Paul Krugman]], a [[Keynesian]] economist, reviewed bitcoin saying that "[bitcoin] has fluctuated sharply, but overall it has soared. So buying into [bitcoin] has, at least so far, been a good investment. But does that make the experiment a success? Um, no. What we want from a monetary system isn’t to make people holding money rich; we want it to facilitate transactions and make the economy as a whole rich. And that’s not at all what is happening in [bitcoin]."<ref name=Krugman1>{{cite web|last=Krugman|first=Paul|title=Golden Cyberfetters|url=http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/07/golden-cyberfetters/|publisher=New York Times|date=7 September 2011 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/jzUoz |archivedate=2013-04-11 |deadurl=no}}</ref> In 2013, Krugman stated that unlike gold or paper fiat currencies, bitcoin derives its value solely from a self-fulfilling expectation that others will accept it as payment.<ref>{{cite news|last=Krugman|first=Paul|title=The Antisocial Network|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/15/opinion/krugman-the-antisocial-network.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=14 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/jdAYc |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> He also stated that it is unnecessarily wasteful to consume real resources, such as electric power, on the creation of bitcoins.<ref>{{cite news|last=Krugman|first=Paul|title=Adam Smith Hates Bitcoin|url=http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/12/adam-smith-hates-bitcoin/|newspaper=New York Times|date=12 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/TAgyQ |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> In March 2013, Nick Colas a Chief Market Strategist at ConvergEx Group, a [[Bank of New York Mellon]] investment firm – analyzed bitcoin, saying "there is much to learn from [bitcoin] in the world of stateless currencies," and that "confidence in money as a store of value is the ultimate driver of its value, both in the cyber and real worlds. I have no idea which way [bitcoins] will trade in the next 2 days or 2 years, but the whole process of starting a new Internet currency is a great case study in how real people use real currency."<ref name=BIConvergEx>{{cite web|last=Boesler|first=Matthew|title=ANALYST: The Rise Of Bitcoin Teaches A Tremendous Lesson About Global Economics|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/global-economics-lesson-from-bitcoin-2013-3|publisher=Business Insider|date=7 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/YqHXP |archivedate=2013-04-10 |deadurl=no}}</ref> In April 2013, an analysis by financial journalist [[Felix Salmon]]—formerly of ''[[Conde Nast Portfolio|Portfolio Magazine]]'', ''[[Euromoney]]'' and a blogging editor for [[Reuters]]—considered the current of price of bitcoins to be a [[Economic bubble|bubble]]. He noted that while the value of bitcoins is strongly affected by [[news media]] exposure and that they are an "uncomfortable combination of commodity and currency," Bitcoin was "in many ways the best and cleanest payments mechanism the world has ever seen."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://medium.com/money-banking/2b5ef79482cb |title=The Bitcoin Bubble and the Future of Currency, Felix Salmon, Financial blogger at Reuters 3 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/K6uFF |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Medium.com (3 April 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> Economist [[John Quiggin]] has claimed that "Bitcoin is perhaps the finest example of a pure bubble", and that it provides a conclusive refutation of the [[Efficient Markets Hypothesis]] (EMH).<ref name="QuigginNI">{{cite news|url=http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-bitcoin-bubble-bad-hypothesis-8353|title=The Bitcoin Bubble and a Bad Hypothesis|last=Quiggin|first=John|work=The National Interest|date=16 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/IQVny |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> While other assets used as currency—such as gold, tobacco and U.S. dollars—have value independent of people's willingness to accept them as payment, Quiggin argues that "in the case of Bitcoin there is no source of value whatsoever" and that: <blockquote> Since Bitcoins do not generate any actual earnings, they must appreciate in value to ensure that people are willing to hold them. But an endless appreciation, with no flow of earnings or liquidation value, is precisely the kind of bubble the EMH says can’t happen. </blockquote> Heidi Moore, US finance and economics editor at ''[[The Guardian]]'' stated that Bitcoin is not a legitimate currency.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/apr/03/bitcoin-currency-bubble-crash-not-rocking-financial-markets|title=Confused about Bitcoin? It's 'the Harlem Shake of currency'|last=Moore|first=Heidi|date=3 April 2013|work=The Guardian|accessdate=13 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/FhJtu |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> She writes: <blockquote> An obscure digital currency, used mostly for running drugs and laundering money for dictators... Bitcoin is a currency created years ago by an obscure hacker in the spirit of subversion, to trade goods while dodging the gimlet eye of financial regulators. While theoretically it can be used for respectable online purchases, it is too complicated to buy and maintain for people who aren't online 18 hours a day, so it is used primarily to fuel a shadow economy of vice.<ref name="Guardian"/> </blockquote> Carnegie Mellon Professor Nicholas Christin studied online black market Silk Road and concluded that law enforcement authorities could stop it by disrupting its use of bitcoin for anonymous transactions.<ref name="Guardian Ball">{{cite web|last=Ball|first=James|title=Silk Road: the online drug marketplace that officials seem powerless to stop|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/22/silk-road-online-drug-marketplace|publisher=The Guardian|date=22 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/wNXAj |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> As of September 2012, Christin estimated that on Silk Road, where all transactions are required to use bitcoin, volume amounted to approximately $1.9 million per month.<ref name="Economist Anonymous">{{cite news|title=Monetarists Anonymous|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21563752|date=29 Sep 2012|newspaper=The Economist |archiveurl=http://archive.is/j6sDZ |archivedate=2013-01-02 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Online arms merchant Executive Outcomes, which deals in illicit goods, accepts only bitcoin in payment to ensure anonymity according to its site administrator. Christin stated that bitcoin increases the level of anonymity in such transactions, possibly making it more difficult to identify the buyer of a weapon used to commit a crime.<ref name="Huffington Gun Trade">{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Gerry|title=How Bitcoin Sales Of Guns Could Undermine New Rules|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/15/bitcoin-guns_n_3070828.html|publisher=Huffington Post|date=15 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/kgfYT |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ==Popular culture== ===''The Good Wife''=== Bitcoin was featured as a subject within a fictionalized trial on the [[CBS]] legal drama ''[[The Good Wife]]'' in the third season episode "[[The Good Wife (season 3)#Episodes|Bitcoin for Dummies]]". The host of [[CNBC]]'s ''[[Mad Money]]'', [[Jim Cramer]], played himself in a courtroom scene where he testifies that he doesn’t consider bitcoin a true currency, saying “There’s no central bank to regulate it; it’s digital and functions completely peer to peer.”<ref name="The Good Wife">{{cite web|last=Toepfer|first=Susan|title='The Good Wife' Season 3, Episode 13, 'Bitcoin for Dummies': TV Recap|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2012/01/16/the-good-wife-season-3-episode-13-bitcoin-for-dummies-tv-recap/|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=16 January 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/WyMXp |archivedate=2013-04-12 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ==See also== {{Commons category|Bitcoin}} {{Portal| Anarchism| Cryptography | Economics| Internet}} * [[Anonymous Internet banking]] * [[Complementary currency]] * [[Crypto-anarchism]] * [[Digital currency exchanger]] * [[Internet privacy]] * [[Private currency]] * [[Litecoin]] * [[PPCoin]] * [[Ripple monetary system]] * [[Ven (currency)]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==External links== * [http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf Satoshi Nakamoto's original paper, ''Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System''] * [http://www.technollama.co.uk/we-need-decentralized-cryptocurrencies-we-just-dont-need-bitcoin A cogent critique of Bitcoin, with suggestions for an improved cryptocurrency] * [http://www.forbes.com/sites/timothylee/2013/04/11/an-illustrated-history-of-bitcoin-crashes/?utm_campaign=forbestwittersf&utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social An illustrated history of Bitcoin crashes from Forbes] * [http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21576104-regulators-should-keep-their-hands-new-forms-digital-money-such-bitcoin-new-specie An appreciation from The Economist of Bitcoin as a new specie] * [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:n9LqwtPKnBoJ:crypto.stanford.edu/~xb/fc12/bitcoin.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiM-rUGI3pOu5oXGzBYoPSZPYxik4YiaL2RFlnNbsl9-lxGFwUDiG2l3CWfT_UgENpM7xX5S8F9y77-NEK1HboPUzVSuq0sxIU3ZTmIYRuU9vGl8NAHROGewB14lakD3ob2hE7C&sig=AHIEtbSR5SEC2UQsUhluXOrTcMTABeA89Q A paper from Stanford University] * [https://en.bitcoin.it/ Bitcoin Wiki] [[Category:Alternative currencies]] [[Category:Application layer protocols]] [[Category:Electronic currencies]] [[Category:Payment systems]] [[Category:Peer-to-peer computing]] [[Category:Cryptography]] da1924df48923454059000cd851a71f70082ef41 251 2013-04-29T05:11:11Z TippyGoomba 0 /* As an investment */ removed fiat sentence (not in source), merged value subsection with this one. {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}} <!--- THIS ARTICLE IS TECHNICAL ENOUGH AS-IS. PEOPLE ARE HAVING A HARD TIME. PLEASE DO NOT ADD MORE TECHNICAL DETAILS TO THE ARTICLE. INSTEAD, MAKE THINGS UNDERSTANDABLE IN SIMPLE TERMINOLOGY AND BRIEF SENTENCES. THE READER DOESN'T HAVE TO UNDERSTAND EVERYTHING ABOUT BITCOIN EXCEPT THE CORE PRINCIPLES OF THE TECHNOLOGY. --> {{pp-protected|small=yes}} {{Multiple issues| {{lead rewrite|date=April 2013}} {{Expert-subject |reason= The technical content might be inaccurate|date=April 2013}} {{overly detailed|date=April 2013}} }} <!-- Do not remove sources citing inflation rates and introduction dates. They are indeed secondary and are the only portal into the bitcoin network's statistics. Independent sources can be added when found. --> {{ infobox currency | image_1 = Electrum Bitcoin Wallet.png | image_title_1 = A digital bitcoin wallet | image_2 = | image_title_2 = |image_width_2 = | iso_code = Not designated. Not recognized as a currency by [[SIX Interbank Clearing]]. |issuing_authority =The majority of the bitcoin [[peer-to-peer]] network regulates transactions and balances.<ref name="whitepaper"/><ref name=UCPaper>{{cite journal |title=Bitter to Better — how to make Bitcoin a better currency |journal=Financial Cryptography and Data Security |url=http://crypto.stanford.edu/~xb/fc12/bitcoin.pdf |publisher=Springer |year=2012 |author=Barber, Simon; Boyen, Xavier; Shi, Elaine and Uzun, Esrin }}</ref> |date_of_introduction = 3 January 2009 |date_of_introduction_source = [http://blockexplorer.com/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f Bitcoin Genesis Block] |using_countries = International |inflation_rate = Limited release |inflation_source_date = [http://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total BTC in Circulation] |inflation_method = The rate of inflation will be halved every 4 years until there are 21 million BTC<ref name="Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph">{{cite web|title=Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph|url=http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/584.pdf|publisher=Cryptology ePrint Archive|accessdate=18 October 2012|author=Ron Dorit|coauthors=Adi Shamir|page=17|year=2012}}</ref> | symbol = BTC, [[File:Bitcoin BTC symbol.svg|9px]], ฿,<ref name="SatoshiDice Forbes">{{cite web|last=Matonis|first=Jon|title=Bitcoin Casinos Release 2012 Earnings|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/jonmatonis/2013/01/22/bitcoin-casinos-release-2012-earnings/|publisher=Forbes|date=22 January 2013|quote=Responsible for more than 50% of daily network volume on the Bitcoin blockchain, SatoshiDice reported first year earnings from wagering at an impressive ฿33,310. |archiveurl=http://archive.is/JHWHM |archivedate=2013-02-16 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Ƀ |subunit_ratio_1 = .001 |subunit_name_1 = mBTC (millicoin) |subunit_ratio_2 = .000001 |subunit_name_2 = μBTC (microcoin) |subunit_ratio_3 = .00000001 |subunit_name_3 = satoshi<ref name="satoshi unit" /> }} [[File:Bitcoin logo.svg|thumb|260px|A common bitcoin logo.]] <!-- BELOW IS THE LEAD TO THE ARTICLE. IT SHOULD BRIEFLY, VERY BRIEFLY SUMMARIZE THE ENTIRE ARTICLE. EXCESS DETAIL, ANECDOTES, EXAMPLES AND TECHNICAL PRECISION ARE NOT APPROPRIATE HERE. FEEL FREE TO ADD LARGE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MAIN ARTICLE. --> '''Bitcoin''' ('''BTC''') is a [[digital currency]] first described in a 2008 paper by [[pseudonym]]ous [[software developer|developer]] Satoshi Nakamoto, who called it a [[peer-to-peer]], electronic cash system.<ref name=whitepaper /><ref>Sidel, Robin. (16 April 2013) {{cite web |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324345804578426692340390104.html?mod=googlenews_wsj |title=Bitcoin Investors Hang On for the Ride – WSJ.com |archiveurl=http://archive.is/GuDKU |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Online.wsj.com. Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21576149-even-if-it-crashes-bitcoin-may-make-dent-financial-world-mining-digital |title=Virtual currencies: Mining digital gold |archiveurl=http://archive.is/TjiXA |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. The Economist (13 April 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> Bitcoin creation and transfer is based on an [[open source]] [[cryptographic protocol]] and is not managed by any central authority. Each bitcoin is subdivided into 100 million smaller units called satoshis, defined by eight decimal places.<ref name="satoshi unit">{{cite web|title=Cracking the Bitcoin: Digging Into a $131M USD Virtual Currency|url=http://www.dailytech.com/Cracking+the+Bitcoin+Digging+Into+a+131M+USD+Virtual+Currency/article21878.htm|publisher=Daily Tech|date=12 June 2011|accessdate=30 September 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/oeqh9 |archivedate=2013-01-20 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Bitcoins can be transferred through a [[personal computer|computer]] or [[smartphone]] without an intermediate financial institution.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Hough |first1= Jack |date=3 June 2011 |title= The Currency That's Up 200,000% |journal= [[SmartMoney]] |publisher= Dow Jones & Company |url= http://www.smartmoney.com/invest/stocks/the-currency-thats-up-200000-1307029053200/ |accessdate= 18 February 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/6N2Cz |archivedate=2013-04-11 |deadurl=no}}</ref> The creation of new bitcoins is automated and accomplished by [[Server (computing)|servers]], called ''bitcoin miners'' that run on an internet-based network and confirm bitcoin transactions by adding codes to a decentralized log, which is updated and archived periodically.<ref name=UCPaper /> The number of newly created bitcoins per period depends on how long the network has been running. Currently, 25 new bitcoins are generated with every 10-minute block. This will be halved to 12.5 BTC during the year 2017 and halved continuously every 4 years after until a hard limit of 21 million bitcoins is reached during the year 2140.<ref name=whitepaper /><ref name=Wired:RFB /> Bitcoin is accepted in trade by various merchants and individuals in many parts of the world. A large share of such commercial use is believed to be for illicit drug and gambling transactions.<ref name="Guardian Ball">{{cite web|last=Ball|first=James|title=Silk Road: the online drug marketplace that officials seem powerless to stop|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/22/silk-road-online-drug-marketplace|publisher=The Guardian|date=22 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/wNXAj |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spendbitcoins.com/places/ |title=Places that accept bitcoins |archiveurl=http://archive.is/8dibE |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Spendbitcoins.com. Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref><ref>Browdie, Brian. (29 October 2012) {{cite web |url=http://www.americanbanker.com/issues/177_209/bitcoin-merchants-plan-own-version-of-black-friday-1053951-1.html |title=Bitcoin Merchants Plan Their Own Version of Black Friday |archiveurl=http://archive.is/LHWOn |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. American Banker Article. Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref><ref name="foxnews1">{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2013/04/11/bitcoin-electronic-cash-beloved-by-hackers/ |title=Bitcoin, the nationless electronic cash beloved by hackers, bursts into financial mainstream |archiveurl=http://archive.is/YwB03 |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Fox News (11 April 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> Although bitcoin is promoted as a digital currency, many commentators have criticized Bitcoin's volatile market value, relatively inflexible supply, and minimal use in trade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/louiswoodhill/2013/04/11/bitcoins-are-digital-collectibles-not-real-money/ |title=Bitcoins are not real money |archiveurl=http://archive.is/AYBC5 |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Forbes (18 April 2012). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/04/11/yes-bitcoin-is-volatile-its-still-got-defenders/ |title=Yes, Bitcoin is volatile. But it’s still got defenders |archiveurl=http://archive.is/cnWeq |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Washingtonpost.com (11 April 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref><ref name=Bloomber89>{{cite web|last=Zeitlin|first=Matthew|title=Bitcoin's Wild Ride Shows It's Not Real Money|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-11/bitcoin-s-wild-ride-shows-its-not-real-money.html|publisher=Bloomberg|date=11 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/qfgrN |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=Krugman1 /> ==Transactions== {{Cleanup|reason=This section contains unsourced, incomplete, and confusing content|date=April 2013}} Bitcoins can be sent and received through various websites and apps after being bought on an exchange. ===Addresses=== [[File:Capture-Electrum.png|thumb|350px|A bitcoin transaction log showing addresses.]] Based on [[digital signatures]], payments are made to bitcoin "addresses" or "public keys": human-readable strings of numbers and letters around 33 characters in length, always beginning with the digit 1 or 3, as in the example of<!-- Do not change this intentionally invalid address. Address chosen by consensus (see [[Talk:Bitcoin]]), it is SHA1("Bitcoin") in base58 with an invalid checksum character added --> ''175tWpb8K1S7NmH4Zx6rewF9WQrcZv245W''. Users obtain new bitcoin addresses as necessary; these are stored in a wallet file with links to cryptographic passwords or "private keys" that enable access to and transfer of bitcoins. A file or "wallet" containing bitcoin addresses is usually [[encrypted]] with an additional password. ===Confirmation=== The network's software confirms transactions when it records them in the transaction log or "blockchain" stored across the peer-to-peer network every 10-minutes. Confirmation of future transaction records makes the ones before it increasingly permanent. After six confirmed records or "blocks" (usually one hour), a transaction is usually considered confirmed beyond reasonable doubt. Initiators of a bitcoin transaction may voluntarily pay a transaction fee for the confirmation of these records. Any fees are collected by the operators of bitcoin servers – often called nodes or "bitcoin miners". The transaction fee acts as an incentive to the miners to expend computational resources verifying transactions; without it the miners could choose not to do so and the transaction would not go through. However, transaction fees may not cover the cost of [[electrical power]] required to operate a [[Bitcoin mining|bitcoin miner]]. As a result the network server operators often rely on "mined" bitcoins as their only significant revenue.<ref name="Network Transaction Cost Deficit Historical Time Series">{{cite web|title=Network Deficit|url=http://blockchain.info/charts/network-deficit|publisher=blockchain.info|accessdate=1 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/slVcR |archivedate=2013-04-12 |deadurl=no}}</ref> [[File:Bitcoin-coin2.jpg|thumb|100px|Bitcoin-based coin]] ===Banknotes and coins=== Various vendors offer [[banknotes]] and [[coins]] denominated in bitcoins; a bitcoin private key is sold as part of a coin or banknote. Usually, a seal has to be broken to access the key, while the receiving address remains visible on the outside so that the balance can be verified.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} A 1-BTC Casascius Coin was shown in the [[British Museum]] in [[London]] to represent bitcoin.<ref name="The British Museum">{{cite web|title=The British Museum – Token|url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_image.aspx?objectId=3451294&partId=1&searchText=g68%2f18&orig=%2fresearch%2fsearch_the_collection_database.aspx&numPages=10&currentPage=1&asset_id=1156712|publisher=Trustees of the British Museum|accessdate=23 January 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/4aqYq |archivedate=2013-04-14 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ==History== Bitcoin is one of the first implementations of a concept called "crypto-currency". Based on this concept, bitcoin is designed around the idea of a new form of money that uses [[cryptography]] to control its creation and transactions, rather than relying on central authorities. ===Timeline=== ====2008–2009==== * In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto posted a paper describing the bitcoin protocol on the internet.<ref name="whitepaper">{{cite web |last= Nakamoto |first= Satoshi |title= Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System |url= http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf |accessdate = 20 December 2012 |date= 24 May 2009}}</ref><ref name=Wired:RFB /><ref>{{cite web |url= http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.encryption.general/12588/ |title= Bitcoin P2P e-cash paper|date=31 October 2008 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/FKta |archivedate=2012-12-28 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=cryptography@metzdowd.com&q=from:%22Satoshi+Nakamoto%22 |title=Satoshi's posts to Cryptography mailing list |publisher=Mail-archive.com |accessdate=26 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/ljVHR |archivedate=2013-01-03 |deadurl=no}}</ref> * In 2009, the bitcoin network came into existence with the release of the first [[open source]] bitcoin client and the issuance of the first bitcoins.<ref name=Wired:RFB /><ref>{{cite web |title=Block 0 – Bitcoin Block Explorer |url=http://blockexplorer.com/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f |archiveurl=http://archive.is/mLnC |archivedate=2012-07-09 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/msg10142.html|author= Nakamoto, Satoshi |date=9 January 2009 |title=Bitcoin v0.1 released |archiveurl=http://archive.is/KBoi |archivedate=2012-09-04 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sourceforge.net/news/?group_id=244765 |title=SourceForge.net: Bitcoin |archiveurl=http://archive.is/jC5M |archivedate=2012-07-16 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ====2010==== * The initial prices for bitcoins were set by individuals on the bitcointalk forums. One notable transaction involved a 10,000 BTC pizza.<ref name=Wired:RFB>{{cite web|author=Wallace, Benjamin|title=The Rise and Fall of Bitcoin|url=http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/11/mf_bitcoin/|publisher=Wired|date=23 November 2011|accessdate=13 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/oODpb |archivedate=2013-02-09 |deadurl=no}}</ref> * On 6 August, a major vulnerability in the bitcoin protocol was found. Transactions weren't properly verified before they were included in the transaction log or "blockchain" which allowed for users to bypass bitcoin's economic restrictions and create an indefinite number of bitcoins.<ref name=Monetarism1 /><ref name=NIST1 /> * On 15 August, the major vulnerability was exploited. Over 184 billion bitcoins were generated in a transaction, and sent to two addresses on the network. Within hours, the transaction was spotted{{who|date=April 2013}} and erased from the transaction log after the bug was fixed and the network forked to an updated version of the bitcoin protocol. This was the only major security flaw found and exploited in bitcoin's history.<ref name=Monetarism1>{{cite web|last=Sawyer|first=Matt|title=The Beginners Guide To Bitcoin – Everything You Need To Know|url=http://www.monetarism.co.uk/the-beginners-guide-to-bitcoin-everything-you-need-to-know/|publisher=Monetarism|date=26 February 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/3JU4w |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=NIST1>{{cite web|title=Vulnerability Summary for CVE-2010-5139|url=https://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2010-5139|publisher=National Vulnerability Database|accessdate=22 March 2013|date=8 June 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/mgLGp |archivedate=2013-04-09 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ====2011–2012==== * In June 2011, [[Wikileaks]]<ref>{{cite news |last= Greenberg |first= Andy |url= http://blogs.forbes.com/andygreenberg/2011/06/14/wikileaks-asks-for-anonymous-bitcoin-donations/ |title= WikiLeaks Asks For Anonymous Bitcoin Donations |publisher= logs.forbes.com | date= 14 June 2011 |accessdate = 22 June 2011 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/wwVC |archivedate=2012-07-07 |deadurl=no}}</ref> and other organizations began to accept bitcoin as donations. The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] initially did but has since stopped, citing concerns about a lack of legal precedent about new currency systems, and that they "generally don't endorse any type of product or service."<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/06/eff-and-bitcoin |title= EFF and Bitcoin &#124; Electronic Frontier Foundation |publisher= Eff.org |date= 14 June 2011 |accessdate = 22 June 2011 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/sAV7 |archivedate=2012-12-09 |deadurl=no}}</ref> * In late-2011, the bitcoin price crashed from $30 to below $2. Some{{who|date=April 2013}} claimed the crash was due to a lower cost in producing bitcoins through cheaper computing power.<ref name=Guardian78>{{cite web|last=Arthur|first=Charles|title=Bitcoin value crashes below cost of production as broader use stutters|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/oct/18/bitcoin-value-crash-cryptocurrency|publisher=The Guardian|date=18 October 2011 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/hBfhT |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> * In October 2012, BitPay reported having over 1000 merchants accepting Bitcoin under its payment processing service.<ref>{{cite web|title=BitPay Signs 1,000 Merchants to Accept Bitcoin Payments|url=http://www.americanbanker.com/issues/177_176/bitpay-signs-1000-merchants-to-accept-bitcoin-payments-1052538-1.html|publisher=American Banker|date=11 September 2012|author= Browdie, Brian |archiveurl=http://archive.is/BMAA4 |archivedate=2013-01-01 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ====2013==== =====February===== * The bitcoin-based [[payment processor]] Coinbase reported selling $1 million in bitcoins in a single month at over $22 per bitcoin.<ref name=$1MBitcoinamonth>{{cite web|last=Ludwig|first=Sean|title=Y Combinator-backed Coinbase now selling over $1M Bitcoin per month|url=http://venturebeat.com/2013/02/08/coinbase-bitcoin/|publisher=VentureBeat|date=8 February 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/3sXNi |archivedate=2013-04-12 |deadurl=no}}</ref> * The [[Internet Archive]] announced that it is ready to accept donations in the form of bitcoin and that it intends to give employees the option to receive portions of their salaries in bitcoin currency.<ref name=paritynews>{{cite web|last=Mandalia|first=Ravi|title=The Internet Archive Starts Accepting Bitcoin Donations|url=http://www.paritynews.com/web-news/item/690-the-internet-archive-starts-accepting-bitcoin-donations|publisher=Parity News|date=22 February 2013|accessdate=28 February 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/GQE64 |archivedate=2013-04-11 |deadurl=no}}</ref> =====March===== * The bitcoin transaction log or "blockchain" temporarily forked into two independent logs with differing rules on how transactions could be accepted. The Mt.Gox bitcoin exchange briefly halted bitcoin deposits. Bitcoin prices briefly dipped by 23% to $37 as the event occurred<ref name=ArsFork /><ref name=VergeFork /> before recovering to their previous level in the following hours, a price of approximately $48.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bitcoin Charts|url=http://bitcoincharts.com/charts/mtgoxUSD#rg60zczsg2013-03-12zeg2013-03-15ztgSzm1g10zm2g25zv |archiveurl=http://archive.is/0QOAS |archivedate=2013-04-19 |deadurl=no}}</ref> * In the [[United States of America|US]], the [[FinCEN|Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN)]] established regulatory guidelines for "virtual currencies" such as bitcoin, classifying American "bitcoin miners" who sell their generated bitcoins as Money Service Businesses (or MSBs), that may now be subject to registration and other legal obligations.<ref name=ArsFinCEN /><ref name=Finextra1 /><ref name=FinCEN1 /> =====April===== * Payment processor BitInstant and [[Mt.Gox]] experienced processing delays due to insufficient capacity.<ref>Roose, Kevin (8 April 2013) {{cite web |url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/04/inside-the-bitcoin-bubble-bitinstants-ceo.html |title=Inside the Bitcoin Bubble: BitInstant’s CEO – Daily Intelligencer |archiveurl=http://archive.is/yAyxl |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Nymag.com. Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> * On the 10th, bitcoin dropped from a price of $266 to $105 before returning to a price of $160 within six hours.<ref name=ArstechnicaCrash2013>{{cite web|last=Farivar|first=Cyrus|title=Bitcoin crashes, losing nearly half of its value in six hours|url=http://arstechnica.com/business/2013/04/bitcoin-crashes-losing-nearly-half-of-its-value-in-six-hours/|publisher=Arstechnica|date=11 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/jGzjh |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ===Satoshi Nakamoto=== Satoshi Nakamoto was the pseudonymous person or group of people who designed the original bitcoin protocol in 2008 and launched the bitcoin network in 2009. Beyond bitcoin, no other links to this identity have been found. His involvement in the original bitcoin protocol does not appear to extend past mid-2010.<ref name=Wired:RFB>{{cite web|title=The Rise and Fall of Bitcoin|url=http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/11/mf_bitcoin/|publisher= Wired |date=23 November 2011|accessdate= 13 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/oODpb |archivedate=2013-02-09 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Nakamoto was active in making modifications to the bitcoin network and posting technical information on the BitcoinTalk Forum until his contact with bitcoin users began to fade. Until a few months before he left, he was responsible for creating the majority of the bitcoin protocol, only rarely accepting contributions.<ref name=Wired:RFB>{{cite web|title=The Rise and Fall of Bitcoin |url= http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/11/mf_bitcoin/ |publisher= [[Wired (website)|Wired]] |date=23 November 2011|accessdate= 13 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/oODpb |archivedate=2013-02-09 |deadurl=no}}</ref> In April 2011, Satoshi communicated to a bitcoin contributor saying he had “moved on to other things.”<ref>{{cite web|last= Davis|first= Joshua |title= The Crypto-Currency |url= http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/10/10/111010fa_fact_davis |publisher= [[The New Yorker]] |date=10 October 2011|accessdate= 16 February 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/JKMS |archivedate=2012-12-17 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ====Identity==== Investigations into the real [[wikt:identity|identity]] of Satoshi Nakamoto have been attempted by ''[[The New Yorker]]'' and ''[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]]''. ''Fast Company'''s investigation brought up [[circumstantial evidence]] that indicated a link between an [[encryption]] [[patent]] application filed by Neal King, Vladimir Oksman and Charles Bry on 15 August 2008, and the bitcoin.org domain name which was registered 72 hours later. The patent application ([http://patent.ipexl.com/U2S/20100042841.html #20100042841]) contained networking and encryption technologies similar to bitcoin's. After [[Content analysis|textual analysis]], the phrase "...computationally impractical to reverse" was found in both the patent application and bitcoin's whitepaper.<ref name=whitepaper /> All three inventors explicitly denied being Satoshi Nakamoto.<ref>{{cite web|last= Penenberg |first= Adam |title= The Bitcoin Crypto-Currency Mystery Reopened |url= http://www.fastcompany.com/1785445/bitcoin-crypto-currency-mystery-reopened |publisher= [[FastCompany]] |accessdate= 16 February 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/97HqS |archivedate=2013-04-09 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last= Greenfield |first= Rebecca |title= The Race to Unmask Bitcoin's Inventor(s) |url= http://www.theatlanticwire.com/technology/2011/10/race-unmask-bitcoins-inventors/43535/ |publisher= [[The Atlantic]] |date=11 October 2011|accessdate= 16 February 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/RHThA |archivedate=2013-04-12 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ===The fork of March 2013=== On 12 March 2013, a bitcoin server (also called a "miner") running the more recent "version 0.8.0" of the bitcoin protocol created a large record in bitcoin's transaction log (called the blockchain) that was incompatible with earlier versions of the bitcoin protocol due to its size. This created a split or "fork" in the transaction log. Some users ran the more recent version of the protocol, accepting and building on the diverging log, whereas other users ran older versions of the bitcoin protocol and rejected it. This split resulted in two separate transaction logs being formed without clear consensus, which allows for the same funds on both chains to be [[double-spending|double-spent]]. In response, the Mt.Gox bitcoin exchange temporarily halted bitcoin deposits.<ref name=Mtgoxforkchain>{{cite web|last=Karpeles|first=Mark|title=Bitcoin blockchain issue – bitcoin deposits temporarily suspended|url=https://mtgox.zendesk.com/entries/21477395-Bitcoin-blockchain-issue-bitcoin-deposits-temporarily-suspended|publisher=Mt.Gox|accessdate=12 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/LzeKd |archivedate=2013-04-12 |deadurl=no}}</ref> The price of a bitcoin fell 23% to $37 on the Mt.Gox bitcoin exchange as this event occurred but subsequently rose most of the way back to its prior level of approximately $48.<ref name=ArsFork>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Timothy|title=Major glitch in Bitcoin network sparks sell-off; price temporarily falls 23%|url=http://arstechnica.com/business/2013/03/major-glitch-in-bitcoin-network-sparks-sell-off-price-temporarily-falls-23/|publisher=Arstechnica|date=12 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/kj9PR |archivedate=2013-04-17 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=VergeFork>{{cite web|last=Blagdon|first=Jeff|title=Technical problems cause Bitcoin to plummet from record high, Mt. Gox suspends deposits|url=http://www.theverge.com/2013/3/12/4092898/technical-problems-cause-bitcoin-to-plummet-from-record-high|publisher=The Verge|date=12 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/VmI8N |archivedate=2013-04-12 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Developers at bitcoin.org attempted to resolve the split by recommending that users downgrade to "version 0.7", which utilized the oldest transaction log in the split. User funds largely remained unaffected and were available when network consensus was reached.<ref name=ChainFork1>{{cite web|title=11/12 March 2013 Chain Fork Information|url=http://bitcoin.org/chainfork.html|publisher=Bitcoin Project|accessdate=12 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/Fo4tS |archivedate=2013-04-14 |deadurl=no}}</ref> The network reached consensus and continued to operate as normal a few hours after the split.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bitcoin software bug has been rapidly resolved|url=http://ecurrency.ec/2013/03/bitcoin-bug-resolved/|publisher=ecurrency|date=12 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/cyTYJ |archivedate=2013-04-12 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ===FinCEN regulation=== On 18 March 2013, the [[Financial Crimes Enforcement Network]] (or FinCEN), a bureau of the [[United States Department of the Treasury]], issued a report regarding [[centralized]] and decentralized "virtual currencies" and their legal status within "[[money services business]]" (MSB) and [[Bank Secrecy Act]] regulations.<ref name=FinCEN1 /> It classified digital currencies and other digital payment systems such as bitcoin as "virtual currencies" because they are not [[legal tender]] under any sovereign [[jurisdiction (area)|jurisdiction]]. FinCEN cleared American users of bitcoin of legal obligations by saying, "A user of virtual currency is not an MSB under FinCEN’s regulations and therefore is not subject to MSB registration, reporting, and recordkeeping regulations." However, it held that American entities who generate "virtual currency" such as bitcoins are money transmitters or MSBs if they sell their generated currency for [[national currency]]: "...a person that creates units of convertible virtual currency and sells those units to another person for real currency or its equivalent is engaged in transmission to another location and is a money transmitter." This specifically extends to "miners" of the bitcoin network who may have to register as an MSB and abide by the respective requirements of being a money transmitter if they sell their generated bitcoins for [[national currency]] and are within the [[United States]].<ref name=ArsFinCEN>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Timothy|title=http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/03/us-regulator-bitcoin-exchanges-must-comply-with-money-laundering-laws/|url=http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/03/us-regulator-bitcoin-exchanges-must-comply-with-money-laundering-laws/|publisher=Arstechnica|date=20 March 2013|quote=Bitcoin miners must also register if they trade in their earnings for dollars. |archiveurl=http://archive.is/ozDCh |archivedate=2013-04-07 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Additionally, FinCEN claimed regulation over American entities that manage bitcoins in a [[payment processor]] setting or as an exchanger: "In addition, a person is an exchanger and a money transmitter if the person accepts such de-centralized convertible virtual currency from one person and transmits it to another person as part of the acceptance and transfer of currency, funds, or other value that substitutes for currency."<ref name=Finextra1>{{cite web|title=US govt clarifies virtual currency regulatory position|url=http://www.finextra.com/News/FullStory.aspx?newsitemid=24645|publisher=Finextra|date=19 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/W176A |archivedate=2013-04-09 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=FinCEN1>{{cite web|title=Application of FinCEN's Regulations to Persons Administering, Exchanging, or Using Virtual Currencies|url=http://www.fincen.gov/statutes_regs/guidance/pdf/FIN-2013-G001.pdf|publisher=Department of the Treasury Financial Crimes Enforcement Network|accessdate=19 March 2013}}</ref> In summary, FinCEN's decision would require Bitcoin exchanges where bitcoins are traded for traditional currencies to disclose large transactions and suspicious activity, comply with [[money laundering]] regulations, and collect information about their customers as traditional [[financial institutions]] are required to do.<ref name=Forbes1>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Timothy|title=New Money Laundering Guidelines Are A Positive Sign For Bitcoin|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/timothylee/2013/03/19/new-money-laundering-guidelines-are-a-positive-sign-for-bitcoin/|publisher=Forbes|date=19 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/dlI9t |archivedate=2013-04-10 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=JapanTimes>{{cite web|title=The rise of the bitcoin: Virtual gold or cyber-bubble?|url=http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-04-04/world/38280106_1_bitcoin-satoshi-nakamoto-monetary-policy|publisher=Washington Post|date=4 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/pWxnr |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Patrick Murck of the Bitcoin Foundation criticized FinCEN's testament as an "overreach" and claimed that FinCEN "cannot rely on this guidance in any enforcement action".<ref name=BTCFoundationFinCEN1>{{cite web|last=Murck|first=Patrick|title=Today, we are all money transmitters... (no, really!)|url=https://bitcoinfoundation.org/blog/?p=152|publisher=Bitcoin Foundation|date=19 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/eWcYH |archivedate=2013-04-14 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ===2013 values=== The USD value of a bitcoin increased ten-fold in early 2013 from $13/BTC on 1 January to $190/BTC on 9 April, three months later. Suggested reasons for the rise in price included the [[European sovereign-debt crisis]] – particularly the [[2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis]] – statements by FinCEN improving the currency's legal standing and rising media and Internet interest.<ref name=NewYorker1>{{cite web|last=Traverse|first=Nick|title=Bitcoin's Meteoric Rise|url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2013/04/the-number-141.html|date=3 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/gfRcQ |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=NewYorker2>{{cite web|last=Bustillos|first=Maria|title=The Bitcoin Boom|url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/elements/2013/04/the-future-of-bitcoin.html|date=2 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/s4wpw |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=Quartz1>{{cite web|last=Seward|first=Zachary|title=Bitcoin, up 152% this month, soaring 57% this week|url=http://qz.com/68328/bitcoin-up-152-this-month-tops-1-billion-in-total-value/|accessdate=9 April 2013|date=28 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/u9QqU |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=Economist1>{{cite news|title=A Bit expensive|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/03/daily-chart-12|date=1 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/xfasi |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> As the market value of the total bitcoin supply approached $1 billion USD, financial commentators described bitcoin prices as a [[economic bubble|bubble]].<ref name=Atlantic1>{{cite web|last=Estes|first=Adam|title=Bitcoin Is Now A Billion Dollar Industry|url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/business/2013/03/bitcoin-now-billion-dollar-industry/63667/|date=28 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/mvPg0 |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="FelixSalmon1">{{cite web|last=Salmon|first=Felix|title=The Bitcoin Bubble and the Future of Currency|url=https://medium.com/money-banking/2b5ef79482cb|accessdate=9 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/K6uFF |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="ArtCashin1">{{cite web|last=Ro|first=Sam|title=Art Cashin: The Bitcoin Bubble|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/art-cashin-the-bitcoin-bubble-2013-4|date=3 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/Am9un |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> On 10 April 2013, Bitcoin dropped from a price of $266 to $105 before returning to a value of $160 within six hours.<ref name="ArstechnicaCrash2013" /> ==Distribution== [[File:Total bitcoins over time.png|thumb|right|300px|Total bitcoins over time]] Unlike [[fiat currency]], bitcoin has no centralized issuing authority.<ref name="ars-06-08-11">{{Cite news |first= Thomas |last= Lowenthal |title= Bitcoin: inside the encrypted, peer-to-peer digital currency |newspaper= Ars Technica |date= 8 June 2011 |url= http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/06/bitcoin-inside-the-encrypted-peer-to-peer-currency.ars |archiveurl=http://archive.is/NYkv |archivedate=2012-12-09 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/06/virtual-currency |title= Virtual currency: Bits and bob |publisher= The Economist |date=13 June 2011 |accessdate = 22 June 2011 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/1JvB |archivedate=2012-12-08 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= Geere |first= Duncan |url= http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-05/16/bitcoin-p2p-currency |title= Peer-to-peer currency Bitcoin sidesteps financial institutions (Wired UK) |publisher= Wired.co.uk |date=16 May 2011 |accessdate = 22 June 2011 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/ZPSM0 |archivedate=2013-01-14 |deadurl=no}}</ref> The network is programmed to increase the money supply as a [[geometric series]] until the total number of bitcoins reaches 21 million BTC, by issuing them to nodes that verify transaction records through intense bruteforce hashing with computing power.<ref name="Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph"/> These nodes can then sell their earned bitcoins on exchanges or trade them at their discretion. Currently, 25 bitcoins are generated every 10 minutes. This will be halved to 12.5 BTC within the year 2017 and halved continuously every 4 years after until a hard-limit of 21 million bitcoins is reached within the year 2140.<ref name=whitepaper /><ref name=Wired:RFB /> {{As of|2013|3}} over 10.5 million of the total 21 million BTC had been created; the current total number created is available online.<ref>{{cite web |title= Total Number of Bitcoins in Existence |url= http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc |work= Bitcoin Block Explorer |accessdate = 3 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/WzLNi |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> In November 2012, half of the total supply was generated, and by end of 2016, three-quarters will have been generated. By 2140, all bitcoins will have been generated with the last one consisting of fractional parts. To ensure this granularity of the [[money supply]], clients can divide each BTC unit down to eight decimal places (a total of 2.1&nbsp;×&nbsp;10¹⁵ or 2.1 quadrillion units).<ref name="lwn">{{Cite news |author= Nathan Willis |date= 10 November 2010 |title= Bitcoin: Virtual money created by CPU cycles |publisher= [[LWN.net]] |url= http://lwn.net/Articles/414452/ |archiveurl=http://archive.is/vGMu |archivedate=2012-12-05 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ===Exchange=== Through various exchanges, bitcoins are bought and sold at a variable price against the value of other currency. Bitcoin has appreciated rapidly in relation to existing fiat currencies including the [[US dollar]], [[euro]] and [[British pound]].{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} In April 2013, 1 BTC traded from $100–$260. Taking into account the total number of bitcoins mined, the [[monetary base]] of the bitcoin network stands at over $1 billion [[USD]].<ref name=Monetarybase1>{{cite web|title=Market Capitalization|url=http://blockchain.info/charts/market-cap|publisher=Blockchain.info|accessdate=28 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/HeUf |archivedate=2012-07-07 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="Mt.Gox data">{{cite web|title=Mt.Gox data|url=http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/mtgoxUSD.html|publisher=Bitcoincharts |archiveurl=http://archive.is/lnS1w |archivedate=2013-01-02 |deadurl=no}}</ref> According to [[Reuters]], undisclosed documents indicate that [[bank]]s such as [[Morgan Stanley]] and [[Goldman Sachs]] have visited bitcoin exchanges as often as 30 times a day. Employees of international banks and major financial organizations have shown interest in the bitcoin markets as well.<ref name=Reuters1>{{cite web|last=O'Leary|first=Naomi|title=Bitcoin, the City traders' anarchic new toy|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/01/traders-bitcoin-idUSL6E8ET5K620120401|publisher=Reuters|date=1 April 2012|quote=Workers at Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs in London and New York have been visiting online Bitcoin exchanges as often as 30 times a day, according to documents seen by Reuters. Neither bank wanted to comment. Employees at almost all the major international banks and numerous trading and investment firms have shown interest. |archiveurl=http://archive.is/52sM |archivedate=2012-09-09 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ====Hedge funds==== [[Financial laws]] can limit the type of assets [[institutional investors]] can buy, including [[alternative asset]]s like bitcoin. However, assets stored in a licensed product can usually be bought by regulated entities. [[Exante Ltd.]], a [[Malta|Malta-based]] [[investment firm]], launched a bitcoin [[hedge fund]] marketed towards [[institutional investors]] and high net-worth individuals. Bitcoin shares are currently traded through the Exante Hedge Fund Marketplace platform and authorized and regulated by the [[Malta Financial Services Authority]]. As of March 2013, Exante holds $3.2 million (2.5€ million) in bitcoin assets.<ref name=BitcoinHedge1>{{cite web|last=Matonis|first=Jon|title=First Bitcoin Hedge Fund Launches From Malta|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/jonmatonis/2013/03/08/first-bitcoin-hedge-fund-launches-from-malta/|publisher=Forbes|date=8 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/V0Gyf |archivedate=2013-04-10 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ====Derivatives==== [[Financial derivatives|Derivatives]] on bitcoins are thinly available: * iCBIT [https://icbit.se/] offers [[futures contracts]] on bitcoins against multiple currencies.<ref name=Quartz2>{{cite web|last=Foxman|first=Simone|title=How to short bitcoins (if you really must)|url=http://qz.com/69630/how-to-short-bitcoins-if-you-really-must/|publisher=Quartz|date=2 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/B9Krp |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> * In April 2013, [[IG Group]] began to offer [[binary options]] on the price of bitcoins at a given date.<ref name=IGMarket1>{{cite web|title=IG Market Index (Search "Bitcoin")|url=https://demo.igmarkets.com/dealing/pd/index.htm?201303201837|publisher=IG Markets|accessdate=9 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/OYpD5 |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ==Protocol== <!-- The following content may be taken from the Satoshi Whitepaper which was released under a free, compatible license, the MIT license. It is compatible with Wikipedia and the Creative Commons licensing, and can be reproduced as followed. See the MIT License for details: http://opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php --> ===Summary=== Bitcoin is a solution to the [[double-spending]] problem of using a peer-to-peer network to manage transactions. The network [[timestamps]] transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based [[proof-of-work]], forming a record or chain that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work. The longest chain of records (called blocks) serves not only as proof of the sequence of events witnessed but also as proof that it came from the largest pool of computing power. As long as a majority of computing power is controlled by nodes that are not cooperating to attack the network, they'll generate the longest chain of records and outpace attackers. The network itself requires minimal structure. Messages are broadcast on a best effort basis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the longest proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone.<ref name=whitepaper /><ref name=UCPaper /> ===Bitcoins=== A bitcoin is defined by its chain of [[ECDSA]] [[digital signatures]]. Each owner transfers the coin to the next by digitally signing a hash of the previous transaction and the public key (or address) of the next owner and adding these to the end of the coin. A payee can verify the signatures to verify the chain of ownership. [[File:Bitcoin Transaction Visual.png|thumb|A diagram of a bitcoin transfer.]] Although it would be possible to handle coins individually, it would be unwieldy to make a separate transaction for every cent in a transfer. To allow value to be split and combined, transactions contain multiple inputs and outputs. Normally there will be either a single input from a larger previous transaction or multiple inputs combining smaller amounts, and at most two outputs: one for the payment, and one returning the change, if any, back to the sender. It should be noted that fan-out, where a transaction depends on several transactions, and those transactions depend on many more, is not a problem here. There is never the need to extract a complete standalone copy of a transaction's history. ====Hashes and signatures==== Two [[SHA-256]] hashes on top of each are used for transaction verification; however, [[RIPEMD-160]] is used on top of a SHA256 hash for bitcoin digital signatures or "addresses". A bitcoin address is specifically the hash of a ECDSA public-key, computed this way: Bitcoin address/Public-key = Version concatenated with RIPEMD-160(SHA-256(public key)) Checksum = 1st 4 bytes of SHA-256(SHA-256(Key hash)) Bitcoin Address = Base58Encode(Key hash concatenated with Checksum) ===Timestamps=== The bitcoin specification starts with a [[timestamp]]. A timestamp server works by taking a [[SHA256]] [[hash function]] of a block of items to be timestamped and widely publishing the hash, such as in a newspaper or Usenet post. The timestamp proves that the data must have existed at the time, obviously, in order to get into the hash. Each timestamp includes the previous timestamp in its hash, forming a chain, with each additional timestamp reinforcing the ones before it. ===Bitcoin mining=== To implement a distributed timestamp server on a peer-to-peer basis, bitcoin uses a [[proof-of-work]] system similar to [[Adam Back]]'s [[Hashcash]], rather than [[newspaper]] or [[Usenet]] posts.<ref name=UCPaper>{{cite web|quote=The rate of block, hence money, creation is limited by a proof of work of adaptive difficulty, that strives to maintain a creation rate of one block every 10 minutes across the whole network.}}</ref> This is often called bitcoin mining. [[File:AustrianBitCoinMiningRig.jpg|thumb|A [[GPU]]-based bitcoin miner]] The mining process or proof-of-work process involves scanning for a value that when hashed with [[SHA-256]], the [[hash function|hash]] begins with a number of zero bits. The average work required is exponential in the number of zero bits required, but can always be verified by executing a single hash. For the bitcoin timestamp network, it implements the mining process or "proof-of-work" by incrementing a [[Cryptographic nonce|nonce]] in the record or "block" until a value is found that gives the block's hash the required zero bits. Once the [[hash function|hashing]] effort has been expended to make it satisfy the proof-of-work, the block cannot be changed without redoing the work. As later records or "blocks" are chained after it, the work to change the block would include redoing all the blocks after it. [[File:Blockchain.png|thumb|The main chain (black) consists of the longest series of transaction records from the genesis block (green) to the current block or record. Orphaned records (purple) exist outside of the main chain.]] The majority decision is represented by the longest chain, which has the greatest proof-of-work effort invested in it. If a majority of computing power is controlled by honest nodes, the honest chain will grow the fastest and outpace any competing chains. To modify a past block, an attacker would have to redo the proof-of-work of the block and all blocks after it and then catch up with and surpass the work of the honest nodes. The probability of a slower attacker catching up diminishes exponentially as subsequent blocks are added.<ref name=UCPaper /> To compensate for increasing hardware speed and varying interest in running nodes over time, the proof-of-work difficulty is determined by a moving average targeting an average number of blocks per hour. If they're generated too fast, the difficulty increases.<ref name=UCPaper /> Today, bitcoin mining is a competitive field. An [[arms race]] has been observed through the various hashing technologies that are used to mine bitcoins and confirm transactions: High-end GPUs ([[Graphical Processing Unit]]s) common in many [[gaming computer]]s, FPGAs ([[Field Programmable Gate Array]]s) and ASICs ([[Application-specific integrated circuit]]s) all have been used. The newest addition, ASICS, are built into specialized servers that can cost nearly $3000 [[USD]] a unit.<ref name=TheGuardian79>{{cite web|last=Tindell|first=Ken|title=Geeks Love The Bitcoin Phenomenon Like They Loved The Internet In 1995|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/how-bitcoins-are-mined-and-used-2013-4|publisher=The Guardian|date=5 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/1M4QL |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Computing power is often bundled together from various servers or "pooled" into a central server to more effectively confirm blocks of transactions. Single servers often have to wait relatively long periods of time to confirm a block of transactions and receive payment for their "work" or hashing. When resources are "pooled", all participating servers receive a proportional number of the bitcoins earned every time any one participating server resolves a block.<ref name=Techcrunch12>{{cite web|last=Biggs|first=John|title=How To Mine Bitcoins|url=http://techcrunch.com/2013/04/08/how-to-mine-bitcoins/|publisher=Techcrunch|date=8 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/eBJ3r |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ====Process==== The steps to run the network and generate or "mine" bitcoins are:<ref name=UCPaper /> # New transactions are broadcast to all nodes. # Each node collects new transactions into a block. # Each node works on finding a difficult proof-of-work for its block. # When a node finds a proof-of-work, it broadcasts the block to all nodes. # Bitcoins are successfully collected or "mined" by the receiving node which found the proof-of-work. # Nodes accept the block only if all transactions in it are valid and not already spent. # Nodes express their acceptance of the block by working on creating the next block in the chain, using the hash of the accepted block as the previous hash. # Repeat. Nodes always consider the longest chain to be the correct one and will keep working on extending it. If two nodes broadcast different versions of the next block simultaneously, some nodes may receive one or the other first. In that case, they work on the first one they received, but save the other branch in case it becomes longer. The tie will be broken when the next proof-of-work is found and one branch becomes longer; the nodes that were working on the other branch will then switch to the longer one. New transaction broadcasts do not necessarily need to reach all nodes. As long as they reach many nodes, they will get into a block before long. Block broadcasts are also tolerant of dropped messages. If a node does not receive a block, it will request it when it receives the next block and realizes it missed one. ====Mined bitcoins==== By convention, the first transaction in a block is a special transaction that starts a new coin owned by the creator of the block. This adds an incentive for nodes to support the network,<ref name=UCPaper /> and provides a way to initially distribute coins into circulation, since there is no central authority to issue them. The continual and steady addition of new coins is analogous to gold miners expending resources to add gold to circulation.<ref name=UCPaper /> In this case, it is computing power and electricity that is expended. The incentive can also be funded with transaction fees. If the output value of a transaction is less than its input value, the difference is a transaction fee that is added to the incentive value of the block containing the transaction. ===Local system resources=== Once the latest transaction of a coin is buried under enough blocks, the spent transactions which preceded it can be discarded in order to save disk space. To facilitate this without breaking the block's hash, transactions are hashed in a [[Merkle tree]], with only the root included in the block's hash. Old blocks can then be compacted by stubbing off branches of the tree. The interior hashes need not be stored. A block header with no transactions would be about 80 bytes. Supposing that blocks are generated every 10 minutes, 80 bytes × 6 × 24 × 365 = 4.2&nbsp;MB per year. With computer systems typically selling with 2&nbsp;GB of RAM as of 2008, and [[Moore's law]] predicting current growth of 1.2&nbsp;GB per year, storage should not be a problem even if the block headers need to be kept in memory. ===Payment verification=== [[File:Bitcoinpaymentverification.png|333px|thumb|Diagram showing how bitcoin transactions are verified.]] It is possible to verify bitcoin payments without running a full network node. A user only needs to keep a copy of the block headers of the longest proof-of-work chain, which he can get by querying network nodes until he is convinced he has the longest chain, and obtain the Merkle branch linking the transaction to the block it is timestamped in. He can not check the transaction for himself, but by linking it to a place in the chain, he can see that a network node has accepted it, and blocks added after it further confirm the network has accepted it. As such, the verification is reliable as long as honest nodes control the network, but is more vulnerable if the network is overpowered by an attacker. While network nodes can verify transactions for themselves, the simplified method can be fooled by an attacker's fabricated transactions for as long as the attacker can continue to overpower the network. To protect against this, alerts from network nodes detecting an invalid block prompt the user's software to download the full block and verify alerted transactions to confirm their inconsistency. Businesses that receive frequent payments will probably still want to run their own nodes for more independent security and quicker verification. ==Applications== The bitcoin protocol introduces various technologies and economic properties that have numerous applications. ===Financial haven=== Financial journalists and analysts have speculated that there was a correlation between higher bitcoin usage in [[Spain]] and the [[2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis]], through which [[bank deposit levy|bank deposit levies]] as high as 40% could have been placed on bank deposits; conceding that bitcoin is serving as a sort of financial haven for some European savers.<ref name=CNBCBit1>{{cite web|last=Cox|first=Jeff|title=Bitcoin Bonanza: Cyprus Crisis Boosts Digital Dollars|url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/100597242|publisher=CNBC|date=27 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/7HYtm |archivedate=2013-04-10 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=WiredCrisis>{{cite web|last=Steadman|first=Ian|title=Technology Bitcoin interest spikes in Spain as Cyprus financial crisis grows|url=http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-03/20/bitcoin-spain-currency-run|publisher=Wired|date=20 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/ss4gO |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=BloombergCyprus>{{cite web|last=Salyer|first=Kirsten|title=Fleeing the Euro for Bitcoins|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-20/fleeing-the-euro-for-bitcoins-.html|publisher=Bloomberg|date=21 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/TJbl6 |archivedate=2013-04-10 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Nick Colas, a financial analyst, claimed a rally in the price of bitcoins was “One hundred percent...due to Cyprus,” and that “It means the Europeans are getting involved.” In contrast, as of 2013, the use of bitcoin as a haven is limited for large amounts. As Colas also claims, “Bitcoin is good if you want to make a deposit of between $1,000 and $10,000. But the liquidity is just not there in the system for multimillion dollar transactions...”<ref name=BWSpain1>{{cite web|last=Warner|first=Bernhard|title=Jittery Spaniards Seek Safety in Bitcoins|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-03-20/jittery-spaniards-seek-safe-haven-in-bitcoins|publisher=Business Week|date=20 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/JP1aP |archivedate=2013-04-07 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ===Namecoin DNS=== Namecoin is an alternative [[peer-to-peer]] [[Domain Name System]] that is based on the [[open-source]] bitcoin protocol. Like bitcoin, the Namecoin network reaches consensus every few minutes as to which names/values have been reserved or updated.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gallagher |first=Sean |url=http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/11/anonymous-bit-dimnet-tries-to-be-a-hedge-against-dns-censorship/ |title=Anonymous "dimnet" tries to create hedge against DNS censorship |publisher=Ars Technica |date=18 November 2011 |accessdate=26 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/NbYY |archivedate=2012-12-06 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Each user has its own copy of the full [[database]], which attempts to reduce censorship on the DNS level. The use of public-key cryptography also means that only the owner is allowed to modify a name in the [[distributed database]]. For name resolution Namecoin uses [[.bit]] as [[pseudo-top-level domain]]. ==Implications== ===As a currency=== {{POV-section|date=April 2013}} [[File:BitcoinEuroFebMarch2013.jpg|thumb|How many euros it took to buy a single bitcoin, February–March 2013; x-axis ranges from €1to €60]] The large fluctuations in the dollar value of bitcoin has evoked criticism of bitcoin's economic suitability and legitimacy as a currency.<ref name=Krugman1 /><ref name=Guardian77>{{cite web|last=Moore|first=Heidi|title=Confused about Bitcoin? It's 'the Harlem Shake of currency'|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/apr/03/bitcoin-currency-bubble-crash-not-rocking-financial-markets|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=8 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/FhJtu |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> An April 2013 article in The Atlantic stated that although bitcoin is purported to be a currency, it cannot be a currency due to its deflationary bias, which encourages hoarding.<ref>{{cite web|last=O'Brien|first=Matthew|title=Bitcoin Is No Longer a Currency|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/04/bitcoin-is-no-longer-a-currency/274859/|publisher=The Atlantic|date=11 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/Hm3uS |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Forbes contributor Louis Woodhill stated that bitcoins are the cyber equivalent of rare postage stamps, or collectibles and can never be money.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/louiswoodhill/2013/04/11/bitcoins-are-digital-collectibles-not-real-money/ |title=botcoins are digital collectibles not real money |archiveurl=http://archive.is/AYBC5 |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Forbes (18 April 2012). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> It has been noted that as a currency not under sovereign control, bitcoin is currently being used on the black-market [[Silk Road (marketplace)|Silk Road]] website (despite bitcoin's volatility<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/04/16/founder-of-drug-site-silk-road-says-bitcoin-booms-and-busts-wont-kill-his-black-market/ |title=Founder Of Drug Site Silk Road Says Bitcoin Booms And Busts Won't Kill His Black Market |archiveurl=http://archive.is/jO26U |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Forbes (18 April 2012). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref>) and is used by Iranians to evade foreign currency sanctions.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Raskin|first=Max|title=Dollar-Less Iranians Discover Virtual Currency|journal=BloombergBusinessWeek|date=29 November 2012|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-11-29/dollar-less-iranians-discover-virtual-currency|accessdate=15 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/ncmdv |archivedate=2013-04-17 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Conversely, there is also some evidence that it is being accepted by some mainstream businesses<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2013/mar/04/bitcoin-currency-of-vice |title=Bitcoin: more than just the currency of digital vice Technology guardian.co.uk |archiveurl=http://archive.is/kRH7B |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Guardian (4 March 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> and hoarded by some individuals.<ref>Popper, Nathaniel. (13 December 2012) {{cite web |url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/11/as-big-investors-emerge-bitcoin-gets-ready-for-its-close-up/ |title=Never Mind Facebook; Winklevoss Twins Rule in Digital Money |archiveurl=http://archive.is/85HVC |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Dealbook.nytimes.com. Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> There has also been growing awareness of its usage in black market transactions, frustrating its promoters. In 2013, the U.S. Treasury extended its anti-money laundering regulations to processors of bitcoin transactions.<ref name="foxnews1">{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2013/04/11/bitcoin-electronic-cash-beloved-by-hackers/ |title=Bitcoin, the nationless electronic cash beloved by hackers, bursts into financial mainstream |archiveurl=http://archive.is/YwB03 |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Fox News (11 April 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.aarp.org/2013/04/11/bitcoin-currency-hackers-make-money-investing-in-bitcoins-scams/ |title=Bitcoin Currency, Hackers Make Money, Investing in Bitcoins, Scams – AARP |archiveurl=http://archive.is/98mWj |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Blog.aarp.org (19 March 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> Bitcoins have gained traction in Argentina as an alternative to the official currency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2013/04/16/bitcoins-gain-traction-in-argentina/ |title=Bitcoins gain traction in Argentina beyondbrics |archiveurl=http://archive.is/LxHxE |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Blogs.ft.com (16 April 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> ===As an investment=== Although it is considered by supporters to be a digital currency, [[virtual currency]], or "payment scheme", it is often traded as an investment<ref name="cnbc">{{cite web | url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/45030812/The_Pros_And_Cons_Of_Biting_on_Bitcoins | title=The Pros And Cons Of Biting on Bitcoins | publisher=[[CNBC]] | date=23 November 2011 | accessdate=4 December 2012 | author=Gustke, Constance |archiveurl=http://archive.is/oH9Sz |archivedate=2013-01-19 |deadurl=no}}</ref> and accused of being a form of investment fraud known as a [[Ponzi scheme]].<ref name=Reuters1>{{cite web |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/04/01/uk-traders-bitcoin-idUKBRE8300JL20120401 |title=Bitcoin, the City traders' anarchic new toy |last1=O'Leary |first1=Naomi |date=2 April 2012 |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=14 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/6V5vk |archivedate=2013-02-01 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=USSenatebitcoin>{{cite web |url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/06/08/bitcoin_under_attack/ |title=US senators draw a bead on Bitcoin |last1=Chirgwin |first1=Richard |date=8 June 2011 |publisher=The Register |accessdate=14 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/ap9W |archivedate=2012-09-14 |deadurl=no}}</ref> On this subject, a report by the [[European Central Bank]], using the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]'s definition of a Ponzi scheme, found that the use of bitcoins shares some characteristics with Ponzi schemes, but also has characteristics of its own which contradict several common aspects of Ponzi schemes.<ref name="ecbreport">{{cite web | url=http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemes201210en.pdf | title=Virtual Currency Schemes | publisher=[[European Central Bank]] | date=October 2012 | accessdate=4 December 2012}}</ref> In contrast, The Bitcoin Project describes bitcoin exclusively as an "experimental digital currency" and does not refer to it as an investment.<ref name=BitcoinProject>{{cite web|title=Bitcoin – P2P digital currency|url=http://bitcoin.org/|publisher=Bitcoin Project|accessdate=10 January 2013|quote=© Bitcoin Project 2009–2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/B7OX |archivedate=2012-05-30 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Like many things considered to be investments, Bitcoins are also subject to [[#Incidents of theft|theft]]. In addition, a study indicated that 45 percent of Bitcoin exchanges end up closing with many customers losing their money.<ref name=Wired.co.UK>{{cite web|title=Study: 45 percent of Bitcoin exchanges end up closing |url=http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-04/26/large-bitcoin-exchanges-attacks|accessdate=28 April 2013|quote=© Condé Nast UK 2013 |archiveurl=http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-04/26/large-bitcoin-exchanges-attacks|archivedate=2013-04-26 |deadurl=no}} Wired.co.uk (26 April 2013). </ref> Bitcoins, as an investment, have been described as lacking [[Intrinsic value (finance)|intrinsic value]] because their value depends only on the [[Subjective theory of value|willingness of users]] to accept it.<ref name=WSJ1Bit>{{cite web|last=Hough|first=Jack|title=The Bitcoin Triples Again|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB70001424052702304392704576375590306494106.html|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=10 June 2011|quote=To recap, it's is a purely online currency with no intrinsic value; its worth is based solely on the willingness of holders and merchants to accept it in trade. |archiveurl=http://archive.is/cqU53 |archivedate=2013-04-12 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=justinfox>Fox, Justin (9 April 2013). {{cite web |url=http://blogs.hbr.org/fox/2013/04/building-a-better-bitcoin.html |title=Building a Better Bitcoin |archiveurl=http://archive.is/1ulMp |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. [[Harvard Business Review]]. Accessed 9 April 2013.</ref><ref>Planes, Alex. (11 April 2013) {{cite web |url=http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2013/04/11/what-the-bitcoin-crash-can-teach-us-about-money-an.aspx |title=What the Bitcoin Crash Can Teach Us About Money and Investing |archiveurl=http://archive.is/PIlAq |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Fool.com. Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> ===Privacy=== Bitcoin transactions are seen as relatively anonymous.<ref name=economist>{{cite web |url=http://www.economist.com/node/21563752 |title=Monetarists Anonymous |archiveurl=http://archive.is/j6sDZ |archivedate=2013-01-02 |deadurl=no}}. The Economist (29 September 2012). Accessed 1 April 2013.</ref> Bitcoin is the medium of exchange on the [[Silk Road (marketplace)|Silk Road]], an online [[black market]].<ref name="Forbes">Greenberg, Andy (20 April 2011). {{cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0509/technology-psilocybin-bitcoins-gavin-andresen-crypto-currency.html |title=Crypto Currency |archiveurl=http://archive.is/KDAp |archivedate=2012-12-08 |deadurl=no}}. Forbes Magazine.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= Madrigal |first= Alexis |title= Libertarian Dream? A Site Where You Buy Drugs With Digital Dollars |publisher= [[The Atlantic Monthly]] |date= 1 June 2011 |url= http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/06/libertarian-dream-a-site-where-you-buy-drugs-with-digital-dollars/239776/ |accessdate = 5 June 2011 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/INs7 |archivedate=2012-12-09 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Some proponents of Bitcoin are concerned that such an association may bring about a negative perception of the currency.<ref>Chen, Adrian (1 June 2011). {{cite web |url=http://gawker.com/5805928/the-underground-website-where-you-can-buy-any-drug-imaginable |title=The Underground Website Where You Can Buy Any Drug Imaginable |archiveurl=http://archive.is/hQa2 |archivedate=2012-07-26 |deadurl=no}}. Gawker.</ref> The privacy of Bitcoin is a field of active academic research.<ref>Androulaki, Elli ''et al.'' (2012) [http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/596.pdf Evaluating User Privacy in Bitcoin]. eprint.iacr.org</ref> Because Bitcoin transactions are broadcast to the entire network, they are inherently public. Using external information, it is possible, though usually difficult, to associate Bitcoin identities with real-life identities.<ref name="An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System">Fergal Reid and Martin Harrigan (24 July 2011). {{cite web |url=http://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.com/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html |title=An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System |archiveurl=http://archive.is/7IPTk |archivedate=2013-04-14 |deadurl=no}}. An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System.</ref><ref>The Economist. {{cite web |url=http://www.economist.com/node/21563752 |title=Monetarists Anonymous |archiveurl=http://archive.is/j6sDZ |archivedate=2013-01-02 |deadurl=no}}. 29 September 2012. Accessed 1 April 2013.</ref> Unlike regular banking,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/bitcoin-the-cryptoanarchists-answer-to-cash/0 |title= Bitcoin: The Cryptoanarchists' Answer to Cash |publisher= IEEE.org |date= June 2012 |accessdate = 5 June 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/75DuQ |archivedate=2013-01-13 |deadurl=no}}</ref> which preserves customer privacy by keeping transaction records private, loose transactional privacy is accomplished in Bitcoin by using many unique addresses for every wallet, while at the same time publishing all transactions. An [[IEEE]] paper proposing a cryptographic extension to Bitcoin, [[Zerocoin]], has been published.<ref>Miers, Ian. [http://spar.isi.jhu.edu/~mgreen/ZerocoinOakland.pdf Zerocoin: Anonymous Distributed E-Cash from Bitcoin]. isi.jhu.edu</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.cryptographyengineering.com/2013/04/zerocoin-making-bitcoin-anonymous.html |title=A Few Thoughts on Cryptographic Engineering: Zerocoin: making Bitcoin anonymous |archiveurl=http://archive.is/wkZfe |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Blog.cryptographyengineering.com (11 April 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> ===Botnet mining=== In June 2011, [[Symantec]] warned about the possibility of [[botnet]]s engaging in covert "mining" of bitcoins,<ref>{{cite web|author=Peter Coogan |url=http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/bitcoin-botnet-mining |title=Bitcoin Botnet Mining |work=Symantec.com |date=17 June 2011 |accessdate = 24 January 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/uusZ |archivedate=2012-09-14 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/security/researchers-find-malware-rigged-with-bitcoin-miner/8934 |title=Researchers find malware rigged with Bitcoin miner |publisher=ZDNet |date=29 June 2011 |accessdate = 24 January 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/7Uhft |archivedate=2013-01-05 |deadurl=no}}</ref> consuming computing cycles, using extra electricity and possibly increasing the temperature of the computer. Some malware also used the [[parallel computing|parallel processing]] capabilities of the [[GPU]]s built into many modern-day [[video card]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/08/16/gpu_bitcoin_brute_forcing/ |title=Malware mints virtual currency using victim's GPU |date=16 August 2011|first=Dan |last=Goodin |archiveurl=http://archive.is/oDCb |archivedate=2012-12-23 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Later that month, the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] caught an employee using the company's servers to generate Bitcoins without permission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thenextweb.com/au/2011/06/23/abc-employee-caught-mining-for-bitcoins-on-company-servers/ |title=ABC employee caught mining for Bitcoins on company servers |publisher=The Next Web |date=23 June 2011 |accessdate = 24 January 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/JwrjC |archivedate=2013-01-05 |deadurl=no}}</ref> In mid-August 2011, Bitcoin miner botnets were found again,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/view/20211/researcher-discovers-distributed-bitcoin-cracking-trojan-malware/ |title=Infosecurity – Researcher discovers distributed bitcoin cracking trojan malware |publisher=Infosecurity-magazine.com |date=19 August 2011 |accessdate = 24 January 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/TliPM |archivedate=2013-01-03 |deadurl=no}}</ref> less than three months later bitcoin-mining trojans infecting Mac OS X were also discovered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.techworld.com.au/article/405849/mac_os_x_trojan_steals_processing_power_produce_bitcoins |title=Mac OS X Trojan steals processing power to produce Bitcoins – sophos, security, malware, Intego – Vulnerabilities – Security |publisher=Techworld |date=1 November 2011 |accessdate = 24 January 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/SDT4 |archivedate=2012-09-18 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ===Incidents of theft=== There have been incidents of theft of bitcoin balances: * On 19 June 2011, a security breach of the [[Mt.Gox]] bitcoin exchange caused the nominal price of a bitcoin to fraudulently drop to one cent on the Mt.Gox exchange, after a hacker allegedly used credentials from a Mt.Gox auditor's compromised computer illegally to transfer a large number of bitcoins to himself. He used the exchange's software to sell them all nominally, creating a massive "ask" order at any price. Within minutes the price corrected to its correct user-traded value.<ref>{{cite web|last= Karpeles |first= Mark |title= Clarification of Mt Gox Compromised Accounts and Major Bitcoin Sell-Off |date= 30 June 2011 |url= https://mtgox.com/press_release_20110630.html |publisher= Tibanne Co. Ltd. |archiveurl=http://archive.is/2DHQ |archivedate=2012-12-08 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date= 19 June 2011 |url= http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1X6qQt9ONg |title= Bitcoin Report Volume 8 – (FLASHCRASH) |publisher= YouTube BitcoinChannel}}</ref><ref name="mick">{{cite web|last= Mick |first= Jason |title= Inside the Mega-Hack of Bitcoin: the Full Story |date= 19 June 2011 |url= http://www.dailytech.com/Inside+the+MegaHack+of+Bitcoin+the+Full+Story/article21942.htm |publisher= [[DailyTech]] |archiveurl=http://archive.is/fsllb |archivedate=2013-01-02 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>Lee, Timothy B. (19 June 2011) {{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/06/bitcoin-price-plummets-on-compromised-exchange.ars |title=Bitcoin prices plummet on hacked exchange |archiveurl=http://archive.is/Oa40 |archivedate=2012-07-09 |deadurl=no}}, Ars Technica</ref><ref>Karpeles, Mark (20 June 2011) [https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20208066-huge-bitcoin-sell-off-due-to-a-compromised-account-rollback Huge Bitcoin sell off due to a compromised account – rollback], Mt.Gox Support {{Dead link|url=https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20208066-huge-bitcoin-sell-off-due-to-a-compromised-account-rollback|date=April 2013}}</ref><ref name="register1">{{Cite news|title= Bitcoin collapses on malicious trade – Mt Gox scrambling to raise the Titanic |url= http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/06/19/bitcoin_values_collapse_again/|date=19 June 2011 |author= Chirgwin, Richard |publisher= The Register |archiveurl=http://archive.is/X2SOt |archivedate=2013-01-14 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Accounts with the equivalent of more than USD 8,750,000 were affected.<ref name="mick" /> * In July 2011, the operator of Bitomat, the third largest bitcoin exchange, announced that he lost access to his wallet.dat file with about 17,000 bitcoins (roughly equivalent to 220,000 USD at that time). He announced that he would sell the service for the missing amount, aiming to use funds from the sale to refund his customers.<ref>Dotson, Kyt (1 August 2011) {{cite web |url=http://siliconangle.com/blog/2011/08/01/third-largest-bitcoin-exchange-bitomat-lost-their-wallet-over-17000-bitcoins-missing/ |title=Third Largest Bitcoin Exchange Bitomat Lost Their Wallet, Over 17,000 Bitcoins Missing |archiveurl=http://archive.is/6hfI |archivedate=2012-07-30 |deadurl=no}}. SiliconAngle</ref> * In August 2011, MyBitcoin, a now defunct bitcoin transaction processor, declared that it was hacked, which resulted in it being shut down, with paying 49% on customer deposits, leaving more than 78,000 bitcoins (roughly equivalent to 800,000 USD at that time) unaccounted for.<ref>Jeffries, Adrianne (8 August 2011) {{cite web |url=http://betabeat.com/2011/08/mybitcoin-spokesman-finally-comes-forward-what-did-you-think-we-did-after-the-hack-we-got-shitfaced/ |title=MyBitcoin Spokesman Finally Comes Forward: “What Did You Think We Did After the Hack? We Got Shitfaced” |archiveurl=http://archive.is/epilS |archivedate=2013-01-18 |deadurl=no}}. BetaBeat</ref><ref>Jeffries, Adrianne (19 August 2011) {{cite web |url=http://betabeat.com/2011/08/search-for-owners-of-mybitcoin-loses-steam/ |title=Search for Owners of MyBitcoin Loses Steam |archiveurl=http://archive.is/yRvWb |archivedate=2013-01-18 |deadurl=no}}. BetaBeat</ref> * In early August 2012, a lawsuit was filed in San Francisco court against Bitcoinica — a bitcoin trading venue — claiming about 460,000 USD from the company. Bitcoinica was hacked twice in 2012, which led to allegations of neglecting the safety of customers' money and cheating them out of withdrawal requests.<ref>Geuss, Megan (12 August 2012) {{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/08/bitcoinica-users-sue-for-460k-in-lost-bitcoins/ |title=Bitcoinica users sue for $460k in lost bitcoins |archiveurl=http://archive.is/5nN6V |archivedate=2013-01-17 |deadurl=no}}. Arstechnica</ref><ref>Peck, Morgen (15 August 2012) {{cite web |url=http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/networks/first-bitcoin-lawsuit-filed-in-san-francisco |title=First Bitcoin Lawsuit Filed In San Francisco |archiveurl=http://archive.is/QHa2m |archivedate=2013-04-15 |deadurl=no}}. IEEE Spectrum</ref> * In late August 2012, an operation titled Bitcoin Savings and Trust was shut down by the owner, allegedly leaving around $5.6 million in bitcoin-based debts; this led to allegations of the operation being a [[Ponzi scheme]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Bitcoin ponzi scheme – investors lose $5 million USD in online hedge fund |url= http://rt.com/usa/news/investors-currency-digital-fund-868/|date=29 August 2012 |publisher= [[RT (TV network)|RT]] |archiveurl=http://archive.is/cAPZ |archivedate=2012-12-06 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last= Jeffries |first= Adrianne |title= Suspected multi-million dollar Bitcoin pyramid scheme shuts down, investors revolt |url= http://www.theverge.com/2012/8/27/3271637/bitcoin-savings-trust-pyramid-scheme-shuts-down |publisher= [[The Verge]] |date=27 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/4SplF |archivedate=2013-01-05 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last= Mick |first= Jason |title= "Pirateat40" Makes Off $5.6M USD in BitCoins From Pyramid Scheme |date= 28 August 2012 |url= http://www.dailytech.com/Pirateat40+Makes+Off+56M+USD+in+BitCoins+From+Pyramid+Scheme/article25538.htm |publisher= [[DailyTech]] |archiveurl=http://archive.is/N8bzd |archivedate=2013-01-02 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last= Mott |first= Nathaniel |title= Bitcoin: How a Virtual Currency Became Real with a $5.6M Fraud |date= 31 August 2012 |url= http://pandodaily.com/2012/08/31/bitcoin-how-a-virtual-currency-became-real-with-a-5-6m-fraud/ |publisher= [[PandoDaily]] |archiveurl=http://archive.is/YvTD8 |archivedate=2013-01-31 |deadurl=no}}</ref> In September 2012, it was reported that [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] has started an investigation on the case.<ref>Foxton, Willard (2 September 2012) {{cite web |url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/technology/willardfoxton2/100007836/bitcoin-pirate-scandal-sec-steps-in-amid-allegations-that-the-whole-thing-was-a-ponzi-scheme/ |title=Bitcoin 'Pirate' scandal: SEC steps in amid allegations that the whole thing was a Ponzi scheme |archiveurl=http://archive.is/kO3uI |archivedate=2013-04-21 |deadurl=no}}. The Telegraph</ref> * In September 2012, Bitfloor, a bitcoin exchange, also reported being hacked, with 24,000 bitcoins (roughly equivalent to 250,000 USD) stolen. As a result, Bitfloor suspended operations.<ref>{{Cite news|title= Bitcoin theft causes Bitfloor exchange to go offline |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19486695 |date= 25 September 2012 |publisher= BBC News |archiveurl=http://archive.is/LvdDP |archivedate=2013-04-19 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last= Goddard |first= Louis |title= Bitcoin exchange BitFloor suspends operations after $250,000 theft |date= 5 September 2012 |url= http://www.theverge.com/2012/9/5/3293375/bitfloor-bitcoin-exchange-suspended-theft |publisher= [[The Verge]] |archiveurl=http://archive.is/4h4JX |archivedate=2013-02-04 |deadurl=no}}</ref> The same month, Bitfloor resumed operations, with its founder saying that he reported the theft to FBI, and that he is planning to repay the victims, though the time frame for such repayment is unclear.<ref>{{Cite news|title= Bitcoin exchange back online after hack |url= http://www.pcworld.com/article/2010586/bitcoin-exchange-back-online-after-hack.html?tk=rel_news |date= 25 September 2012 |last= Chirgwin |first= Richard |publisher= [[PC World]] |archiveurl=http://archive.is/Y87fW |archivedate=2013-01-31 |deadurl=no}}</ref> * On 3 April 2013, Instawallet, a web-based wallet provider, was hacked,<ref>{{cite web|last= Cutler |first= Kim-Mai |title= Another Bitcoin Wallet Service, Instawallet, Suffers Attack, Shuts Down Until Further Notice |date= 3 April 2013 |url= http://techcrunch.com/2013/04/03/bitcoin-instawallet/ |publisher= [[TechCrunch]] |accessdate= 12 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/qOW7p |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> resulting in the theft of over 35,000 bitcoins<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blockchain.info/tx/5c265c7f63176a07d8c1a90c336e8faac133e69b95eb29e69026377781ebdd1e |title=Transaction details for bitcoins stolen from Instawallet |archiveurl=http://archive.is/2ehIK |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Blockchain.info (3 April 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> ($129.90 at the time of trade, or nearly $4.6 million USD.) Instawallet suspended operations. ===Taxation=== Matthew Elias, founder of the Cryptocurrency Legal Advocacy Group (CLAG) published "Staying Between the Lines: A Survey of U.S. Income Taxation and its Ramifications on Cryptocurrencies", which discusses "the taxability of cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin."<ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012">{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=29 October | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209–4}}</ref> CLAG "stressed the importance for taxpayers to determine on their own whether taxes are due on a bitcoin-related transaction based on whether one has "experienced a realization event."<ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012" /> Such examples are "when a taxpayer has provided a service in exchange for bitcoins, a realization event has probably occurred, and any gain or loss would likely be calculated using fair market values for the service provided."<ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012">{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today| date=29 October 2012 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209–4}}</ref> ===Energy use and environmental impact=== An April 2013 estimate<ref>{{Cite news|title=Virtual Bitcoin Mining Is a Real-World Environmental Disaster |url= http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-12/virtual-bitcoin-mining-is-a-real-world-environmental-disaster.html | date=Apr 12 2013 |publisher=[[Bloomberg]] | accessdate=Apr 19 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/EGhkM |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> showed that the amount of energy being used every day to mine bitcoins was equivalent to the amount capable of powering about 31,000 American homes. This was estimated to be about USD $147,000 worth of energy. In comparison, profits made from a day's worth of bitcoin mining were given at about $681,000. ==Reception== {{copy edit-section|date=April 2013}} In 2011, [[Paul Krugman]], a [[Keynesian]] economist, reviewed bitcoin saying that "[bitcoin] has fluctuated sharply, but overall it has soared. So buying into [bitcoin] has, at least so far, been a good investment. But does that make the experiment a success? Um, no. What we want from a monetary system isn’t to make people holding money rich; we want it to facilitate transactions and make the economy as a whole rich. And that’s not at all what is happening in [bitcoin]."<ref name=Krugman1>{{cite web|last=Krugman|first=Paul|title=Golden Cyberfetters|url=http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/07/golden-cyberfetters/|publisher=New York Times|date=7 September 2011 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/jzUoz |archivedate=2013-04-11 |deadurl=no}}</ref> In 2013, Krugman stated that unlike gold or paper fiat currencies, bitcoin derives its value solely from a self-fulfilling expectation that others will accept it as payment.<ref>{{cite news|last=Krugman|first=Paul|title=The Antisocial Network|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/15/opinion/krugman-the-antisocial-network.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=14 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/jdAYc |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> He also stated that it is unnecessarily wasteful to consume real resources, such as electric power, on the creation of bitcoins.<ref>{{cite news|last=Krugman|first=Paul|title=Adam Smith Hates Bitcoin|url=http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/12/adam-smith-hates-bitcoin/|newspaper=New York Times|date=12 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/TAgyQ |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> In March 2013, Nick Colas a Chief Market Strategist at ConvergEx Group, a [[Bank of New York Mellon]] investment firm – analyzed bitcoin, saying "there is much to learn from [bitcoin] in the world of stateless currencies," and that "confidence in money as a store of value is the ultimate driver of its value, both in the cyber and real worlds. I have no idea which way [bitcoins] will trade in the next 2 days or 2 years, but the whole process of starting a new Internet currency is a great case study in how real people use real currency."<ref name=BIConvergEx>{{cite web|last=Boesler|first=Matthew|title=ANALYST: The Rise Of Bitcoin Teaches A Tremendous Lesson About Global Economics|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/global-economics-lesson-from-bitcoin-2013-3|publisher=Business Insider|date=7 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/YqHXP |archivedate=2013-04-10 |deadurl=no}}</ref> In April 2013, an analysis by financial journalist [[Felix Salmon]]—formerly of ''[[Conde Nast Portfolio|Portfolio Magazine]]'', ''[[Euromoney]]'' and a blogging editor for [[Reuters]]—considered the current of price of bitcoins to be a [[Economic bubble|bubble]]. He noted that while the value of bitcoins is strongly affected by [[news media]] exposure and that they are an "uncomfortable combination of commodity and currency," Bitcoin was "in many ways the best and cleanest payments mechanism the world has ever seen."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://medium.com/money-banking/2b5ef79482cb |title=The Bitcoin Bubble and the Future of Currency, Felix Salmon, Financial blogger at Reuters 3 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/K6uFF |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}. Medium.com (3 April 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref> Economist [[John Quiggin]] has claimed that "Bitcoin is perhaps the finest example of a pure bubble", and that it provides a conclusive refutation of the [[Efficient Markets Hypothesis]] (EMH).<ref name="QuigginNI">{{cite news|url=http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-bitcoin-bubble-bad-hypothesis-8353|title=The Bitcoin Bubble and a Bad Hypothesis|last=Quiggin|first=John|work=The National Interest|date=16 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/IQVny |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> While other assets used as currency—such as gold, tobacco and U.S. dollars—have value independent of people's willingness to accept them as payment, Quiggin argues that "in the case of Bitcoin there is no source of value whatsoever" and that: <blockquote> Since Bitcoins do not generate any actual earnings, they must appreciate in value to ensure that people are willing to hold them. But an endless appreciation, with no flow of earnings or liquidation value, is precisely the kind of bubble the EMH says can’t happen. </blockquote> Heidi Moore, US finance and economics editor at ''[[The Guardian]]'' stated that Bitcoin is not a legitimate currency.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/apr/03/bitcoin-currency-bubble-crash-not-rocking-financial-markets|title=Confused about Bitcoin? It's 'the Harlem Shake of currency'|last=Moore|first=Heidi|date=3 April 2013|work=The Guardian|accessdate=13 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/FhJtu |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> She writes: <blockquote> An obscure digital currency, used mostly for running drugs and laundering money for dictators... Bitcoin is a currency created years ago by an obscure hacker in the spirit of subversion, to trade goods while dodging the gimlet eye of financial regulators. While theoretically it can be used for respectable online purchases, it is too complicated to buy and maintain for people who aren't online 18 hours a day, so it is used primarily to fuel a shadow economy of vice.<ref name="Guardian"/> </blockquote> Carnegie Mellon Professor Nicholas Christin studied online black market Silk Road and concluded that law enforcement authorities could stop it by disrupting its use of bitcoin for anonymous transactions.<ref name="Guardian Ball">{{cite web|last=Ball|first=James|title=Silk Road: the online drug marketplace that officials seem powerless to stop|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/22/silk-road-online-drug-marketplace|publisher=The Guardian|date=22 March 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/wNXAj |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> As of September 2012, Christin estimated that on Silk Road, where all transactions are required to use bitcoin, volume amounted to approximately $1.9 million per month.<ref name="Economist Anonymous">{{cite news|title=Monetarists Anonymous|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21563752|date=29 Sep 2012|newspaper=The Economist |archiveurl=http://archive.is/j6sDZ |archivedate=2013-01-02 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Online arms merchant Executive Outcomes, which deals in illicit goods, accepts only bitcoin in payment to ensure anonymity according to its site administrator. Christin stated that bitcoin increases the level of anonymity in such transactions, possibly making it more difficult to identify the buyer of a weapon used to commit a crime.<ref name="Huffington Gun Trade">{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Gerry|title=How Bitcoin Sales Of Guns Could Undermine New Rules|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/15/bitcoin-guns_n_3070828.html|publisher=Huffington Post|date=15 April 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/kgfYT |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ==Popular culture== ===''The Good Wife''=== Bitcoin was featured as a subject within a fictionalized trial on the [[CBS]] legal drama ''[[The Good Wife]]'' in the third season episode "[[The Good Wife (season 3)#Episodes|Bitcoin for Dummies]]". The host of [[CNBC]]'s ''[[Mad Money]]'', [[Jim Cramer]], played himself in a courtroom scene where he testifies that he doesn’t consider bitcoin a true currency, saying “There’s no central bank to regulate it; it’s digital and functions completely peer to peer.”<ref name="The Good Wife">{{cite web|last=Toepfer|first=Susan|title='The Good Wife' Season 3, Episode 13, 'Bitcoin for Dummies': TV Recap|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2012/01/16/the-good-wife-season-3-episode-13-bitcoin-for-dummies-tv-recap/|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=16 January 2012 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/WyMXp |archivedate=2013-04-12 |deadurl=no}}</ref> ==See also== {{Commons category|Bitcoin}} {{Portal| Anarchism| Cryptography | Economics| Internet}} * [[Anonymous Internet banking]] * [[Complementary currency]] * [[Crypto-anarchism]] * [[Digital currency exchanger]] * [[Internet privacy]] * [[Private currency]] * [[Litecoin]] * [[PPCoin]] * [[Ripple monetary system]] * [[Ven (currency)]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==External links== * [http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf Satoshi Nakamoto's original paper, ''Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System''] * [http://www.technollama.co.uk/we-need-decentralized-cryptocurrencies-we-just-dont-need-bitcoin A cogent critique of Bitcoin, with suggestions for an improved cryptocurrency] * [http://www.forbes.com/sites/timothylee/2013/04/11/an-illustrated-history-of-bitcoin-crashes/?utm_campaign=forbestwittersf&utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social An illustrated history of Bitcoin crashes from Forbes] * [http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21576104-regulators-should-keep-their-hands-new-forms-digital-money-such-bitcoin-new-specie An appreciation from The Economist of Bitcoin as a new specie] * [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:n9LqwtPKnBoJ:crypto.stanford.edu/~xb/fc12/bitcoin.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiM-rUGI3pOu5oXGzBYoPSZPYxik4YiaL2RFlnNbsl9-lxGFwUDiG2l3CWfT_UgENpM7xX5S8F9y77-NEK1HboPUzVSuq0sxIU3ZTmIYRuU9vGl8NAHROGewB14lakD3ob2hE7C&sig=AHIEtbSR5SEC2UQsUhluXOrTcMTABeA89Q A paper from Stanford University] * [https://en.bitcoin.it/ Bitcoin Wiki] [[Category:Alternative currencies]] [[Category:Application layer protocols]] [[Category:Electronic currencies]] [[Category:Payment systems]] [[Category:Peer-to-peer computing]] [[Category:Cryptography]] da1924df48923454059000cd851a71f70082ef41 0 193 491 490 2013-05-04T05:25:32Z Iddo 6 /* Conclusion */ updated ==CPU mining vs GPU mining== For [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work proof of work], Bitcoin uses the highly parallelizable SHA256 hash function, and therefore Bitcoin mining is a GPU-friendly task. Litecoin uses [http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html scrypt] instead of SHA256 for proof of work. The scrypt hash function uses SHA256 as a subroutine, but it also depends on fast access to large amounts of memory rather than depending just on fast arithmetic operations, so it is more difficult to run many instances of scrypt in parallel by using the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit ALUs] of a modern graphics card. This also implies that the manufacturing cost of specialized scrypt hardware (ASIC) will be significantly more expensive than SHA256 ASIC. Since modern graphics cards have plenty of RAM, they do prove useful for Litecoin mining, though the improvement over CPUs is less significant than it was for Bitcoin mining (about 10x speedup instead of 20x speedup when comparing Radeon 5870 GPU to quad-core CPU, see [[Mining hardware comparison|Litecoin hardware comparison]] and {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison Bitcoin hardware comparison]). The particular scrypt parameters that Litecoin uses (N=1024,p=1,r=1) let non-mining users who run the full client (and therefore need to verify the blocks) multitask in their operating system without affecting the responsiveness, while still reducing the advantage of ASIC by a 10-fold estimate (according to Colin Percival, the creator of scrypt, see [http://bitbin.it/7bmKZqTx]). See also: {http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/400/why-cant-one-implement-bcrypt-in-cuda bcrypt in Cuda?], {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Why_a_GPU_mines_faster_than_a_CPU Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU], {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcrypt bcrypt] (scrypt predecessor) ===Pros=== * The market entry costs for Litecoin mining are cheap, anyone with a computer connected to the internet can mine litecoins in order to make a profit and to sustain the Litecoin network. * If your computer already mines bitcoins, then the CPU on that computer is probably idle, so you can simultaneously mine litecoins without affecting the speed in which your GPU mines bitcoins. * There is a danger that some entities would make a large one-time investment in {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit ASICs] to outcompete GPUs, thereby centralizing the mining aspect of the Bitcoin network, i.e. the market entry costs for Bitcoin mining would become too expensive for most people (this assumes that the objective of those entities isn't to sell their ASICs on the market). The scrypt algorithm used by Litecoin ensures that lots of memory is needed per hash attempt, basically by using the input as a seed to fill a large amount of memory with a {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator pseudorandom sequence], and then using another seed derived from the input in order to access this sequence at pseudorandom points while generating the output hash. Since memory is the resource of general-purpose computers which is the most expensive to reproduce for ASICs (in particular it's more expensive than ALUs), this means that a one-time investment in ASICs for Litecoin mining would be much more expensive {http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html]. The memory size parameter of scrypt was selected (originally by ArtForz and Lolcust) to fit into 128.5kB, so that it'd only hit the {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache L1/L2 cache] and leave the L3 cache and the RAM alone. This means that it's possible to mine litecoins without affecting system responsiveness, and without affecting the GPUs speed in case the same computer also mines bitcoins, while still requiring a significantly large amount of memory per hash attempt. * Websites can easily embed a Litecoin miner so that casual visitors would be able to support the website by contributing their spare CPU cycles while browsing ({http://www.litecoinpool.org/embed example]). Having {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCL OpenCL] access through web browsers in order to utilize the GPU of casual visitors is much more problematic. * Developers who wish to gain advantage over regular miners might try to create implementations of scrypt that run better on specific types of hardware, which would advance the current state of knowledge in areas unrelated to Litecoin, e.g. password cracking by brute-force or dictionary attack. ===Cons=== * Attacks by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botnet botnets]. If the botnet operator runs an unmodified litecoind in order to earn coins then such a botnet only attacks the computers under its control, not Litecoin itself, as it would actually strengthen the Litecoin network. However, the objective of a crypto-currency is to improve the world rather than to improve itself. Botnets with a high enough proportion of the total hash power could try [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_bitcoin_works#Double_spending double-spending] attacks on the Litecoin network. ==Faster transaction time== The [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty difficulty] of Litecoin adjusts so that a block is generated every 2.5 minutes on average, instead of the 10 minutes average of Bitcoin. ===Pros=== * Many people are anxious to see their transaction confirmed in the blockchain as soon as possible. * Greater granularity, for example merchants may wish to accept transactions with only 2 confirmations in Litecoin (5 minutes), while in Bitcoin you would have to wait at least 1 confirmation (10 minutes). * Waiting for the additional confirmations during about the same time period that's used with Bitcoin (e.g. 24 Litecoin blocks instead of 6 Bitcoin blocks) means that an attacker will start the gambler's ruin process [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf] [https://bitcoil.co.il/Doublespend.pdf] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambler's_ruin] with a greater deficit, so the probability for a double-spending attack to succeed is smaller. To elaborate: assuming that SHA256 is a random function, the probability of successfully generating a block at each nonce attempt is constant and independent of all other attempts [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5521.0]. Now suppose for the sake of argument that it takes on average one year to generate a block, that an attacker A has 20% of the total hash power, that an honest miner B has the other 80% of the hash power, that a merchant C waited for 4 confirmations i.e. about 4 years before sending the merchandise to A, and that during those 4 years A managed to generate 1 block (on average that's what we'd expect) in secret. So A and B now compete in the gambler's ruin game, with A starting the game with a deficit of 3 blocks, and having 1/5 chance of winning each round. Because all nonce attempts are independent, if A won the first round then all the work that B did in this round is disregarded, and A and B start the second round from scratch. For stronger security, C can wait for more than 4 blocks before sending the merchandise, so the initial deficit of A is expected to be higher, i.e. B can spare to lose more rounds and therefore the probability of A carrying out a successful double-spending attack is smaller. Intuitively, the stronger security is achieved because A has a better chance to defeat B in few rounds than in many rounds (because he's at a proportionate disadvantage in each round), so by forcing A to play more rounds before sending the merchandise he would need a higher proportion of wins during this confirmations period in order to stand a chance in the gambler's ruin game that follows (for example with 40 confirms and same 20% hash power he's expected to fork 10 secret blocks and have a deficit of 30 blocks, as opposed to 3 blocks). The average time of each round doesn't play a role in the analysis, the relevant parameters are the proportion between the hash power of A and B in each round, and the amount of rounds. So in case the average time to generate a block was e.g. one minute instead of one year, this analysis would still hold, unless the 1min block time has detrimental effects on the honest miner(s) relative to the attacker (see cons). ** Therefore, relative to Bitcoin the security may be enhanced for Litecoin users who wish to wait for the extra confirmations. ===Cons=== * More overhead, the blockchain becomes more bloated. Clients running in [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability#Simplified_payment_verification simple verification mode] will be affected the most: in simple verification mode the client stores only the block headers and current wallet balance, so 4x more storage space will be needed for Litecoin clients relative to Bitcoin clients running in this mode. * Less security if everyone waits for a fixed amount of confirmations (e.g. 6 blocks), because the higher amount of [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain orphan blocks] implies that relatively less honest computing power is being put to good use while verifying the blocks, so it would be easier for an attacker to double-spend litecoins compared to bitcoins. To elaborate: let's assume network propagation time of 2 seconds, i.e. it takes 2 seconds for each node to broadcast the longest chain that it knows of to all other nodes. With 2.5min blocks, on average once every 150 seconds some node broadcasts the valid block that it found, so during the 2 seconds of propagating the new block, the other miners are wasting their hash power while working on a shorter chain, which implies that 2 out of 150 seconds are being wasted on average. If there's a fork where different groups of miners work on different chains of same length then that's ok, i.e. they don't dilute any of their hash power because of this fork, and if different groups of miners work on forks of different lengths then they'll switch to the longest chain after the network latency interval. So in total 2/150 of the honest hash power is being wasted, i.e. 1.33% dilution, compared to 10min blocks where 2/600 is 0.33% dilution. ** This analysis is incomplete because it only takes into account the dilution in hash power of the honest miners, and not the fact that when the blockchain forks more frequently it means that an attacker (with no hash power) could scan the network and try to double-spend by broadcasting inconsistent transactions to the competing chains. However, the probability of a fork (by the honest miners) to persist diminishes exponentially with the length of the forked chains. Therefore, a merchant can take precautions either by waiting for more confirms, or by scanning the network and looking for an attempt to double-spend the transaction that he received . ** Waiting for the same fixed amount of confirmations means that even if the probability of carrying out a double-spending attack isn't much higher than with slower blocks, the cost of carrying out the double-spending attack is cheaper: generating 6 blocks of 2.5min difficulty requires 4x less hash power compared to generating 6 blocks of 10min difficulty. So an attacker could afford more double-spending attempts [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=51504.msg615442#msg615442]. * Another security risk arises with attacks that rely on network partitioning, for example if Europe and America lose internet connectivity then an attacker could spend his coins in both continents. The relevant parameter in these scenarios is the absolute time until all nodes have enough time to communicate with each other, not the frequency of generated blocks. Therefore, this isn't an inherent problem of the protocol, because waiting for 4 times the amount of blocks relative to Bitcoin would be adequate, or in other words the problem lies in the default amount of confirmations. * If the number of transactions increases by an extremely large factor, it will require more computational power to validate an increased number of ECDSA signatures at each block. With fast blocks, doing this validation in time could potentially be a problem: if there's a non-negligible probability that the time to find a nonce which generates a valid PoW is shorter than the time to validate all the ECDSA signatures in the block, then an attacker can gain an advantage over honest miners by purposely generating blocks that include fewer transactions (currently an attacker has very little to gain by trying to generate empty blocks, and one relevant effect is that the coins that he earns could become less worthy because their market value drops due to this attack). See also: [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation Myth - Point of sale with bitcoins isn't possible because of the 10 minute wait for confirmation] ==Difficulty retarget== The retarget block is 2016 in both Bitcoin and Litecoin, but because Litecoin blocks are found 4 times faster, the difficulty will retarget about every 3.5 days. ===Pros=== * When the computation power of the network reduces dramatically in the event that many miners suddenly quit, block generation would crawl until the next difficulty adjustment. Having a faster retarget mitigates this concern. ===Cons=== * Shorter retarget window may lead to less stable difficulty adjustments. For example, if a proportionally high amount of CPU power connects to the Litecoin network only during Sundays, not having any of that CPU power inside a 3.5 days retarget window will cause the difficulty to vary. Unstable difficulty is bad if it doesn't reflect the hash power of the network accurately: when the difficulty is too low relative to the CPU power that is currently in the network, the faster blocks imply more overhead, less security (see previous section), and more monetary inflation, and when the difficulty it too high relative to CPU power, the slower blocks mean slower transaction time. * Unstable difficulty might encourage chain hopping. * Less security from attacks that rely on lowering the difficulty. Example: an attacker makes a one time investment in hash power, uses this hash power to start extending a recent block with his own fork of consecutive blocks while lowering the difficulty (easier to do with the shorter retarget window), isolates a node of e.g. some online bank from the rest of the network, waits until his fork is longer than what this node has already seen in the real blockchain, broadcasts his forked chain to this node, and with the lower difficulty he now needs less hash power to continue to communicate with the isolated node until it agrees to transact in the forked chain. [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=46498.msg556137#msg556137] ==Total number of coins in existence== The total number of litecoins that will come into existence is 4 times the total number of bitcoins that will come into existence, 84 million compared to 21 million. The reward for each Litecoin block is 50 litecoins. The rate of litecoins generation is halved every 840,000 blocks, i.e. 4 times more blocks than with Bitcoin. Since Litecoin blocks are generated 4 times faster than Bitcoin blocks, this means that the monetary inflation of Litecoin follows the same trajectory as that of Bitcoin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_Currency_Supply] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin#Monetary_differences], so for example at the year 2020 around 3/4 of all litecoins will have already been generated. ==Bug fixes== * Time warp bug [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=43692.msg521772#msg521772]: the Bitcoin difficulty calculation is off by one block, so an attacker can repeatedly try to generate the last block of each retarget window, and use a fabricated timestamp of 2 hours into the future in order to make the time difference from the first block in the retarget window high, thus lowering the difficulty by 0.5%. Because of the bug, the bogus timestamp isn't used as the first block in the next retarget window, and therefore the 2 extra hours aren't being compensated for in the next difficulty calculation. Once the difficulty is low, the attacker can mine many fast coins, or in the case of a small chain, an attacker with 51% hash power could reduce the difficulty to 1 and mine a new fork from the genesis block. This isn't a feasible attack on Bitcoin, because the probability of repeatedly generating the last block once every 2 weeks at such high difficulties is negligible. Although fixing this issue in Bitcoin is possible, it should be done carefully (by adding rules that encourage nodes to upgrade over time) so to avoid a chain fork, i.e. old clients who didn't upgrade might operate with another difficulty and therefore disagree regarding which blocks are valid. In Litecoin this bug is fixed. [https://github.com/coblee/litecoin/commit/b1be77210970a6ceb3680412cc3d2f0dd4ca8fb9] ==Conclusion== The purpose of Litecoin is to function as silver to Bitcoin's gold, in the sense of being a relatively less valuable coin that is easier to obtain and transact with. The properties that make Litecoin fit to accomplish this objective can be summarized as follows: * Transactions are 4 times faster than with Bitcoin, in exchange for possibly weaker security guarantees (depending on human behavior). * CPU/GPU mining means that the barriers to entry into the Litecoin mining market are cheap relative to Bitcoin mining. * The total amount of litecoins is 4 times higher than the total amount of bitcoins. 836c7d866c7e9ed0d968545d87e8102413b4b4e8 490 489 2013-05-03T16:59:13Z Iddo 6 /* Cons */ restoring more external links ==CPU mining vs GPU mining== For [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work proof of work], Bitcoin uses the highly parallelizable SHA256 hash function, and therefore Bitcoin mining is a GPU-friendly task. Litecoin uses [http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html scrypt] instead of SHA256 for proof of work. The scrypt hash function uses SHA256 as a subroutine, but it also depends on fast access to large amounts of memory rather than depending just on fast arithmetic operations, so it is more difficult to run many instances of scrypt in parallel by using the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit ALUs] of a modern graphics card. This also implies that the manufacturing cost of specialized scrypt hardware (ASIC) will be significantly more expensive than SHA256 ASIC. Since modern graphics cards have plenty of RAM, they do prove useful for Litecoin mining, though the improvement over CPUs is less significant than it was for Bitcoin mining (about 10x speedup instead of 20x speedup when comparing Radeon 5870 GPU to quad-core CPU, see [[Mining hardware comparison|Litecoin hardware comparison]] and {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison Bitcoin hardware comparison]). The particular scrypt parameters that Litecoin uses (N=1024,p=1,r=1) let non-mining users who run the full client (and therefore need to verify the blocks) multitask in their operating system without affecting the responsiveness, while still reducing the advantage of ASIC by a 10-fold estimate (according to Colin Percival, the creator of scrypt, see [http://bitbin.it/7bmKZqTx]). See also: {http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/400/why-cant-one-implement-bcrypt-in-cuda bcrypt in Cuda?], {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Why_a_GPU_mines_faster_than_a_CPU Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU], {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcrypt bcrypt] (scrypt predecessor) ===Pros=== * The market entry costs for Litecoin mining are cheap, anyone with a computer connected to the internet can mine litecoins in order to make a profit and to sustain the Litecoin network. * If your computer already mines bitcoins, then the CPU on that computer is probably idle, so you can simultaneously mine litecoins without affecting the speed in which your GPU mines bitcoins. * There is a danger that some entities would make a large one-time investment in {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit ASICs] to outcompete GPUs, thereby centralizing the mining aspect of the Bitcoin network, i.e. the market entry costs for Bitcoin mining would become too expensive for most people (this assumes that the objective of those entities isn't to sell their ASICs on the market). The scrypt algorithm used by Litecoin ensures that lots of memory is needed per hash attempt, basically by using the input as a seed to fill a large amount of memory with a {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator pseudorandom sequence], and then using another seed derived from the input in order to access this sequence at pseudorandom points while generating the output hash. Since memory is the resource of general-purpose computers which is the most expensive to reproduce for ASICs (in particular it's more expensive than ALUs), this means that a one-time investment in ASICs for Litecoin mining would be much more expensive {http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html]. The memory size parameter of scrypt was selected (originally by ArtForz and Lolcust) to fit into 128.5kB, so that it'd only hit the {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache L1/L2 cache] and leave the L3 cache and the RAM alone. This means that it's possible to mine litecoins without affecting system responsiveness, and without affecting the GPUs speed in case the same computer also mines bitcoins, while still requiring a significantly large amount of memory per hash attempt. * Websites can easily embed a Litecoin miner so that casual visitors would be able to support the website by contributing their spare CPU cycles while browsing ({http://www.litecoinpool.org/embed example]). Having {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCL OpenCL] access through web browsers in order to utilize the GPU of casual visitors is much more problematic. * Developers who wish to gain advantage over regular miners might try to create implementations of scrypt that run better on specific types of hardware, which would advance the current state of knowledge in areas unrelated to Litecoin, e.g. password cracking by brute-force or dictionary attack. ===Cons=== * Attacks by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botnet botnets]. If the botnet operator runs an unmodified litecoind in order to earn coins then such a botnet only attacks the computers under its control, not Litecoin itself, as it would actually strengthen the Litecoin network. However, the objective of a crypto-currency is to improve the world rather than to improve itself. Botnets with a high enough proportion of the total hash power could try [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_bitcoin_works#Double_spending double-spending] attacks on the Litecoin network. ==Faster transaction time== The [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty difficulty] of Litecoin adjusts so that a block is generated every 2.5 minutes on average, instead of the 10 minutes average of Bitcoin. ===Pros=== * Many people are anxious to see their transaction confirmed in the blockchain as soon as possible. * Greater granularity, for example merchants may wish to accept transactions with only 2 confirmations in Litecoin (5 minutes), while in Bitcoin you would have to wait at least 1 confirmation (10 minutes). * Waiting for the additional confirmations during about the same time period that's used with Bitcoin (e.g. 24 Litecoin blocks instead of 6 Bitcoin blocks) means that an attacker will start the gambler's ruin process [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf] [https://bitcoil.co.il/Doublespend.pdf] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambler's_ruin] with a greater deficit, so the probability for a double-spending attack to succeed is smaller. To elaborate: assuming that SHA256 is a random function, the probability of successfully generating a block at each nonce attempt is constant and independent of all other attempts [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5521.0]. Now suppose for the sake of argument that it takes on average one year to generate a block, that an attacker A has 20% of the total hash power, that an honest miner B has the other 80% of the hash power, that a merchant C waited for 4 confirmations i.e. about 4 years before sending the merchandise to A, and that during those 4 years A managed to generate 1 block (on average that's what we'd expect) in secret. So A and B now compete in the gambler's ruin game, with A starting the game with a deficit of 3 blocks, and having 1/5 chance of winning each round. Because all nonce attempts are independent, if A won the first round then all the work that B did in this round is disregarded, and A and B start the second round from scratch. For stronger security, C can wait for more than 4 blocks before sending the merchandise, so the initial deficit of A is expected to be higher, i.e. B can spare to lose more rounds and therefore the probability of A carrying out a successful double-spending attack is smaller. Intuitively, the stronger security is achieved because A has a better chance to defeat B in few rounds than in many rounds (because he's at a proportionate disadvantage in each round), so by forcing A to play more rounds before sending the merchandise he would need a higher proportion of wins during this confirmations period in order to stand a chance in the gambler's ruin game that follows (for example with 40 confirms and same 20% hash power he's expected to fork 10 secret blocks and have a deficit of 30 blocks, as opposed to 3 blocks). The average time of each round doesn't play a role in the analysis, the relevant parameters are the proportion between the hash power of A and B in each round, and the amount of rounds. So in case the average time to generate a block was e.g. one minute instead of one year, this analysis would still hold, unless the 1min block time has detrimental effects on the honest miner(s) relative to the attacker (see cons). ** Therefore, relative to Bitcoin the security may be enhanced for Litecoin users who wish to wait for the extra confirmations. ===Cons=== * More overhead, the blockchain becomes more bloated. Clients running in [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability#Simplified_payment_verification simple verification mode] will be affected the most: in simple verification mode the client stores only the block headers and current wallet balance, so 4x more storage space will be needed for Litecoin clients relative to Bitcoin clients running in this mode. * Less security if everyone waits for a fixed amount of confirmations (e.g. 6 blocks), because the higher amount of [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain orphan blocks] implies that relatively less honest computing power is being put to good use while verifying the blocks, so it would be easier for an attacker to double-spend litecoins compared to bitcoins. To elaborate: let's assume network propagation time of 2 seconds, i.e. it takes 2 seconds for each node to broadcast the longest chain that it knows of to all other nodes. With 2.5min blocks, on average once every 150 seconds some node broadcasts the valid block that it found, so during the 2 seconds of propagating the new block, the other miners are wasting their hash power while working on a shorter chain, which implies that 2 out of 150 seconds are being wasted on average. If there's a fork where different groups of miners work on different chains of same length then that's ok, i.e. they don't dilute any of their hash power because of this fork, and if different groups of miners work on forks of different lengths then they'll switch to the longest chain after the network latency interval. So in total 2/150 of the honest hash power is being wasted, i.e. 1.33% dilution, compared to 10min blocks where 2/600 is 0.33% dilution. ** This analysis is incomplete because it only takes into account the dilution in hash power of the honest miners, and not the fact that when the blockchain forks more frequently it means that an attacker (with no hash power) could scan the network and try to double-spend by broadcasting inconsistent transactions to the competing chains. However, the probability of a fork (by the honest miners) to persist diminishes exponentially with the length of the forked chains. Therefore, a merchant can take precautions either by waiting for more confirms, or by scanning the network and looking for an attempt to double-spend the transaction that he received . ** Waiting for the same fixed amount of confirmations means that even if the probability of carrying out a double-spending attack isn't much higher than with slower blocks, the cost of carrying out the double-spending attack is cheaper: generating 6 blocks of 2.5min difficulty requires 4x less hash power compared to generating 6 blocks of 10min difficulty. So an attacker could afford more double-spending attempts [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=51504.msg615442#msg615442]. * Another security risk arises with attacks that rely on network partitioning, for example if Europe and America lose internet connectivity then an attacker could spend his coins in both continents. The relevant parameter in these scenarios is the absolute time until all nodes have enough time to communicate with each other, not the frequency of generated blocks. Therefore, this isn't an inherent problem of the protocol, because waiting for 4 times the amount of blocks relative to Bitcoin would be adequate, or in other words the problem lies in the default amount of confirmations. * If the number of transactions increases by an extremely large factor, it will require more computational power to validate an increased number of ECDSA signatures at each block. With fast blocks, doing this validation in time could potentially be a problem: if there's a non-negligible probability that the time to find a nonce which generates a valid PoW is shorter than the time to validate all the ECDSA signatures in the block, then an attacker can gain an advantage over honest miners by purposely generating blocks that include fewer transactions (currently an attacker has very little to gain by trying to generate empty blocks, and one relevant effect is that the coins that he earns could become less worthy because their market value drops due to this attack). See also: [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation Myth - Point of sale with bitcoins isn't possible because of the 10 minute wait for confirmation] ==Difficulty retarget== The retarget block is 2016 in both Bitcoin and Litecoin, but because Litecoin blocks are found 4 times faster, the difficulty will retarget about every 3.5 days. ===Pros=== * When the computation power of the network reduces dramatically in the event that many miners suddenly quit, block generation would crawl until the next difficulty adjustment. Having a faster retarget mitigates this concern. ===Cons=== * Shorter retarget window may lead to less stable difficulty adjustments. For example, if a proportionally high amount of CPU power connects to the Litecoin network only during Sundays, not having any of that CPU power inside a 3.5 days retarget window will cause the difficulty to vary. Unstable difficulty is bad if it doesn't reflect the hash power of the network accurately: when the difficulty is too low relative to the CPU power that is currently in the network, the faster blocks imply more overhead, less security (see previous section), and more monetary inflation, and when the difficulty it too high relative to CPU power, the slower blocks mean slower transaction time. * Unstable difficulty might encourage chain hopping. * Less security from attacks that rely on lowering the difficulty. Example: an attacker makes a one time investment in hash power, uses this hash power to start extending a recent block with his own fork of consecutive blocks while lowering the difficulty (easier to do with the shorter retarget window), isolates a node of e.g. some online bank from the rest of the network, waits until his fork is longer than what this node has already seen in the real blockchain, broadcasts his forked chain to this node, and with the lower difficulty he now needs less hash power to continue to communicate with the isolated node until it agrees to transact in the forked chain. [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=46498.msg556137#msg556137] ==Total number of coins in existence== The total number of litecoins that will come into existence is 4 times the total number of bitcoins that will come into existence, 84 million compared to 21 million. The reward for each Litecoin block is 50 litecoins. The rate of litecoins generation is halved every 840,000 blocks, i.e. 4 times more blocks than with Bitcoin. Since Litecoin blocks are generated 4 times faster than Bitcoin blocks, this means that the monetary inflation of Litecoin follows the same trajectory as that of Bitcoin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_Currency_Supply] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin#Monetary_differences], so for example at the year 2020 around 3/4 of all litecoins will have already been generated. ==Bug fixes== * Time warp bug [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=43692.msg521772#msg521772]: the Bitcoin difficulty calculation is off by one block, so an attacker can repeatedly try to generate the last block of each retarget window, and use a fabricated timestamp of 2 hours into the future in order to make the time difference from the first block in the retarget window high, thus lowering the difficulty by 0.5%. Because of the bug, the bogus timestamp isn't used as the first block in the next retarget window, and therefore the 2 extra hours aren't being compensated for in the next difficulty calculation. Once the difficulty is low, the attacker can mine many fast coins, or in the case of a small chain, an attacker with 51% hash power could reduce the difficulty to 1 and mine a new fork from the genesis block. This isn't a feasible attack on Bitcoin, because the probability of repeatedly generating the last block once every 2 weeks at such high difficulties is negligible. Although fixing this issue in Bitcoin is possible, it should be done carefully (by adding rules that encourage nodes to upgrade over time) so to avoid a chain fork, i.e. old clients who didn't upgrade might operate with another difficulty and therefore disagree regarding which blocks are valid. In Litecoin this bug is fixed. [https://github.com/coblee/litecoin/commit/b1be77210970a6ceb3680412cc3d2f0dd4ca8fb9] ==Conclusion== The purpose of Litecoin is to function as silver to Bitcoin's gold, in the sense of being a relatively less valuable coin that is easier to obtain and transact with. The properties that make Litecoin fit to accomplish this objective can be summarized as follows: * Transactions are 4 times faster than with Bitcoin, in exchange for somewhat weaker security guarantees. * CPU mining means that the barriers to entry into the Litecoin mining market are cheap relative to Bitcoin mining. * The total amount of litecoins is 4 times higher than the total amount of bitcoins. e53db884caf6cf8a7e33fc2b939c11fad609bc90 489 488 2013-05-03T16:58:08Z Iddo 6 /* Bug fixes */ restoring more external links ==CPU mining vs GPU mining== For [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work proof of work], Bitcoin uses the highly parallelizable SHA256 hash function, and therefore Bitcoin mining is a GPU-friendly task. Litecoin uses [http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html scrypt] instead of SHA256 for proof of work. The scrypt hash function uses SHA256 as a subroutine, but it also depends on fast access to large amounts of memory rather than depending just on fast arithmetic operations, so it is more difficult to run many instances of scrypt in parallel by using the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit ALUs] of a modern graphics card. This also implies that the manufacturing cost of specialized scrypt hardware (ASIC) will be significantly more expensive than SHA256 ASIC. Since modern graphics cards have plenty of RAM, they do prove useful for Litecoin mining, though the improvement over CPUs is less significant than it was for Bitcoin mining (about 10x speedup instead of 20x speedup when comparing Radeon 5870 GPU to quad-core CPU, see [[Mining hardware comparison|Litecoin hardware comparison]] and {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison Bitcoin hardware comparison]). The particular scrypt parameters that Litecoin uses (N=1024,p=1,r=1) let non-mining users who run the full client (and therefore need to verify the blocks) multitask in their operating system without affecting the responsiveness, while still reducing the advantage of ASIC by a 10-fold estimate (according to Colin Percival, the creator of scrypt, see [http://bitbin.it/7bmKZqTx]). See also: {http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/400/why-cant-one-implement-bcrypt-in-cuda bcrypt in Cuda?], {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Why_a_GPU_mines_faster_than_a_CPU Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU], {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcrypt bcrypt] (scrypt predecessor) ===Pros=== * The market entry costs for Litecoin mining are cheap, anyone with a computer connected to the internet can mine litecoins in order to make a profit and to sustain the Litecoin network. * If your computer already mines bitcoins, then the CPU on that computer is probably idle, so you can simultaneously mine litecoins without affecting the speed in which your GPU mines bitcoins. * There is a danger that some entities would make a large one-time investment in {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit ASICs] to outcompete GPUs, thereby centralizing the mining aspect of the Bitcoin network, i.e. the market entry costs for Bitcoin mining would become too expensive for most people (this assumes that the objective of those entities isn't to sell their ASICs on the market). The scrypt algorithm used by Litecoin ensures that lots of memory is needed per hash attempt, basically by using the input as a seed to fill a large amount of memory with a {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator pseudorandom sequence], and then using another seed derived from the input in order to access this sequence at pseudorandom points while generating the output hash. Since memory is the resource of general-purpose computers which is the most expensive to reproduce for ASICs (in particular it's more expensive than ALUs), this means that a one-time investment in ASICs for Litecoin mining would be much more expensive {http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html]. The memory size parameter of scrypt was selected (originally by ArtForz and Lolcust) to fit into 128.5kB, so that it'd only hit the {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache L1/L2 cache] and leave the L3 cache and the RAM alone. This means that it's possible to mine litecoins without affecting system responsiveness, and without affecting the GPUs speed in case the same computer also mines bitcoins, while still requiring a significantly large amount of memory per hash attempt. * Websites can easily embed a Litecoin miner so that casual visitors would be able to support the website by contributing their spare CPU cycles while browsing ({http://www.litecoinpool.org/embed example]). Having {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCL OpenCL] access through web browsers in order to utilize the GPU of casual visitors is much more problematic. * Developers who wish to gain advantage over regular miners might try to create implementations of scrypt that run better on specific types of hardware, which would advance the current state of knowledge in areas unrelated to Litecoin, e.g. password cracking by brute-force or dictionary attack. ===Cons=== * Attacks by {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botnet botnets]. If the botnet operator runs an unmodified litecoind in order to earn coins then such a botnet only attacks the computers under its control, not Litecoin itself, as it would actually strengthen the Litecoin network. However, the objective of a crypto-currency is to improve the world rather than to improve itself. Botnets with a high enough proportion of the total hash power could try {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_bitcoin_works#Double_spending double-spending] attacks on the Litecoin network. ==Faster transaction time== The [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty difficulty] of Litecoin adjusts so that a block is generated every 2.5 minutes on average, instead of the 10 minutes average of Bitcoin. ===Pros=== * Many people are anxious to see their transaction confirmed in the blockchain as soon as possible. * Greater granularity, for example merchants may wish to accept transactions with only 2 confirmations in Litecoin (5 minutes), while in Bitcoin you would have to wait at least 1 confirmation (10 minutes). * Waiting for the additional confirmations during about the same time period that's used with Bitcoin (e.g. 24 Litecoin blocks instead of 6 Bitcoin blocks) means that an attacker will start the gambler's ruin process [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf] [https://bitcoil.co.il/Doublespend.pdf] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambler's_ruin] with a greater deficit, so the probability for a double-spending attack to succeed is smaller. To elaborate: assuming that SHA256 is a random function, the probability of successfully generating a block at each nonce attempt is constant and independent of all other attempts [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5521.0]. Now suppose for the sake of argument that it takes on average one year to generate a block, that an attacker A has 20% of the total hash power, that an honest miner B has the other 80% of the hash power, that a merchant C waited for 4 confirmations i.e. about 4 years before sending the merchandise to A, and that during those 4 years A managed to generate 1 block (on average that's what we'd expect) in secret. So A and B now compete in the gambler's ruin game, with A starting the game with a deficit of 3 blocks, and having 1/5 chance of winning each round. Because all nonce attempts are independent, if A won the first round then all the work that B did in this round is disregarded, and A and B start the second round from scratch. For stronger security, C can wait for more than 4 blocks before sending the merchandise, so the initial deficit of A is expected to be higher, i.e. B can spare to lose more rounds and therefore the probability of A carrying out a successful double-spending attack is smaller. Intuitively, the stronger security is achieved because A has a better chance to defeat B in few rounds than in many rounds (because he's at a proportionate disadvantage in each round), so by forcing A to play more rounds before sending the merchandise he would need a higher proportion of wins during this confirmations period in order to stand a chance in the gambler's ruin game that follows (for example with 40 confirms and same 20% hash power he's expected to fork 10 secret blocks and have a deficit of 30 blocks, as opposed to 3 blocks). The average time of each round doesn't play a role in the analysis, the relevant parameters are the proportion between the hash power of A and B in each round, and the amount of rounds. So in case the average time to generate a block was e.g. one minute instead of one year, this analysis would still hold, unless the 1min block time has detrimental effects on the honest miner(s) relative to the attacker (see cons). ** Therefore, relative to Bitcoin the security may be enhanced for Litecoin users who wish to wait for the extra confirmations. ===Cons=== * More overhead, the blockchain becomes more bloated. Clients running in [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability#Simplified_payment_verification simple verification mode] will be affected the most: in simple verification mode the client stores only the block headers and current wallet balance, so 4x more storage space will be needed for Litecoin clients relative to Bitcoin clients running in this mode. * Less security if everyone waits for a fixed amount of confirmations (e.g. 6 blocks), because the higher amount of [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain orphan blocks] implies that relatively less honest computing power is being put to good use while verifying the blocks, so it would be easier for an attacker to double-spend litecoins compared to bitcoins. To elaborate: let's assume network propagation time of 2 seconds, i.e. it takes 2 seconds for each node to broadcast the longest chain that it knows of to all other nodes. With 2.5min blocks, on average once every 150 seconds some node broadcasts the valid block that it found, so during the 2 seconds of propagating the new block, the other miners are wasting their hash power while working on a shorter chain, which implies that 2 out of 150 seconds are being wasted on average. If there's a fork where different groups of miners work on different chains of same length then that's ok, i.e. they don't dilute any of their hash power because of this fork, and if different groups of miners work on forks of different lengths then they'll switch to the longest chain after the network latency interval. So in total 2/150 of the honest hash power is being wasted, i.e. 1.33% dilution, compared to 10min blocks where 2/600 is 0.33% dilution. ** This analysis is incomplete because it only takes into account the dilution in hash power of the honest miners, and not the fact that when the blockchain forks more frequently it means that an attacker (with no hash power) could scan the network and try to double-spend by broadcasting inconsistent transactions to the competing chains. However, the probability of a fork (by the honest miners) to persist diminishes exponentially with the length of the forked chains. Therefore, a merchant can take precautions either by waiting for more confirms, or by scanning the network and looking for an attempt to double-spend the transaction that he received . ** Waiting for the same fixed amount of confirmations means that even if the probability of carrying out a double-spending attack isn't much higher than with slower blocks, the cost of carrying out the double-spending attack is cheaper: generating 6 blocks of 2.5min difficulty requires 4x less hash power compared to generating 6 blocks of 10min difficulty. So an attacker could afford more double-spending attempts [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=51504.msg615442#msg615442]. * Another security risk arises with attacks that rely on network partitioning, for example if Europe and America lose internet connectivity then an attacker could spend his coins in both continents. The relevant parameter in these scenarios is the absolute time until all nodes have enough time to communicate with each other, not the frequency of generated blocks. Therefore, this isn't an inherent problem of the protocol, because waiting for 4 times the amount of blocks relative to Bitcoin would be adequate, or in other words the problem lies in the default amount of confirmations. * If the number of transactions increases by an extremely large factor, it will require more computational power to validate an increased number of ECDSA signatures at each block. With fast blocks, doing this validation in time could potentially be a problem: if there's a non-negligible probability that the time to find a nonce which generates a valid PoW is shorter than the time to validate all the ECDSA signatures in the block, then an attacker can gain an advantage over honest miners by purposely generating blocks that include fewer transactions (currently an attacker has very little to gain by trying to generate empty blocks, and one relevant effect is that the coins that he earns could become less worthy because their market value drops due to this attack). See also: [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation Myth - Point of sale with bitcoins isn't possible because of the 10 minute wait for confirmation] ==Difficulty retarget== The retarget block is 2016 in both Bitcoin and Litecoin, but because Litecoin blocks are found 4 times faster, the difficulty will retarget about every 3.5 days. ===Pros=== * When the computation power of the network reduces dramatically in the event that many miners suddenly quit, block generation would crawl until the next difficulty adjustment. Having a faster retarget mitigates this concern. ===Cons=== * Shorter retarget window may lead to less stable difficulty adjustments. For example, if a proportionally high amount of CPU power connects to the Litecoin network only during Sundays, not having any of that CPU power inside a 3.5 days retarget window will cause the difficulty to vary. Unstable difficulty is bad if it doesn't reflect the hash power of the network accurately: when the difficulty is too low relative to the CPU power that is currently in the network, the faster blocks imply more overhead, less security (see previous section), and more monetary inflation, and when the difficulty it too high relative to CPU power, the slower blocks mean slower transaction time. * Unstable difficulty might encourage chain hopping. * Less security from attacks that rely on lowering the difficulty. Example: an attacker makes a one time investment in hash power, uses this hash power to start extending a recent block with his own fork of consecutive blocks while lowering the difficulty (easier to do with the shorter retarget window), isolates a node of e.g. some online bank from the rest of the network, waits until his fork is longer than what this node has already seen in the real blockchain, broadcasts his forked chain to this node, and with the lower difficulty he now needs less hash power to continue to communicate with the isolated node until it agrees to transact in the forked chain. [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=46498.msg556137#msg556137] ==Total number of coins in existence== The total number of litecoins that will come into existence is 4 times the total number of bitcoins that will come into existence, 84 million compared to 21 million. The reward for each Litecoin block is 50 litecoins. The rate of litecoins generation is halved every 840,000 blocks, i.e. 4 times more blocks than with Bitcoin. Since Litecoin blocks are generated 4 times faster than Bitcoin blocks, this means that the monetary inflation of Litecoin follows the same trajectory as that of Bitcoin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_Currency_Supply] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin#Monetary_differences], so for example at the year 2020 around 3/4 of all litecoins will have already been generated. ==Bug fixes== * Time warp bug [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=43692.msg521772#msg521772]: the Bitcoin difficulty calculation is off by one block, so an attacker can repeatedly try to generate the last block of each retarget window, and use a fabricated timestamp of 2 hours into the future in order to make the time difference from the first block in the retarget window high, thus lowering the difficulty by 0.5%. Because of the bug, the bogus timestamp isn't used as the first block in the next retarget window, and therefore the 2 extra hours aren't being compensated for in the next difficulty calculation. Once the difficulty is low, the attacker can mine many fast coins, or in the case of a small chain, an attacker with 51% hash power could reduce the difficulty to 1 and mine a new fork from the genesis block. This isn't a feasible attack on Bitcoin, because the probability of repeatedly generating the last block once every 2 weeks at such high difficulties is negligible. Although fixing this issue in Bitcoin is possible, it should be done carefully (by adding rules that encourage nodes to upgrade over time) so to avoid a chain fork, i.e. old clients who didn't upgrade might operate with another difficulty and therefore disagree regarding which blocks are valid. In Litecoin this bug is fixed. [https://github.com/coblee/litecoin/commit/b1be77210970a6ceb3680412cc3d2f0dd4ca8fb9] ==Conclusion== The purpose of Litecoin is to function as silver to Bitcoin's gold, in the sense of being a relatively less valuable coin that is easier to obtain and transact with. The properties that make Litecoin fit to accomplish this objective can be summarized as follows: * Transactions are 4 times faster than with Bitcoin, in exchange for somewhat weaker security guarantees. * CPU mining means that the barriers to entry into the Litecoin mining market are cheap relative to Bitcoin mining. * The total amount of litecoins is 4 times higher than the total amount of bitcoins. 408ab6ef12edcc99e304d6ed634b8faa18ba566a 488 487 2013-05-03T16:57:32Z Iddo 6 /* Total number of coins in existence */ restoring more external links ==CPU mining vs GPU mining== For [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work proof of work], Bitcoin uses the highly parallelizable SHA256 hash function, and therefore Bitcoin mining is a GPU-friendly task. Litecoin uses [http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html scrypt] instead of SHA256 for proof of work. The scrypt hash function uses SHA256 as a subroutine, but it also depends on fast access to large amounts of memory rather than depending just on fast arithmetic operations, so it is more difficult to run many instances of scrypt in parallel by using the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit ALUs] of a modern graphics card. This also implies that the manufacturing cost of specialized scrypt hardware (ASIC) will be significantly more expensive than SHA256 ASIC. Since modern graphics cards have plenty of RAM, they do prove useful for Litecoin mining, though the improvement over CPUs is less significant than it was for Bitcoin mining (about 10x speedup instead of 20x speedup when comparing Radeon 5870 GPU to quad-core CPU, see [[Mining hardware comparison|Litecoin hardware comparison]] and {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison Bitcoin hardware comparison]). The particular scrypt parameters that Litecoin uses (N=1024,p=1,r=1) let non-mining users who run the full client (and therefore need to verify the blocks) multitask in their operating system without affecting the responsiveness, while still reducing the advantage of ASIC by a 10-fold estimate (according to Colin Percival, the creator of scrypt, see [http://bitbin.it/7bmKZqTx]). See also: {http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/400/why-cant-one-implement-bcrypt-in-cuda bcrypt in Cuda?], {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Why_a_GPU_mines_faster_than_a_CPU Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU], {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcrypt bcrypt] (scrypt predecessor) ===Pros=== * The market entry costs for Litecoin mining are cheap, anyone with a computer connected to the internet can mine litecoins in order to make a profit and to sustain the Litecoin network. * If your computer already mines bitcoins, then the CPU on that computer is probably idle, so you can simultaneously mine litecoins without affecting the speed in which your GPU mines bitcoins. * There is a danger that some entities would make a large one-time investment in {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit ASICs] to outcompete GPUs, thereby centralizing the mining aspect of the Bitcoin network, i.e. the market entry costs for Bitcoin mining would become too expensive for most people (this assumes that the objective of those entities isn't to sell their ASICs on the market). The scrypt algorithm used by Litecoin ensures that lots of memory is needed per hash attempt, basically by using the input as a seed to fill a large amount of memory with a {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator pseudorandom sequence], and then using another seed derived from the input in order to access this sequence at pseudorandom points while generating the output hash. Since memory is the resource of general-purpose computers which is the most expensive to reproduce for ASICs (in particular it's more expensive than ALUs), this means that a one-time investment in ASICs for Litecoin mining would be much more expensive {http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html]. The memory size parameter of scrypt was selected (originally by ArtForz and Lolcust) to fit into 128.5kB, so that it'd only hit the {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache L1/L2 cache] and leave the L3 cache and the RAM alone. This means that it's possible to mine litecoins without affecting system responsiveness, and without affecting the GPUs speed in case the same computer also mines bitcoins, while still requiring a significantly large amount of memory per hash attempt. * Websites can easily embed a Litecoin miner so that casual visitors would be able to support the website by contributing their spare CPU cycles while browsing ({http://www.litecoinpool.org/embed example]). Having {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCL OpenCL] access through web browsers in order to utilize the GPU of casual visitors is much more problematic. * Developers who wish to gain advantage over regular miners might try to create implementations of scrypt that run better on specific types of hardware, which would advance the current state of knowledge in areas unrelated to Litecoin, e.g. password cracking by brute-force or dictionary attack. ===Cons=== * Attacks by {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botnet botnets]. If the botnet operator runs an unmodified litecoind in order to earn coins then such a botnet only attacks the computers under its control, not Litecoin itself, as it would actually strengthen the Litecoin network. However, the objective of a crypto-currency is to improve the world rather than to improve itself. Botnets with a high enough proportion of the total hash power could try {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_bitcoin_works#Double_spending double-spending] attacks on the Litecoin network. ==Faster transaction time== The [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty difficulty] of Litecoin adjusts so that a block is generated every 2.5 minutes on average, instead of the 10 minutes average of Bitcoin. ===Pros=== * Many people are anxious to see their transaction confirmed in the blockchain as soon as possible. * Greater granularity, for example merchants may wish to accept transactions with only 2 confirmations in Litecoin (5 minutes), while in Bitcoin you would have to wait at least 1 confirmation (10 minutes). * Waiting for the additional confirmations during about the same time period that's used with Bitcoin (e.g. 24 Litecoin blocks instead of 6 Bitcoin blocks) means that an attacker will start the gambler's ruin process [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf] [https://bitcoil.co.il/Doublespend.pdf] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambler's_ruin] with a greater deficit, so the probability for a double-spending attack to succeed is smaller. To elaborate: assuming that SHA256 is a random function, the probability of successfully generating a block at each nonce attempt is constant and independent of all other attempts [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5521.0]. Now suppose for the sake of argument that it takes on average one year to generate a block, that an attacker A has 20% of the total hash power, that an honest miner B has the other 80% of the hash power, that a merchant C waited for 4 confirmations i.e. about 4 years before sending the merchandise to A, and that during those 4 years A managed to generate 1 block (on average that's what we'd expect) in secret. So A and B now compete in the gambler's ruin game, with A starting the game with a deficit of 3 blocks, and having 1/5 chance of winning each round. Because all nonce attempts are independent, if A won the first round then all the work that B did in this round is disregarded, and A and B start the second round from scratch. For stronger security, C can wait for more than 4 blocks before sending the merchandise, so the initial deficit of A is expected to be higher, i.e. B can spare to lose more rounds and therefore the probability of A carrying out a successful double-spending attack is smaller. Intuitively, the stronger security is achieved because A has a better chance to defeat B in few rounds than in many rounds (because he's at a proportionate disadvantage in each round), so by forcing A to play more rounds before sending the merchandise he would need a higher proportion of wins during this confirmations period in order to stand a chance in the gambler's ruin game that follows (for example with 40 confirms and same 20% hash power he's expected to fork 10 secret blocks and have a deficit of 30 blocks, as opposed to 3 blocks). The average time of each round doesn't play a role in the analysis, the relevant parameters are the proportion between the hash power of A and B in each round, and the amount of rounds. So in case the average time to generate a block was e.g. one minute instead of one year, this analysis would still hold, unless the 1min block time has detrimental effects on the honest miner(s) relative to the attacker (see cons). ** Therefore, relative to Bitcoin the security may be enhanced for Litecoin users who wish to wait for the extra confirmations. ===Cons=== * More overhead, the blockchain becomes more bloated. Clients running in [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability#Simplified_payment_verification simple verification mode] will be affected the most: in simple verification mode the client stores only the block headers and current wallet balance, so 4x more storage space will be needed for Litecoin clients relative to Bitcoin clients running in this mode. * Less security if everyone waits for a fixed amount of confirmations (e.g. 6 blocks), because the higher amount of [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain orphan blocks] implies that relatively less honest computing power is being put to good use while verifying the blocks, so it would be easier for an attacker to double-spend litecoins compared to bitcoins. To elaborate: let's assume network propagation time of 2 seconds, i.e. it takes 2 seconds for each node to broadcast the longest chain that it knows of to all other nodes. With 2.5min blocks, on average once every 150 seconds some node broadcasts the valid block that it found, so during the 2 seconds of propagating the new block, the other miners are wasting their hash power while working on a shorter chain, which implies that 2 out of 150 seconds are being wasted on average. If there's a fork where different groups of miners work on different chains of same length then that's ok, i.e. they don't dilute any of their hash power because of this fork, and if different groups of miners work on forks of different lengths then they'll switch to the longest chain after the network latency interval. So in total 2/150 of the honest hash power is being wasted, i.e. 1.33% dilution, compared to 10min blocks where 2/600 is 0.33% dilution. ** This analysis is incomplete because it only takes into account the dilution in hash power of the honest miners, and not the fact that when the blockchain forks more frequently it means that an attacker (with no hash power) could scan the network and try to double-spend by broadcasting inconsistent transactions to the competing chains. However, the probability of a fork (by the honest miners) to persist diminishes exponentially with the length of the forked chains. Therefore, a merchant can take precautions either by waiting for more confirms, or by scanning the network and looking for an attempt to double-spend the transaction that he received . ** Waiting for the same fixed amount of confirmations means that even if the probability of carrying out a double-spending attack isn't much higher than with slower blocks, the cost of carrying out the double-spending attack is cheaper: generating 6 blocks of 2.5min difficulty requires 4x less hash power compared to generating 6 blocks of 10min difficulty. So an attacker could afford more double-spending attempts [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=51504.msg615442#msg615442]. * Another security risk arises with attacks that rely on network partitioning, for example if Europe and America lose internet connectivity then an attacker could spend his coins in both continents. The relevant parameter in these scenarios is the absolute time until all nodes have enough time to communicate with each other, not the frequency of generated blocks. Therefore, this isn't an inherent problem of the protocol, because waiting for 4 times the amount of blocks relative to Bitcoin would be adequate, or in other words the problem lies in the default amount of confirmations. * If the number of transactions increases by an extremely large factor, it will require more computational power to validate an increased number of ECDSA signatures at each block. With fast blocks, doing this validation in time could potentially be a problem: if there's a non-negligible probability that the time to find a nonce which generates a valid PoW is shorter than the time to validate all the ECDSA signatures in the block, then an attacker can gain an advantage over honest miners by purposely generating blocks that include fewer transactions (currently an attacker has very little to gain by trying to generate empty blocks, and one relevant effect is that the coins that he earns could become less worthy because their market value drops due to this attack). See also: [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation Myth - Point of sale with bitcoins isn't possible because of the 10 minute wait for confirmation] ==Difficulty retarget== The retarget block is 2016 in both Bitcoin and Litecoin, but because Litecoin blocks are found 4 times faster, the difficulty will retarget about every 3.5 days. ===Pros=== * When the computation power of the network reduces dramatically in the event that many miners suddenly quit, block generation would crawl until the next difficulty adjustment. Having a faster retarget mitigates this concern. ===Cons=== * Shorter retarget window may lead to less stable difficulty adjustments. For example, if a proportionally high amount of CPU power connects to the Litecoin network only during Sundays, not having any of that CPU power inside a 3.5 days retarget window will cause the difficulty to vary. Unstable difficulty is bad if it doesn't reflect the hash power of the network accurately: when the difficulty is too low relative to the CPU power that is currently in the network, the faster blocks imply more overhead, less security (see previous section), and more monetary inflation, and when the difficulty it too high relative to CPU power, the slower blocks mean slower transaction time. * Unstable difficulty might encourage chain hopping. * Less security from attacks that rely on lowering the difficulty. Example: an attacker makes a one time investment in hash power, uses this hash power to start extending a recent block with his own fork of consecutive blocks while lowering the difficulty (easier to do with the shorter retarget window), isolates a node of e.g. some online bank from the rest of the network, waits until his fork is longer than what this node has already seen in the real blockchain, broadcasts his forked chain to this node, and with the lower difficulty he now needs less hash power to continue to communicate with the isolated node until it agrees to transact in the forked chain. [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=46498.msg556137#msg556137] ==Total number of coins in existence== The total number of litecoins that will come into existence is 4 times the total number of bitcoins that will come into existence, 84 million compared to 21 million. The reward for each Litecoin block is 50 litecoins. The rate of litecoins generation is halved every 840,000 blocks, i.e. 4 times more blocks than with Bitcoin. Since Litecoin blocks are generated 4 times faster than Bitcoin blocks, this means that the monetary inflation of Litecoin follows the same trajectory as that of Bitcoin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_Currency_Supply] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin#Monetary_differences], so for example at the year 2020 around 3/4 of all litecoins will have already been generated. ==Bug fixes== * Time warp bug {https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=43692.msg521772#msg521772]: the Bitcoin difficulty calculation is off by one block, so an attacker can repeatedly try to generate the last block of each retarget window, and use a fabricated timestamp of 2 hours into the future in order to make the time difference from the first block in the retarget window high, thus lowering the difficulty by 0.5%. Because of the bug, the bogus timestamp isn't used as the first block in the next retarget window, and therefore the 2 extra hours aren't being compensated for in the next difficulty calculation. Once the difficulty is low, the attacker can mine many fast coins, or in the case of a small chain, an attacker with 51% hash power could reduce the difficulty to 1 and mine a new fork from the genesis block. This isn't a feasible attack on Bitcoin, because the probability of repeatedly generating the last block once every 2 weeks at such high difficulties is negligible. Although fixing this issue in Bitcoin is possible, it should be done carefully (by adding rules that encourage nodes to upgrade over time) so to avoid a chain fork, i.e. old clients who didn't upgrade might operate with another difficulty and therefore disagree regarding which blocks are valid. In Litecoin this bug is fixed. {https://github.com/coblee/litecoin/commit/b1be77210970a6ceb3680412cc3d2f0dd4ca8fb9] ==Conclusion== The purpose of Litecoin is to function as silver to Bitcoin's gold, in the sense of being a relatively less valuable coin that is easier to obtain and transact with. The properties that make Litecoin fit to accomplish this objective can be summarized as follows: * Transactions are 4 times faster than with Bitcoin, in exchange for somewhat weaker security guarantees. * CPU mining means that the barriers to entry into the Litecoin mining market are cheap relative to Bitcoin mining. * The total amount of litecoins is 4 times higher than the total amount of bitcoins. f8c8d35e40f190df3d56c1d56150aa4f7235a170 487 486 2013-05-03T16:56:23Z Iddo 6 /* Difficulty retarget */ restoring more external links ==CPU mining vs GPU mining== For [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work proof of work], Bitcoin uses the highly parallelizable SHA256 hash function, and therefore Bitcoin mining is a GPU-friendly task. Litecoin uses [http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html scrypt] instead of SHA256 for proof of work. The scrypt hash function uses SHA256 as a subroutine, but it also depends on fast access to large amounts of memory rather than depending just on fast arithmetic operations, so it is more difficult to run many instances of scrypt in parallel by using the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit ALUs] of a modern graphics card. This also implies that the manufacturing cost of specialized scrypt hardware (ASIC) will be significantly more expensive than SHA256 ASIC. Since modern graphics cards have plenty of RAM, they do prove useful for Litecoin mining, though the improvement over CPUs is less significant than it was for Bitcoin mining (about 10x speedup instead of 20x speedup when comparing Radeon 5870 GPU to quad-core CPU, see [[Mining hardware comparison|Litecoin hardware comparison]] and {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison Bitcoin hardware comparison]). The particular scrypt parameters that Litecoin uses (N=1024,p=1,r=1) let non-mining users who run the full client (and therefore need to verify the blocks) multitask in their operating system without affecting the responsiveness, while still reducing the advantage of ASIC by a 10-fold estimate (according to Colin Percival, the creator of scrypt, see [http://bitbin.it/7bmKZqTx]). See also: {http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/400/why-cant-one-implement-bcrypt-in-cuda bcrypt in Cuda?], {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Why_a_GPU_mines_faster_than_a_CPU Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU], {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcrypt bcrypt] (scrypt predecessor) ===Pros=== * The market entry costs for Litecoin mining are cheap, anyone with a computer connected to the internet can mine litecoins in order to make a profit and to sustain the Litecoin network. * If your computer already mines bitcoins, then the CPU on that computer is probably idle, so you can simultaneously mine litecoins without affecting the speed in which your GPU mines bitcoins. * There is a danger that some entities would make a large one-time investment in {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit ASICs] to outcompete GPUs, thereby centralizing the mining aspect of the Bitcoin network, i.e. the market entry costs for Bitcoin mining would become too expensive for most people (this assumes that the objective of those entities isn't to sell their ASICs on the market). The scrypt algorithm used by Litecoin ensures that lots of memory is needed per hash attempt, basically by using the input as a seed to fill a large amount of memory with a {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator pseudorandom sequence], and then using another seed derived from the input in order to access this sequence at pseudorandom points while generating the output hash. Since memory is the resource of general-purpose computers which is the most expensive to reproduce for ASICs (in particular it's more expensive than ALUs), this means that a one-time investment in ASICs for Litecoin mining would be much more expensive {http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html]. The memory size parameter of scrypt was selected (originally by ArtForz and Lolcust) to fit into 128.5kB, so that it'd only hit the {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache L1/L2 cache] and leave the L3 cache and the RAM alone. This means that it's possible to mine litecoins without affecting system responsiveness, and without affecting the GPUs speed in case the same computer also mines bitcoins, while still requiring a significantly large amount of memory per hash attempt. * Websites can easily embed a Litecoin miner so that casual visitors would be able to support the website by contributing their spare CPU cycles while browsing ({http://www.litecoinpool.org/embed example]). Having {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCL OpenCL] access through web browsers in order to utilize the GPU of casual visitors is much more problematic. * Developers who wish to gain advantage over regular miners might try to create implementations of scrypt that run better on specific types of hardware, which would advance the current state of knowledge in areas unrelated to Litecoin, e.g. password cracking by brute-force or dictionary attack. ===Cons=== * Attacks by {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botnet botnets]. If the botnet operator runs an unmodified litecoind in order to earn coins then such a botnet only attacks the computers under its control, not Litecoin itself, as it would actually strengthen the Litecoin network. However, the objective of a crypto-currency is to improve the world rather than to improve itself. Botnets with a high enough proportion of the total hash power could try {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_bitcoin_works#Double_spending double-spending] attacks on the Litecoin network. ==Faster transaction time== The [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty difficulty] of Litecoin adjusts so that a block is generated every 2.5 minutes on average, instead of the 10 minutes average of Bitcoin. ===Pros=== * Many people are anxious to see their transaction confirmed in the blockchain as soon as possible. * Greater granularity, for example merchants may wish to accept transactions with only 2 confirmations in Litecoin (5 minutes), while in Bitcoin you would have to wait at least 1 confirmation (10 minutes). * Waiting for the additional confirmations during about the same time period that's used with Bitcoin (e.g. 24 Litecoin blocks instead of 6 Bitcoin blocks) means that an attacker will start the gambler's ruin process [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf] [https://bitcoil.co.il/Doublespend.pdf] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambler's_ruin] with a greater deficit, so the probability for a double-spending attack to succeed is smaller. To elaborate: assuming that SHA256 is a random function, the probability of successfully generating a block at each nonce attempt is constant and independent of all other attempts [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5521.0]. Now suppose for the sake of argument that it takes on average one year to generate a block, that an attacker A has 20% of the total hash power, that an honest miner B has the other 80% of the hash power, that a merchant C waited for 4 confirmations i.e. about 4 years before sending the merchandise to A, and that during those 4 years A managed to generate 1 block (on average that's what we'd expect) in secret. So A and B now compete in the gambler's ruin game, with A starting the game with a deficit of 3 blocks, and having 1/5 chance of winning each round. Because all nonce attempts are independent, if A won the first round then all the work that B did in this round is disregarded, and A and B start the second round from scratch. For stronger security, C can wait for more than 4 blocks before sending the merchandise, so the initial deficit of A is expected to be higher, i.e. B can spare to lose more rounds and therefore the probability of A carrying out a successful double-spending attack is smaller. Intuitively, the stronger security is achieved because A has a better chance to defeat B in few rounds than in many rounds (because he's at a proportionate disadvantage in each round), so by forcing A to play more rounds before sending the merchandise he would need a higher proportion of wins during this confirmations period in order to stand a chance in the gambler's ruin game that follows (for example with 40 confirms and same 20% hash power he's expected to fork 10 secret blocks and have a deficit of 30 blocks, as opposed to 3 blocks). The average time of each round doesn't play a role in the analysis, the relevant parameters are the proportion between the hash power of A and B in each round, and the amount of rounds. So in case the average time to generate a block was e.g. one minute instead of one year, this analysis would still hold, unless the 1min block time has detrimental effects on the honest miner(s) relative to the attacker (see cons). ** Therefore, relative to Bitcoin the security may be enhanced for Litecoin users who wish to wait for the extra confirmations. ===Cons=== * More overhead, the blockchain becomes more bloated. Clients running in [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability#Simplified_payment_verification simple verification mode] will be affected the most: in simple verification mode the client stores only the block headers and current wallet balance, so 4x more storage space will be needed for Litecoin clients relative to Bitcoin clients running in this mode. * Less security if everyone waits for a fixed amount of confirmations (e.g. 6 blocks), because the higher amount of [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain orphan blocks] implies that relatively less honest computing power is being put to good use while verifying the blocks, so it would be easier for an attacker to double-spend litecoins compared to bitcoins. To elaborate: let's assume network propagation time of 2 seconds, i.e. it takes 2 seconds for each node to broadcast the longest chain that it knows of to all other nodes. With 2.5min blocks, on average once every 150 seconds some node broadcasts the valid block that it found, so during the 2 seconds of propagating the new block, the other miners are wasting their hash power while working on a shorter chain, which implies that 2 out of 150 seconds are being wasted on average. If there's a fork where different groups of miners work on different chains of same length then that's ok, i.e. they don't dilute any of their hash power because of this fork, and if different groups of miners work on forks of different lengths then they'll switch to the longest chain after the network latency interval. So in total 2/150 of the honest hash power is being wasted, i.e. 1.33% dilution, compared to 10min blocks where 2/600 is 0.33% dilution. ** This analysis is incomplete because it only takes into account the dilution in hash power of the honest miners, and not the fact that when the blockchain forks more frequently it means that an attacker (with no hash power) could scan the network and try to double-spend by broadcasting inconsistent transactions to the competing chains. However, the probability of a fork (by the honest miners) to persist diminishes exponentially with the length of the forked chains. Therefore, a merchant can take precautions either by waiting for more confirms, or by scanning the network and looking for an attempt to double-spend the transaction that he received . ** Waiting for the same fixed amount of confirmations means that even if the probability of carrying out a double-spending attack isn't much higher than with slower blocks, the cost of carrying out the double-spending attack is cheaper: generating 6 blocks of 2.5min difficulty requires 4x less hash power compared to generating 6 blocks of 10min difficulty. So an attacker could afford more double-spending attempts [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=51504.msg615442#msg615442]. * Another security risk arises with attacks that rely on network partitioning, for example if Europe and America lose internet connectivity then an attacker could spend his coins in both continents. The relevant parameter in these scenarios is the absolute time until all nodes have enough time to communicate with each other, not the frequency of generated blocks. Therefore, this isn't an inherent problem of the protocol, because waiting for 4 times the amount of blocks relative to Bitcoin would be adequate, or in other words the problem lies in the default amount of confirmations. * If the number of transactions increases by an extremely large factor, it will require more computational power to validate an increased number of ECDSA signatures at each block. With fast blocks, doing this validation in time could potentially be a problem: if there's a non-negligible probability that the time to find a nonce which generates a valid PoW is shorter than the time to validate all the ECDSA signatures in the block, then an attacker can gain an advantage over honest miners by purposely generating blocks that include fewer transactions (currently an attacker has very little to gain by trying to generate empty blocks, and one relevant effect is that the coins that he earns could become less worthy because their market value drops due to this attack). See also: [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation Myth - Point of sale with bitcoins isn't possible because of the 10 minute wait for confirmation] ==Difficulty retarget== The retarget block is 2016 in both Bitcoin and Litecoin, but because Litecoin blocks are found 4 times faster, the difficulty will retarget about every 3.5 days. ===Pros=== * When the computation power of the network reduces dramatically in the event that many miners suddenly quit, block generation would crawl until the next difficulty adjustment. Having a faster retarget mitigates this concern. ===Cons=== * Shorter retarget window may lead to less stable difficulty adjustments. For example, if a proportionally high amount of CPU power connects to the Litecoin network only during Sundays, not having any of that CPU power inside a 3.5 days retarget window will cause the difficulty to vary. Unstable difficulty is bad if it doesn't reflect the hash power of the network accurately: when the difficulty is too low relative to the CPU power that is currently in the network, the faster blocks imply more overhead, less security (see previous section), and more monetary inflation, and when the difficulty it too high relative to CPU power, the slower blocks mean slower transaction time. * Unstable difficulty might encourage chain hopping. * Less security from attacks that rely on lowering the difficulty. Example: an attacker makes a one time investment in hash power, uses this hash power to start extending a recent block with his own fork of consecutive blocks while lowering the difficulty (easier to do with the shorter retarget window), isolates a node of e.g. some online bank from the rest of the network, waits until his fork is longer than what this node has already seen in the real blockchain, broadcasts his forked chain to this node, and with the lower difficulty he now needs less hash power to continue to communicate with the isolated node until it agrees to transact in the forked chain. [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=46498.msg556137#msg556137] ==Total number of coins in existence== The total number of litecoins that will come into existence is 4 times the total number of bitcoins that will come into existence, 84 million compared to 21 million. The reward for each Litecoin block is 50 litecoins. The rate of litecoins generation is halved every 840,000 blocks, i.e. 4 times more blocks than with Bitcoin. Since Litecoin blocks are generated 4 times faster than Bitcoin blocks, this means that the monetary inflation of Litecoin follows the same trajectory as that of Bitcoin {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_Currency_Supply] {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin#Monetary_differences], so for example at the year 2020 around 3/4 of all litecoins will have already been generated. ==Bug fixes== * Time warp bug {https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=43692.msg521772#msg521772]: the Bitcoin difficulty calculation is off by one block, so an attacker can repeatedly try to generate the last block of each retarget window, and use a fabricated timestamp of 2 hours into the future in order to make the time difference from the first block in the retarget window high, thus lowering the difficulty by 0.5%. Because of the bug, the bogus timestamp isn't used as the first block in the next retarget window, and therefore the 2 extra hours aren't being compensated for in the next difficulty calculation. Once the difficulty is low, the attacker can mine many fast coins, or in the case of a small chain, an attacker with 51% hash power could reduce the difficulty to 1 and mine a new fork from the genesis block. This isn't a feasible attack on Bitcoin, because the probability of repeatedly generating the last block once every 2 weeks at such high difficulties is negligible. Although fixing this issue in Bitcoin is possible, it should be done carefully (by adding rules that encourage nodes to upgrade over time) so to avoid a chain fork, i.e. old clients who didn't upgrade might operate with another difficulty and therefore disagree regarding which blocks are valid. In Litecoin this bug is fixed. {https://github.com/coblee/litecoin/commit/b1be77210970a6ceb3680412cc3d2f0dd4ca8fb9] ==Conclusion== The purpose of Litecoin is to function as silver to Bitcoin's gold, in the sense of being a relatively less valuable coin that is easier to obtain and transact with. The properties that make Litecoin fit to accomplish this objective can be summarized as follows: * Transactions are 4 times faster than with Bitcoin, in exchange for somewhat weaker security guarantees. * CPU mining means that the barriers to entry into the Litecoin mining market are cheap relative to Bitcoin mining. * The total amount of litecoins is 4 times higher than the total amount of bitcoins. 001e120172261f5ffc465222f61c74bc41e2ddd9 486 479 2013-05-03T16:51:58Z Iddo 6 /* Faster transaction time */ ==CPU mining vs GPU mining== For [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work proof of work], Bitcoin uses the highly parallelizable SHA256 hash function, and therefore Bitcoin mining is a GPU-friendly task. Litecoin uses [http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html scrypt] instead of SHA256 for proof of work. The scrypt hash function uses SHA256 as a subroutine, but it also depends on fast access to large amounts of memory rather than depending just on fast arithmetic operations, so it is more difficult to run many instances of scrypt in parallel by using the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit ALUs] of a modern graphics card. This also implies that the manufacturing cost of specialized scrypt hardware (ASIC) will be significantly more expensive than SHA256 ASIC. Since modern graphics cards have plenty of RAM, they do prove useful for Litecoin mining, though the improvement over CPUs is less significant than it was for Bitcoin mining (about 10x speedup instead of 20x speedup when comparing Radeon 5870 GPU to quad-core CPU, see [[Mining hardware comparison|Litecoin hardware comparison]] and {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison Bitcoin hardware comparison]). The particular scrypt parameters that Litecoin uses (N=1024,p=1,r=1) let non-mining users who run the full client (and therefore need to verify the blocks) multitask in their operating system without affecting the responsiveness, while still reducing the advantage of ASIC by a 10-fold estimate (according to Colin Percival, the creator of scrypt, see [http://bitbin.it/7bmKZqTx]). See also: {http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/400/why-cant-one-implement-bcrypt-in-cuda bcrypt in Cuda?], {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Why_a_GPU_mines_faster_than_a_CPU Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU], {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcrypt bcrypt] (scrypt predecessor) ===Pros=== * The market entry costs for Litecoin mining are cheap, anyone with a computer connected to the internet can mine litecoins in order to make a profit and to sustain the Litecoin network. * If your computer already mines bitcoins, then the CPU on that computer is probably idle, so you can simultaneously mine litecoins without affecting the speed in which your GPU mines bitcoins. * There is a danger that some entities would make a large one-time investment in {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit ASICs] to outcompete GPUs, thereby centralizing the mining aspect of the Bitcoin network, i.e. the market entry costs for Bitcoin mining would become too expensive for most people (this assumes that the objective of those entities isn't to sell their ASICs on the market). The scrypt algorithm used by Litecoin ensures that lots of memory is needed per hash attempt, basically by using the input as a seed to fill a large amount of memory with a {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator pseudorandom sequence], and then using another seed derived from the input in order to access this sequence at pseudorandom points while generating the output hash. Since memory is the resource of general-purpose computers which is the most expensive to reproduce for ASICs (in particular it's more expensive than ALUs), this means that a one-time investment in ASICs for Litecoin mining would be much more expensive {http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html]. The memory size parameter of scrypt was selected (originally by ArtForz and Lolcust) to fit into 128.5kB, so that it'd only hit the {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache L1/L2 cache] and leave the L3 cache and the RAM alone. This means that it's possible to mine litecoins without affecting system responsiveness, and without affecting the GPUs speed in case the same computer also mines bitcoins, while still requiring a significantly large amount of memory per hash attempt. * Websites can easily embed a Litecoin miner so that casual visitors would be able to support the website by contributing their spare CPU cycles while browsing ({http://www.litecoinpool.org/embed example]). Having {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCL OpenCL] access through web browsers in order to utilize the GPU of casual visitors is much more problematic. * Developers who wish to gain advantage over regular miners might try to create implementations of scrypt that run better on specific types of hardware, which would advance the current state of knowledge in areas unrelated to Litecoin, e.g. password cracking by brute-force or dictionary attack. ===Cons=== * Attacks by {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botnet botnets]. If the botnet operator runs an unmodified litecoind in order to earn coins then such a botnet only attacks the computers under its control, not Litecoin itself, as it would actually strengthen the Litecoin network. However, the objective of a crypto-currency is to improve the world rather than to improve itself. Botnets with a high enough proportion of the total hash power could try {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_bitcoin_works#Double_spending double-spending] attacks on the Litecoin network. ==Faster transaction time== The [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty difficulty] of Litecoin adjusts so that a block is generated every 2.5 minutes on average, instead of the 10 minutes average of Bitcoin. ===Pros=== * Many people are anxious to see their transaction confirmed in the blockchain as soon as possible. * Greater granularity, for example merchants may wish to accept transactions with only 2 confirmations in Litecoin (5 minutes), while in Bitcoin you would have to wait at least 1 confirmation (10 minutes). * Waiting for the additional confirmations during about the same time period that's used with Bitcoin (e.g. 24 Litecoin blocks instead of 6 Bitcoin blocks) means that an attacker will start the gambler's ruin process [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf] [https://bitcoil.co.il/Doublespend.pdf] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambler's_ruin] with a greater deficit, so the probability for a double-spending attack to succeed is smaller. To elaborate: assuming that SHA256 is a random function, the probability of successfully generating a block at each nonce attempt is constant and independent of all other attempts [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5521.0]. Now suppose for the sake of argument that it takes on average one year to generate a block, that an attacker A has 20% of the total hash power, that an honest miner B has the other 80% of the hash power, that a merchant C waited for 4 confirmations i.e. about 4 years before sending the merchandise to A, and that during those 4 years A managed to generate 1 block (on average that's what we'd expect) in secret. So A and B now compete in the gambler's ruin game, with A starting the game with a deficit of 3 blocks, and having 1/5 chance of winning each round. Because all nonce attempts are independent, if A won the first round then all the work that B did in this round is disregarded, and A and B start the second round from scratch. For stronger security, C can wait for more than 4 blocks before sending the merchandise, so the initial deficit of A is expected to be higher, i.e. B can spare to lose more rounds and therefore the probability of A carrying out a successful double-spending attack is smaller. Intuitively, the stronger security is achieved because A has a better chance to defeat B in few rounds than in many rounds (because he's at a proportionate disadvantage in each round), so by forcing A to play more rounds before sending the merchandise he would need a higher proportion of wins during this confirmations period in order to stand a chance in the gambler's ruin game that follows (for example with 40 confirms and same 20% hash power he's expected to fork 10 secret blocks and have a deficit of 30 blocks, as opposed to 3 blocks). The average time of each round doesn't play a role in the analysis, the relevant parameters are the proportion between the hash power of A and B in each round, and the amount of rounds. So in case the average time to generate a block was e.g. one minute instead of one year, this analysis would still hold, unless the 1min block time has detrimental effects on the honest miner(s) relative to the attacker (see cons). ** Therefore, relative to Bitcoin the security may be enhanced for Litecoin users who wish to wait for the extra confirmations. ===Cons=== * More overhead, the blockchain becomes more bloated. Clients running in [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability#Simplified_payment_verification simple verification mode] will be affected the most: in simple verification mode the client stores only the block headers and current wallet balance, so 4x more storage space will be needed for Litecoin clients relative to Bitcoin clients running in this mode. * Less security if everyone waits for a fixed amount of confirmations (e.g. 6 blocks), because the higher amount of [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain orphan blocks] implies that relatively less honest computing power is being put to good use while verifying the blocks, so it would be easier for an attacker to double-spend litecoins compared to bitcoins. To elaborate: let's assume network propagation time of 2 seconds, i.e. it takes 2 seconds for each node to broadcast the longest chain that it knows of to all other nodes. With 2.5min blocks, on average once every 150 seconds some node broadcasts the valid block that it found, so during the 2 seconds of propagating the new block, the other miners are wasting their hash power while working on a shorter chain, which implies that 2 out of 150 seconds are being wasted on average. If there's a fork where different groups of miners work on different chains of same length then that's ok, i.e. they don't dilute any of their hash power because of this fork, and if different groups of miners work on forks of different lengths then they'll switch to the longest chain after the network latency interval. So in total 2/150 of the honest hash power is being wasted, i.e. 1.33% dilution, compared to 10min blocks where 2/600 is 0.33% dilution. ** This analysis is incomplete because it only takes into account the dilution in hash power of the honest miners, and not the fact that when the blockchain forks more frequently it means that an attacker (with no hash power) could scan the network and try to double-spend by broadcasting inconsistent transactions to the competing chains. However, the probability of a fork (by the honest miners) to persist diminishes exponentially with the length of the forked chains. Therefore, a merchant can take precautions either by waiting for more confirms, or by scanning the network and looking for an attempt to double-spend the transaction that he received . ** Waiting for the same fixed amount of confirmations means that even if the probability of carrying out a double-spending attack isn't much higher than with slower blocks, the cost of carrying out the double-spending attack is cheaper: generating 6 blocks of 2.5min difficulty requires 4x less hash power compared to generating 6 blocks of 10min difficulty. So an attacker could afford more double-spending attempts [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=51504.msg615442#msg615442]. * Another security risk arises with attacks that rely on network partitioning, for example if Europe and America lose internet connectivity then an attacker could spend his coins in both continents. The relevant parameter in these scenarios is the absolute time until all nodes have enough time to communicate with each other, not the frequency of generated blocks. Therefore, this isn't an inherent problem of the protocol, because waiting for 4 times the amount of blocks relative to Bitcoin would be adequate, or in other words the problem lies in the default amount of confirmations. * If the number of transactions increases by an extremely large factor, it will require more computational power to validate an increased number of ECDSA signatures at each block. With fast blocks, doing this validation in time could potentially be a problem: if there's a non-negligible probability that the time to find a nonce which generates a valid PoW is shorter than the time to validate all the ECDSA signatures in the block, then an attacker can gain an advantage over honest miners by purposely generating blocks that include fewer transactions (currently an attacker has very little to gain by trying to generate empty blocks, and one relevant effect is that the coins that he earns could become less worthy because their market value drops due to this attack). See also: [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation Myth - Point of sale with bitcoins isn't possible because of the 10 minute wait for confirmation] ==Difficulty retarget== The retarget block is 2016 in both Bitcoin and Litecoin, but because Litecoin blocks are found 4 times faster, the difficulty will retarget about every 3.5 days. ===Pros=== * When the computation power of the network reduces dramatically in the event that many miners suddenly quit, block generation would crawl until the next difficulty adjustment. Having a faster retarget mitigates this concern. ===Cons=== * Shorter retarget window may lead to less stable difficulty adjustments. For example, if a proportionally high amount of CPU power connects to the Litecoin network only during Sundays, not having any of that CPU power inside a 3.5 days retarget window will cause the difficulty to vary. Unstable difficulty is bad if it doesn't reflect the hash power of the network accurately: when the difficulty is too low relative to the CPU power that is currently in the network, the faster blocks imply more overhead, less security (see previous section), and more monetary inflation, and when the difficulty it too high relative to CPU power, the slower blocks mean slower transaction time. * Unstable difficulty might encourage chain hopping. * Less security from attacks that rely on lowering the difficulty. Example: an attacker makes a one time investment in hash power, uses this hash power to start extending a recent block with his own fork of consecutive blocks while lowering the difficulty (easier to do with the shorter retarget window), isolates a node of e.g. some online bank from the rest of the network, waits until his fork is longer than what this node has already seen in the real blockchain, broadcasts his forked chain to this node, and with the lower difficulty he now needs less hash power to continue to communicate with the isolated node until it agrees to transact in the forked chain. {https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=46498.msg556137#msg556137] ==Total number of coins in existence== The total number of litecoins that will come into existence is 4 times the total number of bitcoins that will come into existence, 84 million compared to 21 million. The reward for each Litecoin block is 50 litecoins. The rate of litecoins generation is halved every 840,000 blocks, i.e. 4 times more blocks than with Bitcoin. Since Litecoin blocks are generated 4 times faster than Bitcoin blocks, this means that the monetary inflation of Litecoin follows the same trajectory as that of Bitcoin {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_Currency_Supply] {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin#Monetary_differences], so for example at the year 2020 around 3/4 of all litecoins will have already been generated. ==Bug fixes== * Time warp bug {https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=43692.msg521772#msg521772]: the Bitcoin difficulty calculation is off by one block, so an attacker can repeatedly try to generate the last block of each retarget window, and use a fabricated timestamp of 2 hours into the future in order to make the time difference from the first block in the retarget window high, thus lowering the difficulty by 0.5%. Because of the bug, the bogus timestamp isn't used as the first block in the next retarget window, and therefore the 2 extra hours aren't being compensated for in the next difficulty calculation. Once the difficulty is low, the attacker can mine many fast coins, or in the case of a small chain, an attacker with 51% hash power could reduce the difficulty to 1 and mine a new fork from the genesis block. This isn't a feasible attack on Bitcoin, because the probability of repeatedly generating the last block once every 2 weeks at such high difficulties is negligible. Although fixing this issue in Bitcoin is possible, it should be done carefully (by adding rules that encourage nodes to upgrade over time) so to avoid a chain fork, i.e. old clients who didn't upgrade might operate with another difficulty and therefore disagree regarding which blocks are valid. In Litecoin this bug is fixed. {https://github.com/coblee/litecoin/commit/b1be77210970a6ceb3680412cc3d2f0dd4ca8fb9] ==Conclusion== The purpose of Litecoin is to function as silver to Bitcoin's gold, in the sense of being a relatively less valuable coin that is easier to obtain and transact with. The properties that make Litecoin fit to accomplish this objective can be summarized as follows: * Transactions are 4 times faster than with Bitcoin, in exchange for somewhat weaker security guarantees. * CPU mining means that the barriers to entry into the Litecoin mining market are cheap relative to Bitcoin mining. * The total amount of litecoins is 4 times higher than the total amount of bitcoins. 6fded89d31bcabe775f37f88f10aadc4cf965296 479 478 2013-05-03T07:54:12Z Iddo 6 /* CPU mining vs GPU mining */ ==CPU mining vs GPU mining== For [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work proof of work], Bitcoin uses the highly parallelizable SHA256 hash function, and therefore Bitcoin mining is a GPU-friendly task. Litecoin uses [http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html scrypt] instead of SHA256 for proof of work. The scrypt hash function uses SHA256 as a subroutine, but it also depends on fast access to large amounts of memory rather than depending just on fast arithmetic operations, so it is more difficult to run many instances of scrypt in parallel by using the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit ALUs] of a modern graphics card. This also implies that the manufacturing cost of specialized scrypt hardware (ASIC) will be significantly more expensive than SHA256 ASIC. Since modern graphics cards have plenty of RAM, they do prove useful for Litecoin mining, though the improvement over CPUs is less significant than it was for Bitcoin mining (about 10x speedup instead of 20x speedup when comparing Radeon 5870 GPU to quad-core CPU, see [[Mining hardware comparison|Litecoin hardware comparison]] and {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison Bitcoin hardware comparison]). The particular scrypt parameters that Litecoin uses (N=1024,p=1,r=1) let non-mining users who run the full client (and therefore need to verify the blocks) multitask in their operating system without affecting the responsiveness, while still reducing the advantage of ASIC by a 10-fold estimate (according to Colin Percival, the creator of scrypt, see [http://bitbin.it/7bmKZqTx]). See also: {http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/400/why-cant-one-implement-bcrypt-in-cuda bcrypt in Cuda?], {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Why_a_GPU_mines_faster_than_a_CPU Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU], {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcrypt bcrypt] (scrypt predecessor) ===Pros=== * The market entry costs for Litecoin mining are cheap, anyone with a computer connected to the internet can mine litecoins in order to make a profit and to sustain the Litecoin network. * If your computer already mines bitcoins, then the CPU on that computer is probably idle, so you can simultaneously mine litecoins without affecting the speed in which your GPU mines bitcoins. * There is a danger that some entities would make a large one-time investment in {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit ASICs] to outcompete GPUs, thereby centralizing the mining aspect of the Bitcoin network, i.e. the market entry costs for Bitcoin mining would become too expensive for most people (this assumes that the objective of those entities isn't to sell their ASICs on the market). The scrypt algorithm used by Litecoin ensures that lots of memory is needed per hash attempt, basically by using the input as a seed to fill a large amount of memory with a {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator pseudorandom sequence], and then using another seed derived from the input in order to access this sequence at pseudorandom points while generating the output hash. Since memory is the resource of general-purpose computers which is the most expensive to reproduce for ASICs (in particular it's more expensive than ALUs), this means that a one-time investment in ASICs for Litecoin mining would be much more expensive {http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html]. The memory size parameter of scrypt was selected (originally by ArtForz and Lolcust) to fit into 128.5kB, so that it'd only hit the {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache L1/L2 cache] and leave the L3 cache and the RAM alone. This means that it's possible to mine litecoins without affecting system responsiveness, and without affecting the GPUs speed in case the same computer also mines bitcoins, while still requiring a significantly large amount of memory per hash attempt. * Websites can easily embed a Litecoin miner so that casual visitors would be able to support the website by contributing their spare CPU cycles while browsing ({http://www.litecoinpool.org/embed example]). Having {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCL OpenCL] access through web browsers in order to utilize the GPU of casual visitors is much more problematic. * Developers who wish to gain advantage over regular miners might try to create implementations of scrypt that run better on specific types of hardware, which would advance the current state of knowledge in areas unrelated to Litecoin, e.g. password cracking by brute-force or dictionary attack. ===Cons=== * Attacks by {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botnet botnets]. If the botnet operator runs an unmodified litecoind in order to earn coins then such a botnet only attacks the computers under its control, not Litecoin itself, as it would actually strengthen the Litecoin network. However, the objective of a crypto-currency is to improve the world rather than to improve itself. Botnets with a high enough proportion of the total hash power could try {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_bitcoin_works#Double_spending double-spending] attacks on the Litecoin network. ==Faster transaction time== The {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty difficulty] of Litecoin adjusts so that a block is generated every 2.5 minutes on average, instead of the 10 minutes average of Bitcoin. ===Pros=== * Many people are anxious to see their transaction confirmed in the blockchain as soon as possible. * Greater granularity, for example merchants may wish to accept transactions with only 2 confirmations in Litecoin (5 minutes), while in Bitcoin you would have to wait at least 1 confirmation (10 minutes). * Waiting for the additional confirmations during about the same time period that's used with Bitcoin (e.g. 24 Litecoin blocks instead of 6 Bitcoin blocks) means that an attacker will start the gambler's ruin process {http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf] {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambler's_ruin] with a greater deficit, so the probability for a double-spending attack to succeed is smaller. To elaborate: assuming that SHA256 is a random function, the probability of successfully generating a block at each nonce attempt is constant and independent of all other attempts {https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5521.0]. Now suppose for the sake of argument that it takes on average one year to generate a block, that an attacker A has 20% of the total hash power, that an honest miner B has the other 80% of the hash power, that a seller C waited for 4 confirmations i.e. about 4 years before sending the merchandise to A, and that during those 4 years A managed to generate 1 block (on average that's what we'd expect) in secret. So A and B now compete in the gambler's ruin game, with A starting the game with a deficit of 3 blocks, and having 1/5 chance of winning each round. Because all nonce attempts are independent, if A won the first round then all the work that B did in this round is disregarded, and A and B start the second round from scratch. For stronger security, C can wait for more than 4 blocks before sending the merchandise, so the initial deficit of A is expected to be higher, i.e. B can spare to lose more rounds and therefore the probability of A carrying out a successful double-spending attack is smaller. Intuitively, the stronger security is achieved because A has a better chance to defeat B in few rounds than in many rounds (because he's at a proportionate disadvantage in each round), so by forcing A to play more rounds before sending the merchandise he would need a higher proportion of wins during this confirmations period in order to stand a chance in the gambler's ruin game that follows (for example with 40 confirms and same 20% hash power he's expected to fork 10 secret blocks and have a deficit of 30 blocks, as opposed to 3 blocks). The average time of each round doesn't play a role in the analysis, the relevant parameters are the proportion between the hash power of A and B in each round, and the amount of rounds. So in case the average time to generate a block was e.g. one minute instead of one year, this analysis would still hold, unless the 1min block time has detrimental effects on the honest miner(s) relative to the attacker (see cons). ** Therefore, relative to Bitcoin the security may be enhanced for Litecoin users who wish to wait for the extra confirmations. ===Cons=== * More overhead, the blockchain becomes more bloated. Clients running in {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability#Simplified_payment_verification simple verification mode] will be affected the most: in simple verification mode the client stores only the block headers and current wallet balance, so 4x more storage space will be needed for Litecoin clients relative to Bitcoin clients running in this mode. * Less security if everyone waits for a fixed amount of confirmations (e.g. 6 blocks), because the higher amount of {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain orphan blocks] implies that relatively less honest computing power is being put to good use while verifying the blocks, so it would be easier for an attacker to double-spend litecoins compared to bitcoins. To elaborate: let's assume network propagation time of 2 seconds, i.e. it takes 2 seconds for each node to broadcast the longest chain that it knows of to all other nodes. With 2.5min blocks, on average once every 150 seconds some node broadcasts the valid block that it found, so during the 2 seconds of propagating the new block, the other miners are wasting their hash power while working on a shorter chain, which implies that 2 out of 150 seconds are being wasted on average. If there's a fork where different groups of miners work on different chains of same length then that's ok, i.e. they don't dilute any of their hash power because of this fork, and if different groups of miners work on forks of different lengths then they'll switch to the longest chain after the network latency interval. So in total 2/150 of the honest hash power is being wasted, i.e. 1.33% dilution, compared to 10min blocks where 2/600 is 0.33% dilution. ** This analysis is incomplete because it only takes into account the dilution in hash power of the honest miners, and not the fact that when the blockchain forks more frequently it means that an attacker (with no hash power) could scan the network and try to double-spend by broadcasting inconsistent transactions to the competing chains. However, the probability of a fork (by the honest miners) to persist diminishes exponentially with the length of the forked chains. Therefore, a merchant can take precautions either by waiting for more confirms, or by scanning the network and looking for an attempt to double-spend the transaction that he received . ** Waiting for the same fixed amount of confirmations means that even if the probability of carrying out a double-spending attack isn't much higher than with slower blocks, the cost of carrying out the double-spending attack is cheaper: generating 6 blocks of 2.5min difficulty requires 4x less hash power compared to generating 6 blocks of 10min difficulty. So an attacker could afford more double-spending attempts {https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=51504.msg615442#msg615442]. * Another security risk arises with attacks that rely on network partitioning, for example if Europe and America lose internet connectivity then an attacker could spend his coins in both continents. The relevant parameter in these scenarios is the absolute time until all nodes have enough time to communicate with each other, not the frequency of generated blocks. Therefore, this isn't an inherent problem of the protocol, because waiting for 4 times the amount of blocks relative to Bitcoin would be adequate, or in other words the problem lies in the default amount of confirmations. * If the number of transactions increases by an extremely large factor, it will require more computational power to validate an increased number of ECDSA signatures at each block. With fast blocks, doing this validation in time could potentially be a problem: if there's a non-negligible probability that the time to find a nonce which generates a valid PoW is shorter than the time to validate all the ECDSA signatures in the block, then an attacker can gain an advantage over honest miners by purposely generating blocks that include fewer transactions (currently an attacker has very little to gain by trying to generate empty blocks, and one relevant effect is that the coins that he earns could become less worthy because their market value drops due to this attack). See also: {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation Myth - Point of sale with bitcoins isn't possible because of the 10 minute wait for confirmation] ==Difficulty retarget== The retarget block is 2016 in both Bitcoin and Litecoin, but because Litecoin blocks are found 4 times faster, the difficulty will retarget about every 3.5 days. ===Pros=== * When the computation power of the network reduces dramatically in the event that many miners suddenly quit, block generation would crawl until the next difficulty adjustment. Having a faster retarget mitigates this concern. ===Cons=== * Shorter retarget window may lead to less stable difficulty adjustments. For example, if a proportionally high amount of CPU power connects to the Litecoin network only during Sundays, not having any of that CPU power inside a 3.5 days retarget window will cause the difficulty to vary. Unstable difficulty is bad if it doesn't reflect the hash power of the network accurately: when the difficulty is too low relative to the CPU power that is currently in the network, the faster blocks imply more overhead, less security (see previous section), and more monetary inflation, and when the difficulty it too high relative to CPU power, the slower blocks mean slower transaction time. * Unstable difficulty might encourage chain hopping. * Less security from attacks that rely on lowering the difficulty. Example: an attacker makes a one time investment in hash power, uses this hash power to start extending a recent block with his own fork of consecutive blocks while lowering the difficulty (easier to do with the shorter retarget window), isolates a node of e.g. some online bank from the rest of the network, waits until his fork is longer than what this node has already seen in the real blockchain, broadcasts his forked chain to this node, and with the lower difficulty he now needs less hash power to continue to communicate with the isolated node until it agrees to transact in the forked chain. {https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=46498.msg556137#msg556137] ==Total number of coins in existence== The total number of litecoins that will come into existence is 4 times the total number of bitcoins that will come into existence, 84 million compared to 21 million. The reward for each Litecoin block is 50 litecoins. The rate of litecoins generation is halved every 840,000 blocks, i.e. 4 times more blocks than with Bitcoin. Since Litecoin blocks are generated 4 times faster than Bitcoin blocks, this means that the monetary inflation of Litecoin follows the same trajectory as that of Bitcoin {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_Currency_Supply] {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin#Monetary_differences], so for example at the year 2020 around 3/4 of all litecoins will have already been generated. ==Bug fixes== * Time warp bug {https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=43692.msg521772#msg521772]: the Bitcoin difficulty calculation is off by one block, so an attacker can repeatedly try to generate the last block of each retarget window, and use a fabricated timestamp of 2 hours into the future in order to make the time difference from the first block in the retarget window high, thus lowering the difficulty by 0.5%. Because of the bug, the bogus timestamp isn't used as the first block in the next retarget window, and therefore the 2 extra hours aren't being compensated for in the next difficulty calculation. Once the difficulty is low, the attacker can mine many fast coins, or in the case of a small chain, an attacker with 51% hash power could reduce the difficulty to 1 and mine a new fork from the genesis block. This isn't a feasible attack on Bitcoin, because the probability of repeatedly generating the last block once every 2 weeks at such high difficulties is negligible. Although fixing this issue in Bitcoin is possible, it should be done carefully (by adding rules that encourage nodes to upgrade over time) so to avoid a chain fork, i.e. old clients who didn't upgrade might operate with another difficulty and therefore disagree regarding which blocks are valid. In Litecoin this bug is fixed. {https://github.com/coblee/litecoin/commit/b1be77210970a6ceb3680412cc3d2f0dd4ca8fb9] ==Conclusion== The purpose of Litecoin is to function as silver to Bitcoin's gold, in the sense of being a relatively less valuable coin that is easier to obtain and transact with. The properties that make Litecoin fit to accomplish this objective can be summarized as follows: * Transactions are 4 times faster than with Bitcoin, in exchange for somewhat weaker security guarantees. * CPU mining means that the barriers to entry into the Litecoin mining market are cheap relative to Bitcoin mining. * The total amount of litecoins is 4 times higher than the total amount of bitcoins. 49fe1acc4c11690a79de98ff012d1b5f315a971c 478 477 2013-05-03T07:52:36Z Iddo 6 added ASIC info ==CPU mining vs GPU mining== For [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work proof of work], Bitcoin uses the highly parallelizable SHA256 hash function, and therefore Bitcoin mining is a GPU-friendly task. Litecoin uses [http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html scrypt] instead of SHA256 for proof of work. The scrypt hash function uses SHA256 as a subroutine, but it also depends on fast access to large amounts of memory rather than depending just on fast arithmetic operations, so it is more difficult to run many instances of scrypt in parallel by using the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit ALUs] of a modern graphics card. This also implies that the manufacturing cost of specialized scrypt hardware (ASIC) will be significantly more expensive than SHA256 ASIC. Since modern graphics cards have plenty of RAM, they do prove useful for Litecoin mining, though the improvement over CPUs is less significant than it was for Bitcoin mining (about 10x speedup instead of 20x speedup when comparing Radeon 5870 GPU to quad-core CPU, see [[Mining hardware comparison|Litecoin hardware comparison]] and {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining_hardware_comparison Bitcoin hardware comparison]). The particular scrypt parameters that Litecoin uses (N=1024,p=1,r=1) let non-mining users who run the full client (and therefore need to verify the blocks) multitask in their operating system without affecting the responsiveness, while still reducing the advantage of ASIC by a 10-fold estimate (according to Colin Percival, the creator of scrypt, see {http://bitbin.it/7bmKZqTx]). See also: [http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/400/why-cant-one-implement-bcrypt-in-cuda bcrypt in Cuda?], [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Why_a_GPU_mines_faster_than_a_CPU Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU], {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcrypt bcrypt] (scrypt predecessor) ===Pros=== * The market entry costs for Litecoin mining are cheap, anyone with a computer connected to the internet can mine litecoins in order to make a profit and to sustain the Litecoin network. * If your computer already mines bitcoins, then the CPU on that computer is probably idle, so you can simultaneously mine litecoins without affecting the speed in which your GPU mines bitcoins. * There is a danger that some entities would make a large one-time investment in {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit ASICs] to outcompete GPUs, thereby centralizing the mining aspect of the Bitcoin network, i.e. the market entry costs for Bitcoin mining would become too expensive for most people (this assumes that the objective of those entities isn't to sell their ASICs on the market). The scrypt algorithm used by Litecoin ensures that lots of memory is needed per hash attempt, basically by using the input as a seed to fill a large amount of memory with a {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator pseudorandom sequence], and then using another seed derived from the input in order to access this sequence at pseudorandom points while generating the output hash. Since memory is the resource of general-purpose computers which is the most expensive to reproduce for ASICs (in particular it's more expensive than ALUs), this means that a one-time investment in ASICs for Litecoin mining would be much more expensive {http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html]. The memory size parameter of scrypt was selected (originally by ArtForz and Lolcust) to fit into 128.5kB, so that it'd only hit the {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache L1/L2 cache] and leave the L3 cache and the RAM alone. This means that it's possible to mine litecoins without affecting system responsiveness, and without affecting the GPUs speed in case the same computer also mines bitcoins, while still requiring a significantly large amount of memory per hash attempt. * Websites can easily embed a Litecoin miner so that casual visitors would be able to support the website by contributing their spare CPU cycles while browsing ({http://www.litecoinpool.org/embed example]). Having {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCL OpenCL] access through web browsers in order to utilize the GPU of casual visitors is much more problematic. * Developers who wish to gain advantage over regular miners might try to create implementations of scrypt that run better on specific types of hardware, which would advance the current state of knowledge in areas unrelated to Litecoin, e.g. password cracking by brute-force or dictionary attack. ===Cons=== * Attacks by {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botnet botnets]. If the botnet operator runs an unmodified litecoind in order to earn coins then such a botnet only attacks the computers under its control, not Litecoin itself, as it would actually strengthen the Litecoin network. However, the objective of a crypto-currency is to improve the world rather than to improve itself. Botnets with a high enough proportion of the total hash power could try {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_bitcoin_works#Double_spending double-spending] attacks on the Litecoin network. ==Faster transaction time== The {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty difficulty] of Litecoin adjusts so that a block is generated every 2.5 minutes on average, instead of the 10 minutes average of Bitcoin. ===Pros=== * Many people are anxious to see their transaction confirmed in the blockchain as soon as possible. * Greater granularity, for example merchants may wish to accept transactions with only 2 confirmations in Litecoin (5 minutes), while in Bitcoin you would have to wait at least 1 confirmation (10 minutes). * Waiting for the additional confirmations during about the same time period that's used with Bitcoin (e.g. 24 Litecoin blocks instead of 6 Bitcoin blocks) means that an attacker will start the gambler's ruin process {http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf] {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambler's_ruin] with a greater deficit, so the probability for a double-spending attack to succeed is smaller. To elaborate: assuming that SHA256 is a random function, the probability of successfully generating a block at each nonce attempt is constant and independent of all other attempts {https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5521.0]. Now suppose for the sake of argument that it takes on average one year to generate a block, that an attacker A has 20% of the total hash power, that an honest miner B has the other 80% of the hash power, that a seller C waited for 4 confirmations i.e. about 4 years before sending the merchandise to A, and that during those 4 years A managed to generate 1 block (on average that's what we'd expect) in secret. So A and B now compete in the gambler's ruin game, with A starting the game with a deficit of 3 blocks, and having 1/5 chance of winning each round. Because all nonce attempts are independent, if A won the first round then all the work that B did in this round is disregarded, and A and B start the second round from scratch. For stronger security, C can wait for more than 4 blocks before sending the merchandise, so the initial deficit of A is expected to be higher, i.e. B can spare to lose more rounds and therefore the probability of A carrying out a successful double-spending attack is smaller. Intuitively, the stronger security is achieved because A has a better chance to defeat B in few rounds than in many rounds (because he's at a proportionate disadvantage in each round), so by forcing A to play more rounds before sending the merchandise he would need a higher proportion of wins during this confirmations period in order to stand a chance in the gambler's ruin game that follows (for example with 40 confirms and same 20% hash power he's expected to fork 10 secret blocks and have a deficit of 30 blocks, as opposed to 3 blocks). The average time of each round doesn't play a role in the analysis, the relevant parameters are the proportion between the hash power of A and B in each round, and the amount of rounds. So in case the average time to generate a block was e.g. one minute instead of one year, this analysis would still hold, unless the 1min block time has detrimental effects on the honest miner(s) relative to the attacker (see cons). ** Therefore, relative to Bitcoin the security may be enhanced for Litecoin users who wish to wait for the extra confirmations. ===Cons=== * More overhead, the blockchain becomes more bloated. Clients running in {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability#Simplified_payment_verification simple verification mode] will be affected the most: in simple verification mode the client stores only the block headers and current wallet balance, so 4x more storage space will be needed for Litecoin clients relative to Bitcoin clients running in this mode. * Less security if everyone waits for a fixed amount of confirmations (e.g. 6 blocks), because the higher amount of {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain orphan blocks] implies that relatively less honest computing power is being put to good use while verifying the blocks, so it would be easier for an attacker to double-spend litecoins compared to bitcoins. To elaborate: let's assume network propagation time of 2 seconds, i.e. it takes 2 seconds for each node to broadcast the longest chain that it knows of to all other nodes. With 2.5min blocks, on average once every 150 seconds some node broadcasts the valid block that it found, so during the 2 seconds of propagating the new block, the other miners are wasting their hash power while working on a shorter chain, which implies that 2 out of 150 seconds are being wasted on average. If there's a fork where different groups of miners work on different chains of same length then that's ok, i.e. they don't dilute any of their hash power because of this fork, and if different groups of miners work on forks of different lengths then they'll switch to the longest chain after the network latency interval. So in total 2/150 of the honest hash power is being wasted, i.e. 1.33% dilution, compared to 10min blocks where 2/600 is 0.33% dilution. ** This analysis is incomplete because it only takes into account the dilution in hash power of the honest miners, and not the fact that when the blockchain forks more frequently it means that an attacker (with no hash power) could scan the network and try to double-spend by broadcasting inconsistent transactions to the competing chains. However, the probability of a fork (by the honest miners) to persist diminishes exponentially with the length of the forked chains. Therefore, a merchant can take precautions either by waiting for more confirms, or by scanning the network and looking for an attempt to double-spend the transaction that he received . ** Waiting for the same fixed amount of confirmations means that even if the probability of carrying out a double-spending attack isn't much higher than with slower blocks, the cost of carrying out the double-spending attack is cheaper: generating 6 blocks of 2.5min difficulty requires 4x less hash power compared to generating 6 blocks of 10min difficulty. So an attacker could afford more double-spending attempts {https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=51504.msg615442#msg615442]. * Another security risk arises with attacks that rely on network partitioning, for example if Europe and America lose internet connectivity then an attacker could spend his coins in both continents. The relevant parameter in these scenarios is the absolute time until all nodes have enough time to communicate with each other, not the frequency of generated blocks. Therefore, this isn't an inherent problem of the protocol, because waiting for 4 times the amount of blocks relative to Bitcoin would be adequate, or in other words the problem lies in the default amount of confirmations. * If the number of transactions increases by an extremely large factor, it will require more computational power to validate an increased number of ECDSA signatures at each block. With fast blocks, doing this validation in time could potentially be a problem: if there's a non-negligible probability that the time to find a nonce which generates a valid PoW is shorter than the time to validate all the ECDSA signatures in the block, then an attacker can gain an advantage over honest miners by purposely generating blocks that include fewer transactions (currently an attacker has very little to gain by trying to generate empty blocks, and one relevant effect is that the coins that he earns could become less worthy because their market value drops due to this attack). See also: {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation Myth - Point of sale with bitcoins isn't possible because of the 10 minute wait for confirmation] ==Difficulty retarget== The retarget block is 2016 in both Bitcoin and Litecoin, but because Litecoin blocks are found 4 times faster, the difficulty will retarget about every 3.5 days. ===Pros=== * When the computation power of the network reduces dramatically in the event that many miners suddenly quit, block generation would crawl until the next difficulty adjustment. Having a faster retarget mitigates this concern. ===Cons=== * Shorter retarget window may lead to less stable difficulty adjustments. For example, if a proportionally high amount of CPU power connects to the Litecoin network only during Sundays, not having any of that CPU power inside a 3.5 days retarget window will cause the difficulty to vary. Unstable difficulty is bad if it doesn't reflect the hash power of the network accurately: when the difficulty is too low relative to the CPU power that is currently in the network, the faster blocks imply more overhead, less security (see previous section), and more monetary inflation, and when the difficulty it too high relative to CPU power, the slower blocks mean slower transaction time. * Unstable difficulty might encourage chain hopping. * Less security from attacks that rely on lowering the difficulty. Example: an attacker makes a one time investment in hash power, uses this hash power to start extending a recent block with his own fork of consecutive blocks while lowering the difficulty (easier to do with the shorter retarget window), isolates a node of e.g. some online bank from the rest of the network, waits until his fork is longer than what this node has already seen in the real blockchain, broadcasts his forked chain to this node, and with the lower difficulty he now needs less hash power to continue to communicate with the isolated node until it agrees to transact in the forked chain. {https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=46498.msg556137#msg556137] ==Total number of coins in existence== The total number of litecoins that will come into existence is 4 times the total number of bitcoins that will come into existence, 84 million compared to 21 million. The reward for each Litecoin block is 50 litecoins. The rate of litecoins generation is halved every 840,000 blocks, i.e. 4 times more blocks than with Bitcoin. Since Litecoin blocks are generated 4 times faster than Bitcoin blocks, this means that the monetary inflation of Litecoin follows the same trajectory as that of Bitcoin {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_Currency_Supply] {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin#Monetary_differences], so for example at the year 2020 around 3/4 of all litecoins will have already been generated. ==Bug fixes== * Time warp bug {https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=43692.msg521772#msg521772]: the Bitcoin difficulty calculation is off by one block, so an attacker can repeatedly try to generate the last block of each retarget window, and use a fabricated timestamp of 2 hours into the future in order to make the time difference from the first block in the retarget window high, thus lowering the difficulty by 0.5%. Because of the bug, the bogus timestamp isn't used as the first block in the next retarget window, and therefore the 2 extra hours aren't being compensated for in the next difficulty calculation. Once the difficulty is low, the attacker can mine many fast coins, or in the case of a small chain, an attacker with 51% hash power could reduce the difficulty to 1 and mine a new fork from the genesis block. This isn't a feasible attack on Bitcoin, because the probability of repeatedly generating the last block once every 2 weeks at such high difficulties is negligible. Although fixing this issue in Bitcoin is possible, it should be done carefully (by adding rules that encourage nodes to upgrade over time) so to avoid a chain fork, i.e. old clients who didn't upgrade might operate with another difficulty and therefore disagree regarding which blocks are valid. In Litecoin this bug is fixed. {https://github.com/coblee/litecoin/commit/b1be77210970a6ceb3680412cc3d2f0dd4ca8fb9] ==Conclusion== The purpose of Litecoin is to function as silver to Bitcoin's gold, in the sense of being a relatively less valuable coin that is easier to obtain and transact with. The properties that make Litecoin fit to accomplish this objective can be summarized as follows: * Transactions are 4 times faster than with Bitcoin, in exchange for somewhat weaker security guarantees. * CPU mining means that the barriers to entry into the Litecoin mining market are cheap relative to Bitcoin mining. * The total amount of litecoins is 4 times higher than the total amount of bitcoins. 82d018dab3bf0f76439d89774cafe36ecb9ae780 477 476 2013-05-03T05:01:55Z Iddo 6 starting to restore links ==CPU mining vs GPU mining== For [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work proof of work], Bitcoin uses the highly parallelizable SHA256 hash function, and therefore Bitcoin mining is a GPU-friendly task. Litecoin uses [http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html scrypt] instead of SHA256 for proof of work. The scrypt hash function uses SHA256 as a subroutine, but it also depends on fast access to large amounts of memory rather than depending just on fast arithmetic operations, so it is hard to run many instances of scrypt in parallel by using the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit ALUs] of a modern graphics card. GPUs still do prove useful for Litecoin mining, though the improvement over CPUs is less significant than it was for Bitcoin mining (e.g. 10x speedup instead of 20x speedup). See also: [http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/400/why-cant-one-implement-bcrypt-in-cuda bcrypt in Cuda?], [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Why_a_GPU_mines_faster_than_a_CPU Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU], {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcrypt bcrypt] (scrypt predecessor) ===Pros=== * The market entry costs for Litecoin mining are cheap, anyone with a computer connected to the internet can mine litecoins in order to make a profit and to sustain the Litecoin network. * If your computer already mines bitcoins, then the CPU on that computer is probably idle, so you can simultaneously mine litecoins without affecting the speed in which your GPU mines bitcoins. * There is a danger that some entities would make a large one-time investment in {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit ASICs] to outcompete GPUs, thereby centralizing the mining aspect of the Bitcoin network, i.e. the market entry costs for Bitcoin mining would become too expensive for most people (this assumes that the objective of those entities isn't to sell their ASICs on the market). The scrypt algorithm used by Litecoin ensures that lots of memory is needed per hash attempt, basically by using the input as a seed to fill a large amount of memory with a {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator pseudorandom sequence], and then using another seed derived from the input in order to access this sequence at pseudorandom points while generating the output hash. Since memory is the resource of general-purpose computers which is the most expensive to reproduce for ASICs (in particular it's more expensive than ALUs), this means that a one-time investment in ASICs for Litecoin mining would be much more expensive {http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html]. The memory size parameter of scrypt was selected (originally by ArtForz and Lolcust) to fit into 128kB, so that it'd only hit the {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache L1/L2 cache] and leave the L3 cache and the RAM alone. This means that it's possible to mine litecoins without affecting system responsiveness, and without affecting the GPUs speed in case the same computer also mines bitcoins, while still requiring a significantly large amount of memory per hash attempt. * Websites can easily embed a Litecoin miner so that casual visitors would be able to support the website by contributing their spare CPU cycles while browsing ({http://www.litecoinpool.org/embed example]). Having {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCL OpenCL] access through web browsers in order to utilize the GPU of casual visitors is much more problematic. * Developers who wish to gain advantage over regular miners might try to create implementations of scrypt that run better on specific types of hardware, which would advance the current state of knowledge in areas unrelated to Litecoin, e.g. password cracking by brute-force or dictionary attack. ===Cons=== * Attacks by {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botnet botnets]. If the botnet operator runs an unmodified litecoind in order to earn coins then such a botnet only attacks the computers under its control, not Litecoin itself, as it would actually strengthen the Litecoin network. However, the objective of a crypto-currency is to improve the world rather than to improve itself. Botnets with a high enough proportion of the total hash power could try {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_bitcoin_works#Double_spending double-spending] attacks on the Litecoin network. ==Faster transaction time== The {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty difficulty] of Litecoin adjusts so that a block is generated every 2.5 minutes on average, instead of the 10 minutes average of Bitcoin. ===Pros=== * Many people are anxious to see their transaction confirmed in the blockchain as soon as possible. * Greater granularity, for example merchants may wish to accept transactions with only 2 confirmations in Litecoin (5 minutes), while in Bitcoin you would have to wait at least 1 confirmation (10 minutes). * Waiting for the additional confirmations during about the same time period that's used with Bitcoin (e.g. 24 Litecoin blocks instead of 6 Bitcoin blocks) means that an attacker will start the gambler's ruin process {http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf] {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambler's_ruin] with a greater deficit, so the probability for a double-spending attack to succeed is smaller. To elaborate: assuming that SHA256 is a random function, the probability of successfully generating a block at each nonce attempt is constant and independent of all other attempts {https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5521.0]. Now suppose for the sake of argument that it takes on average one year to generate a block, that an attacker A has 20% of the total hash power, that an honest miner B has the other 80% of the hash power, that a seller C waited for 4 confirmations i.e. about 4 years before sending the merchandise to A, and that during those 4 years A managed to generate 1 block (on average that's what we'd expect) in secret. So A and B now compete in the gambler's ruin game, with A starting the game with a deficit of 3 blocks, and having 1/5 chance of winning each round. Because all nonce attempts are independent, if A won the first round then all the work that B did in this round is disregarded, and A and B start the second round from scratch. For stronger security, C can wait for more than 4 blocks before sending the merchandise, so the initial deficit of A is expected to be higher, i.e. B can spare to lose more rounds and therefore the probability of A carrying out a successful double-spending attack is smaller. Intuitively, the stronger security is achieved because A has a better chance to defeat B in few rounds than in many rounds (because he's at a proportionate disadvantage in each round), so by forcing A to play more rounds before sending the merchandise he would need a higher proportion of wins during this confirmations period in order to stand a chance in the gambler's ruin game that follows (for example with 40 confirms and same 20% hash power he's expected to fork 10 secret blocks and have a deficit of 30 blocks, as opposed to 3 blocks). The average time of each round doesn't play a role in the analysis, the relevant parameters are the proportion between the hash power of A and B in each round, and the amount of rounds. So in case the average time to generate a block was e.g. one minute instead of one year, this analysis would still hold, unless the 1min block time has detrimental effects on the honest miner(s) relative to the attacker (see cons). ** Therefore, relative to Bitcoin the security may be enhanced for Litecoin users who wish to wait for the extra confirmations. ===Cons=== * More overhead, the blockchain becomes more bloated. Clients running in {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability#Simplified_payment_verification simple verification mode] will be affected the most: in simple verification mode the client stores only the block headers and current wallet balance, so 4x more storage space will be needed for Litecoin clients relative to Bitcoin clients running in this mode. * Less security if everyone waits for a fixed amount of confirmations (e.g. 6 blocks), because the higher amount of {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain orphan blocks] implies that relatively less honest computing power is being put to good use while verifying the blocks, so it would be easier for an attacker to double-spend litecoins compared to bitcoins. To elaborate: let's assume network propagation time of 2 seconds, i.e. it takes 2 seconds for each node to broadcast the longest chain that it knows of to all other nodes. With 2.5min blocks, on average once every 150 seconds some node broadcasts the valid block that it found, so during the 2 seconds of propagating the new block, the other miners are wasting their hash power while working on a shorter chain, which implies that 2 out of 150 seconds are being wasted on average. If there's a fork where different groups of miners work on different chains of same length then that's ok, i.e. they don't dilute any of their hash power because of this fork, and if different groups of miners work on forks of different lengths then they'll switch to the longest chain after the network latency interval. So in total 2/150 of the honest hash power is being wasted, i.e. 1.33% dilution, compared to 10min blocks where 2/600 is 0.33% dilution. ** This analysis is incomplete because it only takes into account the dilution in hash power of the honest miners, and not the fact that when the blockchain forks more frequently it means that an attacker (with no hash power) could scan the network and try to double-spend by broadcasting inconsistent transactions to the competing chains. However, the probability of a fork (by the honest miners) to persist diminishes exponentially with the length of the forked chains. Therefore, a merchant can take precautions either by waiting for more confirms, or by scanning the network and looking for an attempt to double-spend the transaction that he received . ** Waiting for the same fixed amount of confirmations means that even if the probability of carrying out a double-spending attack isn't much higher than with slower blocks, the cost of carrying out the double-spending attack is cheaper: generating 6 blocks of 2.5min difficulty requires 4x less hash power compared to generating 6 blocks of 10min difficulty. So an attacker could afford more double-spending attempts {https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=51504.msg615442#msg615442]. * Another security risk arises with attacks that rely on network partitioning, for example if Europe and America lose internet connectivity then an attacker could spend his coins in both continents. The relevant parameter in these scenarios is the absolute time until all nodes have enough time to communicate with each other, not the frequency of generated blocks. Therefore, this isn't an inherent problem of the protocol, because waiting for 4 times the amount of blocks relative to Bitcoin would be adequate, or in other words the problem lies in the default amount of confirmations. * If the number of transactions increases by an extremely large factor, it will require more computational power to validate an increased number of ECDSA signatures at each block. With fast blocks, doing this validation in time could potentially be a problem: if there's a non-negligible probability that the time to find a nonce which generates a valid PoW is shorter than the time to validate all the ECDSA signatures in the block, then an attacker can gain an advantage over honest miners by purposely generating blocks that include fewer transactions (currently an attacker has very little to gain by trying to generate empty blocks, and one relevant effect is that the coins that he earns could become less worthy because their market value drops due to this attack). See also: {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation Myth - Point of sale with bitcoins isn't possible because of the 10 minute wait for confirmation] ==Difficulty retarget== The retarget block is 2016 in both Bitcoin and Litecoin, but because Litecoin blocks are found 4 times faster, the difficulty will retarget about every 3.5 days. ===Pros=== * When the computation power of the network reduces dramatically in the event that many miners suddenly quit, block generation would crawl until the next difficulty adjustment. Having a faster retarget mitigates this concern. ===Cons=== * Shorter retarget window may lead to less stable difficulty adjustments. For example, if a proportionally high amount of CPU power connects to the Litecoin network only during Sundays, not having any of that CPU power inside a 3.5 days retarget window will cause the difficulty to vary. Unstable difficulty is bad if it doesn't reflect the hash power of the network accurately: when the difficulty is too low relative to the CPU power that is currently in the network, the faster blocks imply more overhead, less security (see previous section), and more monetary inflation, and when the difficulty it too high relative to CPU power, the slower blocks mean slower transaction time. * Unstable difficulty might encourage chain hopping. * Less security from attacks that rely on lowering the difficulty. Example: an attacker makes a one time investment in hash power, uses this hash power to start extending a recent block with his own fork of consecutive blocks while lowering the difficulty (easier to do with the shorter retarget window), isolates a node of e.g. some online bank from the rest of the network, waits until his fork is longer than what this node has already seen in the real blockchain, broadcasts his forked chain to this node, and with the lower difficulty he now needs less hash power to continue to communicate with the isolated node until it agrees to transact in the forked chain. {https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=46498.msg556137#msg556137] ==Total number of coins in existence== The total number of litecoins that will come into existence is 4 times the total number of bitcoins that will come into existence, 84 million compared to 21 million. The reward for each Litecoin block is 50 litecoins. The rate of litecoins generation is halved every 840,000 blocks, i.e. 4 times more blocks than with Bitcoin. Since Litecoin blocks are generated 4 times faster than Bitcoin blocks, this means that the monetary inflation of Litecoin follows the same trajectory as that of Bitcoin {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_Currency_Supply] {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin#Monetary_differences], so for example at the year 2020 around 3/4 of all litecoins will have already been generated. ==Bug fixes== * Time warp bug {https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=43692.msg521772#msg521772]: the Bitcoin difficulty calculation is off by one block, so an attacker can repeatedly try to generate the last block of each retarget window, and use a fabricated timestamp of 2 hours into the future in order to make the time difference from the first block in the retarget window high, thus lowering the difficulty by 0.5%. Because of the bug, the bogus timestamp isn't used as the first block in the next retarget window, and therefore the 2 extra hours aren't being compensated for in the next difficulty calculation. Once the difficulty is low, the attacker can mine many fast coins, or in the case of a small chain, an attacker with 51% hash power could reduce the difficulty to 1 and mine a new fork from the genesis block. This isn't a feasible attack on Bitcoin, because the probability of repeatedly generating the last block once every 2 weeks at such high difficulties is negligible. Although fixing this issue in Bitcoin is possible, it should be done carefully (by adding rules that encourage nodes to upgrade over time) so to avoid a chain fork, i.e. old clients who didn't upgrade might operate with another difficulty and therefore disagree regarding which blocks are valid. In Litecoin this bug is fixed. {https://github.com/coblee/litecoin/commit/b1be77210970a6ceb3680412cc3d2f0dd4ca8fb9] ==Conclusion== The purpose of Litecoin is to function as silver to Bitcoin's gold, in the sense of being a relatively less valuable coin that is easier to obtain and transact with. The properties that make Litecoin fit to accomplish this objective can be summarized as follows: * Transactions are 4 times faster than with Bitcoin, in exchange for somewhat weaker security guarantees. * CPU mining means that the barriers to entry into the Litecoin mining market are cheap relative to Bitcoin mining. * The total amount of litecoins is 4 times higher than the total amount of bitcoins. 59dd4fb44587d44c890aa753f1983d83e792ca36 476 475 2013-05-03T04:57:40Z Iddo 6 latest github revision, mediawiki format but disabled links because of spam protection? removed p2pool section ==CPU mining vs GPU mining== For {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_work proof of work], Bitcoin uses the highly parallelizable SHA256 hash function, and therefore Bitcoin mining is a GPU-friendly task. Litecoin uses {http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html scrypt] instead of SHA256 for proof of work. The scrypt hash function uses SHA256 as a subroutine, but it also depends on fast access to large amounts of memory rather than depending just on fast arithmetic operations, so it is hard to run many instances of scrypt in parallel by using the {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit ALUs] of a modern graphics card. GPUs still do prove useful for Litecoin mining, though the improvement over CPUs is less significant than it was for Bitcoin mining (e.g. 10x speedup instead of 20x speedup). See also: {http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/400/why-cant-one-implement-bcrypt-in-cuda bcrypt in Cuda?], {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Why_a_GPU_mines_faster_than_a_CPU Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU], {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcrypt bcrypt] (scrypt predecessor) ===Pros=== * The market entry costs for Litecoin mining are cheap, anyone with a computer connected to the internet can mine litecoins in order to make a profit and to sustain the Litecoin network. * If your computer already mines bitcoins, then the CPU on that computer is probably idle, so you can simultaneously mine litecoins without affecting the speed in which your GPU mines bitcoins. * There is a danger that some entities would make a large one-time investment in {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit ASICs] to outcompete GPUs, thereby centralizing the mining aspect of the Bitcoin network, i.e. the market entry costs for Bitcoin mining would become too expensive for most people (this assumes that the objective of those entities isn't to sell their ASICs on the market). The scrypt algorithm used by Litecoin ensures that lots of memory is needed per hash attempt, basically by using the input as a seed to fill a large amount of memory with a {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator pseudorandom sequence], and then using another seed derived from the input in order to access this sequence at pseudorandom points while generating the output hash. Since memory is the resource of general-purpose computers which is the most expensive to reproduce for ASICs (in particular it's more expensive than ALUs), this means that a one-time investment in ASICs for Litecoin mining would be much more expensive {http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html]. The memory size parameter of scrypt was selected (originally by ArtForz and Lolcust) to fit into 128kB, so that it'd only hit the {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache L1/L2 cache] and leave the L3 cache and the RAM alone. This means that it's possible to mine litecoins without affecting system responsiveness, and without affecting the GPUs speed in case the same computer also mines bitcoins, while still requiring a significantly large amount of memory per hash attempt. * Websites can easily embed a Litecoin miner so that casual visitors would be able to support the website by contributing their spare CPU cycles while browsing ({http://www.litecoinpool.org/embed example]). Having {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCL OpenCL] access through web browsers in order to utilize the GPU of casual visitors is much more problematic. * Developers who wish to gain advantage over regular miners might try to create implementations of scrypt that run better on specific types of hardware, which would advance the current state of knowledge in areas unrelated to Litecoin, e.g. password cracking by brute-force or dictionary attack. ===Cons=== * Attacks by {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botnet botnets]. If the botnet operator runs an unmodified litecoind in order to earn coins then such a botnet only attacks the computers under its control, not Litecoin itself, as it would actually strengthen the Litecoin network. However, the objective of a crypto-currency is to improve the world rather than to improve itself. Botnets with a high enough proportion of the total hash power could try {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/How_bitcoin_works#Double_spending double-spending] attacks on the Litecoin network. ==Faster transaction time== The {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty difficulty] of Litecoin adjusts so that a block is generated every 2.5 minutes on average, instead of the 10 minutes average of Bitcoin. ===Pros=== * Many people are anxious to see their transaction confirmed in the blockchain as soon as possible. * Greater granularity, for example merchants may wish to accept transactions with only 2 confirmations in Litecoin (5 minutes), while in Bitcoin you would have to wait at least 1 confirmation (10 minutes). * Waiting for the additional confirmations during about the same time period that's used with Bitcoin (e.g. 24 Litecoin blocks instead of 6 Bitcoin blocks) means that an attacker will start the gambler's ruin process {http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf] {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambler's_ruin] with a greater deficit, so the probability for a double-spending attack to succeed is smaller. To elaborate: assuming that SHA256 is a random function, the probability of successfully generating a block at each nonce attempt is constant and independent of all other attempts {https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5521.0]. Now suppose for the sake of argument that it takes on average one year to generate a block, that an attacker A has 20% of the total hash power, that an honest miner B has the other 80% of the hash power, that a seller C waited for 4 confirmations i.e. about 4 years before sending the merchandise to A, and that during those 4 years A managed to generate 1 block (on average that's what we'd expect) in secret. So A and B now compete in the gambler's ruin game, with A starting the game with a deficit of 3 blocks, and having 1/5 chance of winning each round. Because all nonce attempts are independent, if A won the first round then all the work that B did in this round is disregarded, and A and B start the second round from scratch. For stronger security, C can wait for more than 4 blocks before sending the merchandise, so the initial deficit of A is expected to be higher, i.e. B can spare to lose more rounds and therefore the probability of A carrying out a successful double-spending attack is smaller. Intuitively, the stronger security is achieved because A has a better chance to defeat B in few rounds than in many rounds (because he's at a proportionate disadvantage in each round), so by forcing A to play more rounds before sending the merchandise he would need a higher proportion of wins during this confirmations period in order to stand a chance in the gambler's ruin game that follows (for example with 40 confirms and same 20% hash power he's expected to fork 10 secret blocks and have a deficit of 30 blocks, as opposed to 3 blocks). The average time of each round doesn't play a role in the analysis, the relevant parameters are the proportion between the hash power of A and B in each round, and the amount of rounds. So in case the average time to generate a block was e.g. one minute instead of one year, this analysis would still hold, unless the 1min block time has detrimental effects on the honest miner(s) relative to the attacker (see cons). ** Therefore, relative to Bitcoin the security may be enhanced for Litecoin users who wish to wait for the extra confirmations. ===Cons=== * More overhead, the blockchain becomes more bloated. Clients running in {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability#Simplified_payment_verification simple verification mode] will be affected the most: in simple verification mode the client stores only the block headers and current wallet balance, so 4x more storage space will be needed for Litecoin clients relative to Bitcoin clients running in this mode. * Less security if everyone waits for a fixed amount of confirmations (e.g. 6 blocks), because the higher amount of {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_chain orphan blocks] implies that relatively less honest computing power is being put to good use while verifying the blocks, so it would be easier for an attacker to double-spend litecoins compared to bitcoins. To elaborate: let's assume network propagation time of 2 seconds, i.e. it takes 2 seconds for each node to broadcast the longest chain that it knows of to all other nodes. With 2.5min blocks, on average once every 150 seconds some node broadcasts the valid block that it found, so during the 2 seconds of propagating the new block, the other miners are wasting their hash power while working on a shorter chain, which implies that 2 out of 150 seconds are being wasted on average. If there's a fork where different groups of miners work on different chains of same length then that's ok, i.e. they don't dilute any of their hash power because of this fork, and if different groups of miners work on forks of different lengths then they'll switch to the longest chain after the network latency interval. So in total 2/150 of the honest hash power is being wasted, i.e. 1.33% dilution, compared to 10min blocks where 2/600 is 0.33% dilution. ** This analysis is incomplete because it only takes into account the dilution in hash power of the honest miners, and not the fact that when the blockchain forks more frequently it means that an attacker (with no hash power) could scan the network and try to double-spend by broadcasting inconsistent transactions to the competing chains. However, the probability of a fork (by the honest miners) to persist diminishes exponentially with the length of the forked chains. Therefore, a merchant can take precautions either by waiting for more confirms, or by scanning the network and looking for an attempt to double-spend the transaction that he received . ** Waiting for the same fixed amount of confirmations means that even if the probability of carrying out a double-spending attack isn't much higher than with slower blocks, the cost of carrying out the double-spending attack is cheaper: generating 6 blocks of 2.5min difficulty requires 4x less hash power compared to generating 6 blocks of 10min difficulty. So an attacker could afford more double-spending attempts {https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=51504.msg615442#msg615442]. * Another security risk arises with attacks that rely on network partitioning, for example if Europe and America lose internet connectivity then an attacker could spend his coins in both continents. The relevant parameter in these scenarios is the absolute time until all nodes have enough time to communicate with each other, not the frequency of generated blocks. Therefore, this isn't an inherent problem of the protocol, because waiting for 4 times the amount of blocks relative to Bitcoin would be adequate, or in other words the problem lies in the default amount of confirmations. * If the number of transactions increases by an extremely large factor, it will require more computational power to validate an increased number of ECDSA signatures at each block. With fast blocks, doing this validation in time could potentially be a problem: if there's a non-negligible probability that the time to find a nonce which generates a valid PoW is shorter than the time to validate all the ECDSA signatures in the block, then an attacker can gain an advantage over honest miners by purposely generating blocks that include fewer transactions (currently an attacker has very little to gain by trying to generate empty blocks, and one relevant effect is that the coins that he earns could become less worthy because their market value drops due to this attack). See also: {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation Myth - Point of sale with bitcoins isn't possible because of the 10 minute wait for confirmation] ==Difficulty retarget== The retarget block is 2016 in both Bitcoin and Litecoin, but because Litecoin blocks are found 4 times faster, the difficulty will retarget about every 3.5 days. ===Pros=== * When the computation power of the network reduces dramatically in the event that many miners suddenly quit, block generation would crawl until the next difficulty adjustment. Having a faster retarget mitigates this concern. ===Cons=== * Shorter retarget window may lead to less stable difficulty adjustments. For example, if a proportionally high amount of CPU power connects to the Litecoin network only during Sundays, not having any of that CPU power inside a 3.5 days retarget window will cause the difficulty to vary. Unstable difficulty is bad if it doesn't reflect the hash power of the network accurately: when the difficulty is too low relative to the CPU power that is currently in the network, the faster blocks imply more overhead, less security (see previous section), and more monetary inflation, and when the difficulty it too high relative to CPU power, the slower blocks mean slower transaction time. * Unstable difficulty might encourage chain hopping. * Less security from attacks that rely on lowering the difficulty. Example: an attacker makes a one time investment in hash power, uses this hash power to start extending a recent block with his own fork of consecutive blocks while lowering the difficulty (easier to do with the shorter retarget window), isolates a node of e.g. some online bank from the rest of the network, waits until his fork is longer than what this node has already seen in the real blockchain, broadcasts his forked chain to this node, and with the lower difficulty he now needs less hash power to continue to communicate with the isolated node until it agrees to transact in the forked chain. {https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=46498.msg556137#msg556137] ==Total number of coins in existence== The total number of litecoins that will come into existence is 4 times the total number of bitcoins that will come into existence, 84 million compared to 21 million. The reward for each Litecoin block is 50 litecoins. The rate of litecoins generation is halved every 840,000 blocks, i.e. 4 times more blocks than with Bitcoin. Since Litecoin blocks are generated 4 times faster than Bitcoin blocks, this means that the monetary inflation of Litecoin follows the same trajectory as that of Bitcoin {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_Currency_Supply] {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin#Monetary_differences], so for example at the year 2020 around 3/4 of all litecoins will have already been generated. ==Bug fixes== * Time warp bug {https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=43692.msg521772#msg521772]: the Bitcoin difficulty calculation is off by one block, so an attacker can repeatedly try to generate the last block of each retarget window, and use a fabricated timestamp of 2 hours into the future in order to make the time difference from the first block in the retarget window high, thus lowering the difficulty by 0.5%. Because of the bug, the bogus timestamp isn't used as the first block in the next retarget window, and therefore the 2 extra hours aren't being compensated for in the next difficulty calculation. Once the difficulty is low, the attacker can mine many fast coins, or in the case of a small chain, an attacker with 51% hash power could reduce the difficulty to 1 and mine a new fork from the genesis block. This isn't a feasible attack on Bitcoin, because the probability of repeatedly generating the last block once every 2 weeks at such high difficulties is negligible. Although fixing this issue in Bitcoin is possible, it should be done carefully (by adding rules that encourage nodes to upgrade over time) so to avoid a chain fork, i.e. old clients who didn't upgrade might operate with another difficulty and therefore disagree regarding which blocks are valid. In Litecoin this bug is fixed. {https://github.com/coblee/litecoin/commit/b1be77210970a6ceb3680412cc3d2f0dd4ca8fb9] ==Conclusion== The purpose of Litecoin is to function as silver to Bitcoin's gold, in the sense of being a relatively less valuable coin that is easier to obtain and transact with. 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Currently, alternative digital currencies are not produced by [[government]]-endorsed [[central banks]] nor necessarily backed by [[national currency]].<ref name=BBC1>{{cite web|last=Melik|first=James|title=Digital currency: Brave new world or criminal haven?|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19785935|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=28 February 2013}}</ref> It is differed from virtual money used in [[virtual economies]] due to its use in transactions with real goods and services; not being limited to circulation within [[online games]].<ref name=Gawker1>{{cite web|last=Chen|first=Adrian|title=The Underground Website Where You Can Buy Any Drug Imaginable|url=http://gawker.com/5805928/|publisher=Gawker|accessdate=28 February 2013|quote=He entered his address and paid the seller 50 Bitcoins—untraceable digital currency—worth around $150. Four days later the drugs, sent from Canada, arrived at his house.}}</ref> Earlier digital currencies are often backed by a promise to pay a set amount of gold or silver [[bullion]] in exchange for each of its units. Others [[Floating_exchange_rate|float]] against whatever individuals are willing to exchange for it. ==FinCen guidance== On 20 March 2013, the [[Financial Crimes Enforcement Network]] (FinCen), a bureau of the [[United States Department of the Treasury]], issued a document providing interpretive guidance to clarify the applicability of the [[Bank Secrecy Act]] (BSA) to persons creating, exchanging and transmitting digital or "virtual currencies".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fincen.gov/statutes_regs/guidance/html/FIN-2013-G001.html|title=FIN-2013-G001 : Application of FinCEN's Regulations to Persons Administering, Exchanging, or Using Virtual Currencies|date=March 18, 2013|publisher=[[Financial Crimes Enforcement Network]]}}</ref> ==List of digital currencies== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Currency !! Year Est. !! Active !! Ledger !! Website !! [[Monetary base]]/[[USD]] (April 2013) !! [[Bitcoin]]-based |- | [[e-gold]] || 1996 || {{No}} || Gold & Silver Reserve Inc. || [https://www.e-gold.com e-gold.com] || {{n/a}} || No |- | [[Digital Monetary Trust]] || 1999<ref name="Employment Opportunities in The Digital Monetary Trust">{{cite web|title=Employment Opportunites in The Digital Monetary Trust|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20000301143906/http://zolatimes.com/V3.44/dmt_employment.htm}}</ref> || {{No}} || {{n/a}} || [http://web.archive.org/web/20031008175805/orlingrabbe.com/dmt_guide.htm DMT Guide] || {{n/a}} || No |- | [[e-dinar]] || 2000 || {{n/a}}|| e-dinar Ltd. || [https://www.e-dinar.com e-dinar.com] || {{n/a}} || No |- | [[Pecunix]] || 2001 || {{n/a}} || Pecunix Inc. || [http://www.pecunix.com pecunix.com] || {{n/a}} || No |- | [[Ven (currency)|Ven]] || 2007 || {{yes}} || [[Hub Culture]] || [http://venmoney.net venmoney.net] || $2 million (est.){{Fact|date=March 2013}} || No |- | [[Bitcoin]] || 2009 || {{yes}}<ref name="Bitcoin Exchange Rate">{{cite web|title=Bitcoin Exchange Rate in USD|url=https://btc-e.com/exchange/btc_usd|accessdate=21 March 2013}}</ref> || [[Peer-to-peer|P2P network]] || [http://bitcoin.org bitcoin.org] ||~$1 billion (11 April 2013)<ref>{{cite web|title=Market Capitalization|url=http://blockchain.info/charts/market-cap|publisher=Blockchain.info|accessdate=21 March 2013}}</ref> || {{n/a}} |- | [[Ripple monetary system|Ripple]] || 2010 || {{yes}} || [[Peer-to-peer|P2P network]] || [http://ripple.com ripple.com] || {{n/a}} || No |- | [[IXcoin]] || 2011 || {{yes}} || [[Peer-to-peer|P2P network]] || [http://ixcoin.org/ ixcoin.org] || {{n/a}} || Yes |- | [[Litecoin]] || 2011 || {{yes}}<ref name="Litecoin Exchange Rate">{{cite web|title=Litecoin Exchange Rate in USD|url=https://btc-e.com/exchange/ltc_usd|accessdate=1 March 2013}}</ref> || [[Peer-to-peer|P2P network]] || [http://litecoin.org litecoin.org] || {{n/a}} || Yes |- | [[MicroCash]] || 2011 || {{n/a}} || Semi-[[Peer-to-peer|P2P network]] || [http://microcash.org/ microcash.org] || {{n/a}} || Yes |- | [[BBQCoin]] || 2012 || {{n/a}} || [[Peer-to-peer|P2P network]] || [http://bbqcoin.org bbqcoin.org] || {{n/a}} || Yes |- | [[PPCoin]] || 2012 || {{yes}} || [[Peer-to-peer|P2P network]] || [http://ppcoin.org ppcoin.org] || {{n/a}} || Yes |- | [[Terracoin]] || 2012 || {{n/a}} || [[Peer-to-peer|P2P network]] || [http://terracoin.org terracoin.org] || {{n/a}} || Yes |- | [[Freicoin]] || 2012 || {{yes}} || [[Peer-to-peer|P2P network]] || [http://freico.in/ freicoin.in] || {{n/a}} || Yes |- | [[NovaCoin]] || 2013 || {{yes}}<ref name="NovaCoin Exchange Rate">{{cite web|title=NovaCoin Exchange Rate in BTC|url=https://btc-e.com/exchange/nvc_btc|publisher=BTC-E|accessdate=1 March 2013}}</ref> || [[Peer-to-peer|P2P network]] || [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=143221.0 Forum thread] || {{n/a}} || Yes |- | [[RuCoin]] || {{n/a}} || {{No}}<ref name="RuCoin Closing">{{cite web|title=News / Closing the trading of currency pairs, RUC/BTC|url=https://btc-e.com/news/110|publisher=BTC-E|accessdate=1 March 2013}}</ref> || [[Peer-to-peer|P2P network]] || [http://rucoin.org rucoin.org] || {{n/a}} || Yes |} ==See also== * [[Digital currency exchanger]] * [[Digital gold currency]] * [[Private currency]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{reflist}} == External links== * [http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemes201210en.pdf ''Virtual Currency Schemes''], European Central Bank, Oct. 2012. * [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List_of_alternative_cryptocurrencies ''List of alternative cryptocurrencies''] Bitcoin Wiki (accessed 6 Apr 2013) [[Category:Electronic currencies]] [[Category:Alternative currencies]] [[Category:Payment systems]] [[Category:E-commerce]] b4f46b17f07982dbe060e853ecec8595cf3ac9a7 391 2013-04-29T14:51:05Z KyleLandas 0 /* List of digital currencies */ Doesn't exist {{Distinguish|virtual money|bank deposits}} '''Digital currency''', among its various names,<ref group="note">Other names include: Cryptocurrency, Virtual currency, Payment Scheme, Virtual Medium of Exchange, etc.</ref> is [[electronic money]] that acts as [[alternative currency]]. Currently, alternative digital currencies are not produced by [[government]]-endorsed [[central banks]] nor necessarily backed by [[national currency]].<ref name=BBC1>{{cite web|last=Melik|first=James|title=Digital currency: Brave new world or criminal haven?|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19785935|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=28 February 2013}}</ref> It is differed from virtual money used in [[virtual economies]] due to its use in transactions with real goods and services; not being limited to circulation within [[online games]].<ref name=Gawker1>{{cite web|last=Chen|first=Adrian|title=The Underground Website Where You Can Buy Any Drug Imaginable|url=http://gawker.com/5805928/|publisher=Gawker|accessdate=28 February 2013|quote=He entered his address and paid the seller 50 Bitcoins—untraceable digital currency—worth around $150. Four days later the drugs, sent from Canada, arrived at his house.}}</ref> Earlier digital currencies are often backed by a promise to pay a set amount of gold or silver [[bullion]] in exchange for each of its units. Others [[Floating_exchange_rate|float]] against whatever individuals are willing to exchange for it. ==FinCen guidance== On 20 March 2013, the [[Financial Crimes Enforcement Network]] (FinCen), a bureau of the [[United States Department of the Treasury]], issued a document providing interpretive guidance to clarify the applicability of the [[Bank Secrecy Act]] (BSA) to persons creating, exchanging and transmitting digital or "virtual currencies".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fincen.gov/statutes_regs/guidance/html/FIN-2013-G001.html|title=FIN-2013-G001 : Application of FinCEN's Regulations to Persons Administering, Exchanging, or Using Virtual Currencies|date=March 18, 2013|publisher=[[Financial Crimes Enforcement Network]]}}</ref> ==List of digital currencies== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Currency !! Year Est. !! Active !! Ledger !! Website !! [[Monetary base]]/[[USD]] (April 2013) !! [[Bitcoin]]-based |- | [[e-gold]] || 1996 || {{No}} || Gold & Silver Reserve Inc. || [https://www.e-gold.com e-gold.com] || {{n/a}} || No |- | [[Digital Monetary Trust]] || 1999<ref name="Employment Opportunities in The Digital Monetary Trust">{{cite web|title=Employment Opportunites in The Digital Monetary Trust|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20000301143906/http://zolatimes.com/V3.44/dmt_employment.htm}}</ref> || {{No}} || {{n/a}} || [http://web.archive.org/web/20031008175805/orlingrabbe.com/dmt_guide.htm DMT Guide] || {{n/a}} || No |- | [[e-dinar]] || 2000 || {{n/a}}|| e-dinar Ltd. || [https://www.e-dinar.com e-dinar.com] || {{n/a}} || No |- | [[Pecunix]] || 2001 || {{n/a}} || Pecunix Inc. || [http://www.pecunix.com pecunix.com] || {{n/a}} || No |- | [[Ven (currency)|Ven]] || 2007 || {{yes}} || [[Hub Culture]] || [http://venmoney.net venmoney.net] || $2 million (est.){{Fact|date=March 2013}} || No |- | [[Bitcoin]] || 2009 || {{yes}}<ref name="Bitcoin Exchange Rate">{{cite web|title=Bitcoin Exchange Rate in USD|url=https://btc-e.com/exchange/btc_usd|accessdate=21 March 2013}}</ref> || [[Peer-to-peer|P2P network]] || [http://bitcoin.org bitcoin.org] ||~$1 billion (11 April 2013)<ref>{{cite web|title=Market Capitalization|url=http://blockchain.info/charts/market-cap|publisher=Blockchain.info|accessdate=21 March 2013}}</ref> || {{n/a}} |- | [[Ripple monetary system|Ripple]] || 2010 || {{yes}} || [[Peer-to-peer|P2P network]] || [http://ripple.com ripple.com] || {{n/a}} || No |- | [[IXcoin]] || 2011 || {{yes}} || [[Peer-to-peer|P2P network]] || [http://ixcoin.org/ ixcoin.org] || {{n/a}} || Yes |- | [[Litecoin]] || 2011 || {{yes}}<ref name="Litecoin Exchange Rate">{{cite web|title=Litecoin Exchange Rate in USD|url=https://btc-e.com/exchange/ltc_usd|accessdate=1 March 2013}}</ref> || [[Peer-to-peer|P2P network]] || [http://litecoin.org litecoin.org] || {{n/a}} || Yes |- | [[MicroCash]] || 2011 || {{n/a}} || Semi-[[Peer-to-peer|P2P network]] || [http://microcash.org/ microcash.org] || {{n/a}} || Yes |- | [[BBQCoin]] || 2012 || {{n/a}} || [[Peer-to-peer|P2P network]] || [http://bbqcoin.org bbqcoin.org] || {{n/a}} || Yes |- | [[PPCoin]] || 2012 || {{yes}} || [[Peer-to-peer|P2P network]] || [http://ppcoin.org ppcoin.org] || {{n/a}} || Yes |- | [[Terracoin]] || 2012 || {{n/a}} || [[Peer-to-peer|P2P network]] || [http://terracoin.org terracoin.org] || {{n/a}} || Yes |- | [[Freicoin]] || 2012 || {{yes}} || [[Peer-to-peer|P2P network]] || [http://freico.in/ freicoin.in] || {{n/a}} || Yes |- | [[NovaCoin]] || 2013 || {{yes}}<ref name="NovaCoin Exchange Rate">{{cite web|title=NovaCoin Exchange Rate in BTC|url=https://btc-e.com/exchange/nvc_btc|publisher=BTC-E|accessdate=1 March 2013}}</ref> || [[Peer-to-peer|P2P network]] || [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=143221.0 Forum thread] || {{n/a}} || Yes |- | [[RuCoin]] || {{n/a}} || {{No}}<ref name="RuCoin Closing">{{cite web|title=News / Closing the trading of currency pairs, 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Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-es}} || Litecoin in Spanish-Litecoin en Espanol. |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-it}} || Litecoin in Italian-Litecoin in Italiano. |} ==Communities for Exchanges and Trading== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-otc}} || OTC Marketplace for Bitcoin trading and exchange. |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-investments}} || Discussion of securities and other asset investments |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-market}} || Litecoin BTC/USD/RUR stream channel. |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-investments-global}} || Litecoin investment (Litecoin Global stream channel). |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-investments-usd}} || Litecoin investment (USD stream channel). |- | {{Freenode IRC|ltc-auctions}} || Online IRC auctions. |- | {{Freenode IRC|lite-idle}} || Litecoin Game. |} 31133c9748ee1fa278e5e1a49f2256b9cc330858 497 496 2013-08-04T10:25:44Z Mn3monic 16 /* Local Communities */ Most of the following Litecoin-related IRC channels are available on [http://www.freenode.net Freenode]: ==Litecoin Project== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin}} || General Litecoin-related discussion. |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-dev}} || Litecoin Software development. |- | {{Freenode IRC|reddit-litecoin}} || Users from [http://reddit.com/r/litecoin Reddit/r/Litecoin]. |} ==Mining Related Communities== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoinmining}} || Discussion and support related to mining. The Litecoin PPS Pool. |} ==Local Communities== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-es}} || Litecoin in Spanish-Litecoin en Espanol.ù |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-it}} || Litecoin in Italian-Litecoin in Italiano. |} ==Communities for Exchanges and Trading== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-otc}} || OTC Marketplace for Bitcoin trading and exchange. |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-investments}} || Discussion of securities and other asset investments |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-market}} || Litecoin BTC/USD/RUR stream channel. |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-investments-global}} || Litecoin investment (Litecoin Global stream channel). |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-investments-usd}} || Litecoin investment (USD stream channel). |- | {{Freenode IRC|ltc-auctions}} || Online IRC auctions. |- | {{Freenode IRC|lite-idle}} || Litecoin Game. |} ac73f7d9faffe1c44665c17afe471205b8f3eddf 496 493 2013-08-04T10:25:05Z Mn3monic 16 /* Local Communities */ Most of the following Litecoin-related IRC channels are available on [http://www.freenode.net Freenode]: ==Litecoin Project== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin}} || General Litecoin-related discussion. |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-dev}} || Litecoin Software development. |- | {{Freenode IRC|reddit-litecoin}} || Users from [http://reddit.com/r/litecoin Reddit/r/Litecoin]. |} ==Mining Related Communities== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoinmining}} || Discussion and support related to mining. The Litecoin PPS Pool. |} ==Local Communities== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-es}} || Litecoin in Spanish-Litecoin en Espanol. | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-it}} || Litecoin in Italian-Litecoin in Italiano. |} ==Communities for Exchanges and Trading== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-otc}} || OTC Marketplace for Bitcoin trading and exchange. |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-investments}} || Discussion of securities and other asset investments |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-market}} || Litecoin BTC/USD/RUR stream channel. |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-investments-global}} || Litecoin investment (Litecoin Global stream channel). |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-investments-usd}} || Litecoin investment (USD stream channel). |- | {{Freenode IRC|ltc-auctions}} || Online IRC auctions. |- | {{Freenode IRC|lite-idle}} || Litecoin Game. |} ba8adf63e393e65ef52192b696e17f027ff81ff0 493 415 2013-05-14T23:58:07Z Cyrus 1 Added more channels. Source: https://forum.litecoin.net/index.php/topic,32.msg24029.html#msg24029 Most of the following Litecoin-related IRC channels are available on [http://www.freenode.net Freenode]: ==Litecoin Project== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin}} || General Litecoin-related discussion. |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-dev}} || Litecoin Software development. |- | {{Freenode IRC|reddit-litecoin}} || Users from [http://reddit.com/r/litecoin Reddit/r/Litecoin]. |} ==Mining Related Communities== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoinmining}} || Discussion and support related to mining. The Litecoin PPS Pool. |} ==Local Communities== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-es}} || Litecoin in Spanish-Litecoin en Espanol. |} ==Communities for Exchanges and Trading== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-otc}} || OTC Marketplace for Bitcoin trading and exchange. |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-investments}} || Discussion of securities and other asset investments |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-market}} || Litecoin BTC/USD/RUR stream channel. |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-investments-global}} || Litecoin investment (Litecoin Global stream channel). |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-investments-usd}} || Litecoin investment (USD stream channel). |- | {{Freenode IRC|ltc-auctions}} || Online IRC auctions. |- | {{Freenode IRC|lite-idle}} || Litecoin Game. |} 9ede2bfa8e879f9d39377dadb0919c5882ec9ab0 415 414 2013-04-29T17:06:29Z 109.99.106.133 0 Most of the following Litecoin-related IRC channels are available on [http://www.freenode.net Freenode]: ==Litecoin Project== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin}} || General Litecoin-related discussion. |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-dev}} || Litecoin Software development. |} ==Mining Related Communities== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoinmining}} || Discussion and support related to mining. The Litecoin PPS Pool |} ==Communities for Exchanges and Trading== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-otc}} || OTC Marketplace for Bitcoin trading and exchange. |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-investments}} || Discussion of securities and other asset investments |} aa85d865207c11ad4f14b986ecb73ee22e1c2d4e 414 48 2013-04-29T17:06:15Z 109.99.106.133 0 Most of the following Litecoin-related IRC channels are available on [http://www.freenode.net Freenode]: ==Litecoin Project== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin}} || General Litecoin-related discussionAAAA. |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-dev}} || Litecoin Software development. |} ==Mining Related Communities== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoinmining}} || Discussion and support related to mining. The Litecoin PPS Pool |} ==Communities for Exchanges and Trading== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-otc}} || OTC Marketplace for Bitcoin trading and exchange. |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-investments}} || Discussion of securities and other asset investments |} c4c8c53dca745e21c8bf98d150244adcd3645d69 48 47 2013-04-29T00:51:54Z Cyrus 1 Most of the following Litecoin-related IRC channels are available on [http://www.freenode.net Freenode]: ==Litecoin Project== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin}} || General Litecoin-related discussion. |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-dev}} || Litecoin Software development. |} ==Mining Related Communities== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoinmining}} || Discussion and support related to mining. The Litecoin PPS Pool |} ==Communities for Exchanges and Trading== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-otc}} || OTC Marketplace for Bitcoin trading and exchange. |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-investments}} || Discussion of securities and other asset investments |} aa85d865207c11ad4f14b986ecb73ee22e1c2d4e 47 46 2013-04-29T00:51:33Z Cyrus 1 Most of the following Litecoin-related IRC channels are available on [http://www.freenode.net Freenode]: ==Litecoin Project== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin}} || General Litecoin-related discussion. |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-dev}} || Litecoin Software development. |} ==Mining Related Communities== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoinmining}} || Discussion and support related to mining. The Litecoin PPS Pool |} ==Communities for Exchanges and Trading== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-otc}} || OTC Marketplace for Bitcoin trading and exchange.] |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-investments}} || Discussion of securities and other asset investments] |} 5c932bfc0578efcfb033d210dce1316b8f3d6570 46 45 2013-04-29T00:49:50Z Cyrus 1 Most of the following Litecoin-related IRC channels are available on [http://www.freenode.net Freenode]: ==Litecoin Project== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin}} || General Litecoin-related discussion. |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-dev}} || Litecoin Software development. |} ==Mining Related Communities== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoinmining}} || Discussion and support related to mining. The Litecoin PPS Pool |} ==Communities for Exchanges and Trading== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-assets}} || Discussion of securities and other asset investments - [http://www.bitcoin-assets.com bitcoin-assets.com] |} 2cfac444f05ab1f740ce10d404e2324b90f36a45 45 43 2013-04-29T00:48:54Z Cyrus 1 Most of the following Litecoin-related IRC channels are available on [http://www.freenode.net Freenode]: ==Litecoin Project== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin}} || General Litecoin-related discussion. |- | {{Freenode IRC|litecoin-dev}} || Litecoin Software development. |} ==Mining Related Communities== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-mining}} || Discussion and support related to mining. |} ==Communities for Exchanges and Trading== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-assets}} || Discussion of securities and other asset investments - [http://www.bitcoin-assets.com bitcoin-assets.com] |} bcf3e979682ded2d97b709e08c0c3d8947ac1d83 43 42 2013-04-29T00:44:25Z Cyrus 1 Most of the following Litecoin-related IRC channels are available on [http://www.freenode.net Freenode]: ==Litecoin Project== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin}} || General Bitcoin-related discussion. |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-dev}} || Bitcoin software development. ([http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/bitcoin-dev/logs/ history]) |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-politics}} || Discuss politics with other Bitcoin users. |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-gaming}} || Bitcoin gamers hangout. |- | {{Freenode IRC|bc-news}} || RSS News related to Bitcoin. |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-marketing}} || Marketing and promotion of bitcoin |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-gentoo}} || Gentoo community. |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-watch|text=[[Bitcoin-Watch|#bitcoin-watch]]}} || Streaming Bitcoin transactions, including market data. |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-bots}} || Bot and bot-related discussion; trading bots, IRC bots, utility bots. |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-police}} || [[Bitcoin Police]] Investigates incidents related to Bitcoin. |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-court}} || [[Bitcoin Court]] Settles disputes between parties. |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-tweets}} || Automated announce of bitcoin-related tweets. |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-church}} || [[Bitcoin Church]] Discussion of our savior Satoshi |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-wiki}} || [[Bitcoin.it Wiki]] |} ==Mining Related Communities== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-mining}} || Discussion and support related to mining. |} ==Communities for Exchanges and Trading== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-assets}} || Discussion of securities and other asset investments - [http://www.bitcoin-assets.com bitcoin-assets.com] |} a8caffdbdaeace3be1b7e163fa124d9c05d39866 42 2013-04-29T00:41:46Z Cyrus 1 Created page with "Most of the following Litecoin-related IRC channels are available on [http://www.freenode.net Freenode]: ==Litecoin Project== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |..." Most of the following Litecoin-related IRC channels are available on [http://www.freenode.net Freenode]: ==Litecoin Project== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin}} || General Bitcoin-related discussion. |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-dev}} || Bitcoin software development. ([http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/bitcoin-dev/logs/ history]) |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-politics}} || Discuss politics with other Bitcoin users. |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-gaming}} || Bitcoin gamers hangout. |- | {{Freenode IRC|bc-news}} || RSS News related to Bitcoin. |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-marketing}} || Marketing and promotion of bitcoin |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-gentoo}} || Gentoo community. |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-watch|text=[[Bitcoin-Watch|#bitcoin-watch]]}} || Streaming Bitcoin transactions, including market data. |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-bots}} || Bot and bot-related discussion; trading bots, IRC bots, utility bots. |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-police}} || [[Bitcoin Police]] Investigates incidents related to Bitcoin. |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-court}} || [[Bitcoin Court]] Settles disputes between parties. |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-tweets}} || Automated announce of bitcoin-related tweets. |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-church}} || [[Bitcoin Church]] Discussion of our savior Satoshi |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-wiki}} || [[Bitcoin.it Wiki]] |} ==Mining Related Communities== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-mining}} || Discussion and support related to mining. |} ==Communities for Exchanges and Trading== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-assets}} || Discussion of securities and other asset investments - [http://www.bitcoin-assets.com bitcoin-assets.com] |} ==Related Communities== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{Freenode IRC|opentransactions}} || [[Open Transactions]] project. |} 043089432b5d24244eaa1d40c497e5db2cd47130 0 104 250 249 2013-04-29T15:30:52Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{About|a rise in the general price level|the expansion of the early universe|Inflation (cosmology)|other uses|Inflation (disambiguation)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}} {{Economics sidebar}} In [[economics]], '''inflation''' is a rise in the general [[price level|level of prices]] of goods and services in an [[economy]] over a period of time.<ref>''See:'' *{{harvnb|Wyplosz|Burda|1997}} (Glossary); *{{harvnb|Blanchard|2000}} (Glossary) *{{harvnb|Barro|1997}} (Glossary) *{{harvnb|Abel|Bernanke|1995}} (Glossary)</ref> When the general price level rises, each unit of [[currency]] buys fewer goods and services. Consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the [[purchasing power]] per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy.<ref>[http://www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=195 Why price stability?], Central Bank of Iceland, Accessed on September 11, 2008.</ref><ref>Paul H. Walgenbach, Norman E. Dittrich and Ernest I. Hanson, (1973), Financial Accounting, New York: Harcourt Brace Javonovich, Inc. Page 429. "The Measuring Unit principle: The unit of measure in accounting shall be the base money unit of the most relevant currency. This principle also assumes that the unit of measure is stable; that is, changes in its general purchasing power are not considered sufficiently important to require adjustments to the basic financial statements."</ref> A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general [[price index]] (normally the [[consumer price index]]) over time.<ref name="Mankiw 2002 22–32">{{Harvnb|Mankiw|2002|pp=22–32}}</ref> Inflation's effects on an economy are various and can be simultaneously [[#Positive|positive]] and [[#Negative|negative]]. Negative effects of inflation include an increase in the [[opportunity cost]] of holding money, uncertainty over future inflation which may discourage investment and savings, and if inflation is rapid enough, shortages of [[good (economics)|goods]] as consumers begin [[hoarding]] out of concern that prices will increase in the future. Positive effects include ensuring that central banks can adjust [[real interest rate]]s (intended to mitigate [[recession]]s),<ref>{{Harvnb|Mankiw|2002|pp=238–255}}</ref> and encouraging investment in non-monetary capital projects. Economists generally agree that high rates of inflation and [[hyperinflation]] are caused by an excessive growth of the [[money supply]].<ref>Robert Barro and Vittorio Grilli (1994), ''European Macroeconomics'', Ch. 8, p. 139, Fig. 8.1. Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-57764-7.</ref> Views on which factors determine low to moderate rates of inflation are more varied. Low or moderate inflation may be attributed to fluctuations in [[real versus nominal value (economics)|real]] [[demand]] for goods and services, or changes in available supplies such as during [[scarcity|scarcities]], as well as to changes in the [[velocity of money]] supply measures; in particular the MZM ("Money Zero Maturity") supply velocity.<ref name=hossfeld>Oliver Hossfeld (2010) [http://www.hhl.de/fileadmin/texte/publikationen/forschungspapiere/HOSSFELD_USMONEY_INFERWP_2010-4.pdf "US Money Demand, Monetary Overhang, and Inflation Prediction"] ''International Network for Economic Research'' working paper no. 2010.4</ref><ref>[http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/MZMV MZM velocity]</ref> However, the consensus view is that a long sustained period of inflation is caused by money supply growing faster than the rate of economic growth.<ref name="Mankiw 2002 pp=81–107">{{Harvnb|Mankiw|2002|pp=81–107}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Abel|Bernanke|2005|pp=266–269}}</ref> Today, most economists favor a low and steady rate of inflation.<ref name="econjournalwatch.org">Hummel, Jeffrey Rogers. "Death and Taxes, Including Inflation: the Public versus Economists" (January 2007).[http://econjwatch.org/articles/death-and-taxes-including-inflation-the-public-versus-economists] p.56</ref> Low (as opposed to zero or [[Deflation|negative]]) inflation reduces the severity of economic [[recessions]] by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly in a downturn, and reduces the risk that a [[liquidity trap]] prevents [[monetary policy]] from stabilizing the economy.<ref>"[http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/089533003772034934 Escaping from a Liquidity Trap and Deflation: The Foolproof Way and Others]" Lars E.O. Svensson, ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'', Volume 17, Issue 4 Fall 2003, p145-166</ref> The task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is usually given to [[monetary authority|monetary authorities]]. Generally, these monetary authorities are the [[central bank]]s that control [[monetary policy]] through the setting of [[interest rate]]s, through [[open market operations]], and through the setting of banking [[reserve requirements]].<ref name=Taylor>{{Cite book |last = Taylor |first=Timothy |title=Principles of Economics |publisher=Freeload Press |publication-date=2008 |isbn=1-930789-05-X}}</ref> ==History== [[File:US Historical Inflation Ancient.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Annual inflation rates in the United States from 1666 to 2004.]] Increases in the quantity of money or in the overall [[money supply]] (or debasement of the [[means of exchange]]) have occurred in many different societies throughout history, changing with different forms of money used.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Dobson | first = Roger | title = How Alexander caused a great Babylon inflation | newspaper = [[The Independent]] | date = January 27, 2002 | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/how-alexander-caused-a-great-babylon-inflation-671072.html | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5ovyhfeCD | archivedate = April 12, 2010 | accessdate =April 12, 2010 | ref = harv | postscript = <!--None-->}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Harl | first = Kenneth W. | author-link = Kenneth W. Harl | title = Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700 | place = [[Baltimore]] | publisher = [[The Johns Hopkins University Press]] | date = June 19, 1996 | isbn = 0-8018-5291-9 | ref = harv | postscript = <!--None-->}}</ref> For instance, when gold was used as currency, the government could collect gold coins, melt them down, mix them with other metals such as silver, copper or lead, and reissue them at the same [[Real versus nominal value (economics)|nominal value]]. By diluting the gold with other metals, the government could issue more coins without also needing to increase the amount of gold used to make them. When the cost of each coin is lowered in this way, the government profits from an increase in [[seigniorage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mint.ca/royalcanadianmintpublic/RcmImageLibrary.aspx?filename=RCM_AR06_E.pdf |title=Annual Report (2006), Royal Canadian Mint, p. 4 |publisher=Mint.ca |accessdate=May 21, 2011}}</ref> This practice would increase the money supply but at the same time the relative value of each coin would be lowered. As the relative value of the coins becomes lower, consumers would need to give more coins in exchange for the same goods and services as before. These goods and services would experience a price increase as the value of each coin is reduced.<ref>Frank Shostak, "[http://mises.org/story/3018 Commodity Prices and Inflation: What's the connection", Mises Institute]</ref> With a [[fiat currency]],<ref name="Glahn">{{cite book|author=Richard von Glahn|title=Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000–1700|accessdate=28 September 2012|date=27 December 1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20408-9|page=48}}</ref> [[Song Dynasty]] China introduced the practice of printing money during the 11th century and, according to Daniel Headrick, "paper money allowed governments to spend far more than they received in taxes... in wartime, and the Song were often at war, such [[deficit spending]] caused runaway inflation."<ref name="Headrick">{{cite book|author=Daniel R. Headrick|title=Technology: A World History|accessdate=28 September 2012|date=1 April 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-988759-0|page=85}}</ref> This inflation made paper money undesirable, and in 1020, desperate officials were forced to perfume the money to encourage its use.<ref name="Allen">{{cite book|author=Larry Allen|title=The Encyclopedia of Money|accessdate=1 October 2012|date=15 October 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-251-7|page=8}}</ref> The problem of paper money inflation continued after the Song Dynasty. Peter Bernholz writes that "from then on, nearly every Chinese dynasty up to the Ming began by issuing some stable and convertible paper money and ended with pronounced inflation caused by circulating ever increasing amounts of paper notes to finance budget deficits."<ref name="Bernholz">{{cite book|author=Peter Bernholz|title=Monetary Regimes and Inflation: History, Economic and Political Relationships|accessdate=28 September 2012|year=2003|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-84376-155-6|pages=53–55}}</ref> During the Mongol [[Yuan Dynasty]], the government spent a great deal of money fighting [[Mongol conquests|costly wars]], and reacted by printing more, leading to inflation.<ref name="Ropp2010">{{cite book|author=Paul S. Ropp|title=China in World History|accessdate=28 September 2012|date=9 July 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517073-3|pages=82}}</ref> The problem of inflation became so severe that the people stopped using paper money, which they saw as "worthless paper."<ref name="Bernholz"/> Fearing the inflation that plagued the Yuan dynasty, the [[Ming Dynasty]] initially rejected the use of paper money, using only copper coins. The dynasty did not issue paper currency until 1375.<ref name="Bernholz"/> Historically, infusions of gold or silver into an economy also led to inflation. From the second half of the 15th century to the first half of the 17th, Western Europe experienced a major inflationary cycle referred to as the "[[price revolution]]",<ref>[[Earl J. Hamilton]], ''American Treasure and the Price Revolution in Spain, 1501–1650'' Harvard Economic Studies, 43 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 1934)</ref><ref>[http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/ecipa/archive/UT-ECIPA-MUNRO-99-02.pdf John Munro: ''The Monetary Origins of the 'Price Revolution':South Germany Silver Mining, Merchant Banking, and Venetian Commerce, 1470–1540'', Toronto 2003]{{dead link|date=May 2011}}</ref> with prices on average rising perhaps sixfold over 150 years. This was largely caused by the sudden influx of gold and silver from the [[New World]] into [[Habsburg Spain]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Walton, Timothy R. |title=The Spanish Treasure Fleets |publisher=Pineapple Press (FL) |year= 1994|page=85 |isbn=1-56164-049-2 |oclc= }}</ref> The silver spread throughout a previously [[Commercial revolution|cash-starved Europe]] and caused widespread inflation.<ref>[http://www.wwz.unibas.ch/makro/arbpapiere/The%20Price%20Revolutiona.pdf The Price Revolution in Europe: Empirical Results from a Structural Vectorautoregression Model. Peter Kugler and Peter Bernholz, University of Basel, 2007]{{dead link|date=May 2011}} (Demonstrates that it was the increased supply of precious metals that caused it and notes the obvious logical flaws in the contrary arguments that have become fashionable in recent decades)</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Tracy, James D. |title=Handbook of European History 1400–1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Reformation |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |location=Boston |year= 1994|page=655 |isbn=90-04-09762-7 |oclc= }}</ref> Demographic factors also contributed to upward pressure on prices, with European population growth after depopulation caused by the [[Black Death]] pandemic. By the nineteenth century, economists categorized three separate factors that cause a rise or fall in the price of goods: a change in the ''[[Value (economics)|value]]'' or production costs of the good, a change in the ''price of money'' which then was usually a fluctuation in the [[commodity]] price of the metallic content in the currency, and ''currency depreciation'' resulting from an increased supply of currency relative to the quantity of redeemable metal backing the currency. Following the proliferation of private [[banknote]] currency printed during the [[American Civil War]], the term "inflation" started to appear as a direct reference to the ''currency depreciation'' that occurred as the quantity of redeemable banknotes outstripped the quantity of metal available for their redemption. At that time, the term inflation referred to the [[devaluation]] of the currency, and not to a rise in the price of goods.<ref name="Bryan">Michael F. Bryan, "[http://www.clevelandfed.org/research/Commentary/1997/1015.pdf On the Origin and Evolution of the Word 'Inflation']"</ref> This relationship between the over-supply of banknotes and a resulting [[depreciation]] in their value was noted by earlier classical economists such as [[David Hume]] and [[David Ricardo]], who would go on to examine and debate what effect a currency devaluation (later termed ''[[monetary inflation]]'') has on the price of goods (later termed ''price inflation'', and eventually just ''inflation'').<ref>Mark Blaug, "[http://books.google.com/books?id=4nd6alor2goC&pg=PA127&lpg=PA127&dq=bullionist+inflation&source=web&ots=mG3_PT_O6q&sig=ViD-klPJPpaZxCBjdcPKh9zlwyU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result#PPA128,M1 Economic Theory in Retrospect]", pg. 129: "...this was the cause of inflation, or, to use the language of the day, 'the depreciation of banknotes.'"</ref> The adoption of [[fiat currency]] by many countries, from the 18th century onwards, made much larger variations in the supply of money possible. Since then, huge increases in the supply of [[paper money]] have taken place in a number of countries, producing [[hyperinflation]]s – episodes of extreme inflation rates much higher than those observed in earlier periods of [[commodity money]]. The [[hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic]] of Germany is a notable example. ==Related definitions== The term "inflation" originally referred to increases in the amount of money in circulation, and some economists still use the word in this way. However, most economists today use the term "inflation" to refer to a rise in the price level. An increase in the money supply may be called [[monetary inflation]], to distinguish it from rising prices, which may also for clarity be called 'price inflation'.<ref>Michael F. Bryan, ''On the Origin and Evolution of the Word "Inflation" [http://www.clevelandfed.org/research/Commentary/1997/1015.pdf]</ref> Economists generally agree that in the long run, inflation is caused by increases in the money supply.<ref name="federalreserve2004">[http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/hh/2004/july/testimony.htm ''Federal Reserve Board's semiannual Monetary Policy Report to the Congress''][http://www.federalreserve.gov/BOARDDOCS/Speeches/2003/20030723/Economics Roundtable]{{dead link|date=May 2011}}[http://www.ecb.int/press/pressconf/2004/html/is040701.en.html ''Introductory statement by Jean-Claude Trichet on July 1, 2004]''</ref> Other economic concepts related to inflation include: [[deflation (economics)|deflation]] – a fall in the general price level; [[disinflation]] – a decrease in the rate of inflation; [[hyperinflation]] – an out-of-control inflationary spiral; [[stagflation]] – a combination of inflation, slow economic growth and high unemployment; and [[reflation]] – an attempt to raise the general level of prices to counteract deflationary pressures. Since there are many possible measures of the price level, there are many possible measures of price inflation. Most frequently, the term "inflation" refers to a rise in a broad price index representing the overall price level for goods and services in the economy. The [[Consumer Price Index]] (CPI), the [[Personal consumption expenditures price index|Personal Consumption Expenditures Price Index]] (PCEPI) and the [[GDP deflator]] are some examples of broad price indices. However, "inflation" may also be used to describe a rising price level within a narrower set of assets, goods or services within the economy, such as [[commodity|commodities]] (including food, fuel, metals), [[tangible asset]]s (such as real estate), [[financial asset]]s (such as stocks, bonds), services (such as entertainment and health care), or [[Labour (economics)|labor]]. The [[Reuters-CRB Index]] (CCI), the [[Producer Price Index]], and [[Employment Cost Index]] (ECI) are examples of narrow price indices used to measure price inflation in particular sectors of the economy. [[Core inflation]] is a measure of inflation for a subset of consumer prices that excludes food and energy prices, which rise and fall more than other prices in the short term. The [[Federal Reserve Board]] pays particular attention to the core inflation rate to get a better estimate of long-term future inflation trends overall.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kiley |first=Michael J. |title=Estimating the common trend rate of inflation for consumer prices and consumer prices excluding food and energy prices |work=Finance and Economic Discussion Series |publisher=Federal Reserve Board |publication-date=2008 |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/Pubs/feds/2008/200838/200838pap.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> ==Measures== [[File:US Inflation.png|thumb|upright=1.4|CPI inflation (year-on-year) in the United States from 1914 to 2010.]] The inflation rate is widely calculated by calculating the movement or change in a price index, usually the [[consumer price index]].<ref>''See:'' *{{harvnb|Taylor|Hall|1993}}; *{{harvnb|Blanchard|2000}}; *{{harvnb|Barro|1997}}</ref> The consumer price index measures movements in prices of a fixed basket of goods and services purchased by a "typical consumer".<ref name="Mankiw 2002 22–32"/> The inflation rate is the percentage rate of change of a price index over time. The [[Retail Prices Index]] is also a measure of inflation that is commonly used in the [[United Kingdom]]. It is broader than the CPI and contains a larger basket of goods and services. To illustrate the method of calculation, in January 2007, the U.S. Consumer Price Index was 202.416, and in January 2008 it was 211.080. The formula for calculating the annual percentage rate inflation in the CPI over the course of 2007 is :<math>\left(\frac{211.080-202.416}{202.416}\right)\times100%=4.28%</math> The resulting inflation rate for the CPI in this one year period is 4.28%, meaning the general level of prices for typical U.S. consumers rose by approximately four percent in 2007.<ref>The numbers reported here refer to the US Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers, All Items, series CPIAUCNS, from base level 100 in base year 1982. They were downloaded from the [http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/CPIAUCNS?cid=9 FRED database] at the [[Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis]] on August 8, 2008.</ref> Other widely used price indices for calculating price inflation include the following: *'''[[Producer price index|Producer price indices]]''' (PPIs) which measures average changes in prices received by domestic producers for their output. This differs from the CPI in that price subsidization, profits, and taxes may cause the amount received by the producer to differ from what the consumer paid. There is also typically a delay between an increase in the PPI and any eventual increase in the CPI. Producer price index measures the pressure being put on producers by the costs of their raw materials. This could be "passed on" to consumers, or it could be absorbed by profits, or offset by increasing productivity. In India and the United States, an earlier version of the PPI was called the [[Wholesale price index|Wholesale Price Index]]. *'''[[Commodity price index|Commodity price indices]]''', which measure the price of a selection of commodities. In the present commodity price indices are weighted by the relative importance of the components to the "all in" cost of an employee. *'''[[Core inflation|Core price indices]]''': because food and oil prices can change quickly due to changes in [[supply and demand]] conditions in the food and oil markets, it can be difficult to detect the long run trend in price levels when those prices are included. Therefore most [[List of national and international statistical services|statistical agencies]] also report a measure of 'core inflation', which removes the most volatile components (such as food and oil) from a broad price index like the CPI. Because core inflation is less affected by short run supply and demand conditions in specific markets, [[central bank]]s rely on it to better measure the inflationary impact of current [[monetary policy]]. Other common measures of inflation are: *'''[[GDP deflator]]''' is a measure of the price of all the goods and services included in gross domestic product (GDP). The US Commerce Department publishes a deflator series for US GDP, defined as its nominal GDP measure divided by its real GDP measure. *'''Regional inflation''' The Bureau of Labor Statistics breaks down CPI-U calculations down to different regions of the US. *'''Historical inflation''' Before collecting consistent econometric data became standard for governments, and for the purpose of comparing absolute, rather than relative standards of living, various economists have calculated imputed inflation figures. Most inflation data before the early 20th century is imputed based on the known costs of goods, rather than compiled at the time. It is also used to adjust for the differences in real standard of living for the presence of technology. *'''[[Asset price inflation]]''' is an undue increase in the prices of real or financial assets, such as [[stock]] (equity) and real estate. While there is no widely accepted index of this type, some central bankers have suggested that it would be better to aim at stabilizing a wider general price level inflation measure that includes some asset prices, instead of stabilizing CPI or core inflation only. The reason is that by raising interest rates when stock prices or real estate prices rise, and lowering them when these asset prices fall, central banks might be more successful in avoiding [[economic bubble|bubbles]] and crashes in asset prices.{{Dubious|date=November 2008}} ===Issues in measuring=== Measuring inflation in an economy requires objective means of differentiating changes in nominal prices on a common set of goods and services, and distinguishing them from those price shifts resulting from changes in value such as volume, quality, or performance. For example, if the price of a 10&nbsp;oz. can of corn changes from $0.90 to $1.00 over the course of a year, with no change in quality, then this price difference represents inflation. This single price change would not, however, represent general inflation in an overall economy. To measure overall inflation, the price change of a large "basket" of representative goods and services is measured. This is the purpose of a [[price index]], which is the combined price of a "basket" of many goods and services. The combined price is the sum of the weighted prices of items in the "basket". A weighted price is calculated by multiplying the [[unit price]] of an item by the number of that item the average consumer purchases. Weighted pricing is a necessary means to measuring the impact of individual unit price changes on the economy's overall inflation. The [[Consumer Price Index]], for example, uses data collected by surveying households to determine what proportion of the typical consumer's overall spending is spent on specific goods and services, and weights the average prices of those items accordingly. Those weighted average prices are combined to calculate the overall price. To better relate price changes over time, indexes typically choose a "base year" price and assign it a value of 100. Index prices in subsequent years are then expressed in relation to the base year price.<ref name=Taylor/> While comparing inflation measures for various periods one has to take into consideration the [[Base effect (inflation)|base effect]] as well. Inflation measures are often modified over time, either for the relative weight of goods in the basket, or in the way in which goods and services from the present are compared with goods and services from the past. Over time, adjustments are made to the type of goods and services selected in order to reflect changes in the sorts of goods and services purchased by 'typical consumers'. New products may be introduced, older products disappear, the quality of existing products may change, and consumer preferences can shift. Both the sorts of goods and services which are included in the "basket" and the weighted price used in inflation measures will be changed over time in order to keep pace with the changing marketplace.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Inflation numbers are often [[seasonally adjusted]] in order to differentiate expected cyclical cost shifts. For example, home heating costs are expected to rise in colder months, and seasonal adjustments are often used when measuring for inflation to compensate for cyclical spikes in energy or fuel demand. Inflation numbers may be averaged or otherwise subjected to statistical techniques in order to remove [[statistical noise]] and [[Volatility (finance)|volatility]] of individual prices.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} When looking at inflation, economic institutions may focus only on certain kinds of prices, or ''special indices'', such as the [[core inflation|core inflation index]] which is used by central banks to formulate [[monetary policy]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Most inflation indices are calculated from weighted averages of selected price changes. This necessarily introduces distortion, and can lead to legitimate disputes about what the true inflation rate is. This problem can be overcome by including all available price changes in the calculation, and then choosing the [[median]] value.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clevelandfed.org/Research/commentary/1991/1201.pdf |title=Median Price Changes: An Alternative Approach to Measuring Current Monetary Inflation |format=PDF |accessdate=May 21, 2011}}</ref> In some other cases, governments may intentionally report false inflation rates; for instance, the [[government of Argentina]] has been criticised for manipulating economic data, such as inflation and GDP figures, for political gain and to reduce payments on its inflation-indexed debt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/02/us-imf-argentina-idUSBRE91019920130202 |title=IMF reprimands Argentina for inaccurate economic data |accessdate=February 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-01/argentina-becomes-first-nation-censured-by-imf-on-inflation-data.html |title=Argentina Becomes First Nation Censured by IMF on Economic Data |accessdate=February 2, 2013}}</ref> ==Effects== ===General=== An increase in the general level of prices implies a decrease in the purchasing power of the currency. That is, when the general level of prices rise, each monetary unit buys fewer goods and services. The effect of inflation is not distributed evenly in the economy, and as a consequence there are hidden costs to some and benefits to others from this decrease in the purchasing power of money. For example, with inflation, those segments in society which own physical assets, such as property, stock etc., benefit from the price/value of their holdings going up, while those who seek to acquire them will need to pay more for them. Their ability to do so will depend on the degree to which their income is fixed. For example, increases in payments to workers and pensioners often lag behind inflation, and for some people income is fixed. Also, individuals or institutions with cash assets will experience a decline in the purchasing power of the cash. Increases in the price level (inflation) erode the real value of money (the functional currency) and other items with an underlying monetary nature. Debtors who have debts with a fixed nominal rate of interest will see a reduction in the "real" interest rate as the inflation rate rises. The real interest on a loan is the nominal rate minus the inflation rate.The formula ''R = N-I'' approximates the correct answer as long as both the nominal interest rate and the inflation rate are small. The correct equation is ''r = n/i'' where ''r'', ''n'' and ''i'' are expressed as [[ratio]]s (e.g. 1.2 for +20%, 0.8 for −20%). As an example, when the inflation rate is 3%, a loan with a nominal interest rate of 5% would have a real interest rate of approximately 2%. Any unexpected increase in the inflation rate would decrease the real interest rate. Banks and other lenders adjust for this inflation risk either by including an inflation risk premium to fixed interest rate loans, or lending at an adjustable rate. ===Negative=== High or unpredictable inflation rates are regarded as harmful to an overall economy. They add inefficiencies in the market, and make it difficult for companies to budget or plan long-term. Inflation can act as a drag on productivity as companies are forced to shift resources away from products and services in order to focus on profit and losses from currency inflation.<ref name=Taylor/> Uncertainty about the future purchasing power of money discourages investment and saving.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Personal Savings and Anticipated Inflation | journal=The Economic Journal | last=Bulkley | first=George | volume=91 | issue=361 | month=March | year=1981| pages=124–135 | doi=10.2307/2231702 | ref=harv | jstor=2231702}}</ref> And inflation can impose hidden tax increases, as inflated earnings push taxpayers into higher income tax rates unless the tax brackets are indexed to inflation. With high inflation, purchasing power is redistributed from those on fixed nominal incomes, such as some pensioners whose pensions are not indexed to the price level, towards those with variable incomes whose earnings may better keep pace with the inflation.<ref name=Taylor/> This redistribution of purchasing power will also occur between international trading partners. Where fixed [[exchange rate]]s are imposed, higher inflation in one economy than another will cause the first economy's exports to become more expensive and affect the [[balance of trade]]. There can also be negative impacts to trade from an increased instability in currency exchange prices caused by unpredictable inflation. ;[[Cost-push inflation]]: High inflation can prompt employees to demand rapid wage increases, to keep up with consumer prices. In the cost-push theory of inflation, rising wages in turn can help fuel inflation. In the case of collective bargaining, wage growth will be set as a function of inflationary expectations, which will be higher when inflation is high. This can cause a [[price/wage spiral|wage spiral]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/287700/inflation/3512/The-cost-push-theory Encyclopædia Britannica], "The cost-push theory".</ref> In a sense, inflation begets further inflationary expectations, which beget further inflation. ;[[Hoarding]]: People buy durable and/or non-perishable commodities and other goods as stores of wealth, to avoid the losses expected from the declining purchasing power of money, creating shortages of the hoarded goods. ;Social unrest and revolts: Inflation can lead to massive demonstrations and revolutions. For example, inflation and in particular food inflation is considered as one of the main reasons that caused the 2010–2011 [[Tunisian revolution]]<ref>"Les Egyptiens souffrent aussi de l'accélération de l'inflation", Céline Jeancourt-Galignani – La Tribune, February 10, 2011</ref> and the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]],<ref name="tna">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewage.co.za/8894-1007-53-Egypt_protests_a_ticking_time_bomb_Analysts|title=Egypt protests a ticking time bomb: Analysts|author=AFP|publisher=The New Age|date=January 27, 2011|accessdate=January 29, 2011}}</ref> according to many observators including [[Robert Zoellick]],<ref>"Les prix alimentaires proches de «la cote d'alerte»" – Le Figaro, with AFP, February 20, 2011</ref> president of the [[World Bank]]. Tunisian president [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]] was ousted, Egyptian President [[Hosni Mubarak]] was also ousted after only 18 days of demonstrations, and protests soon spread in many countries of North Africa and Middle East. ;[[Hyperinflation]]: If inflation gets totally out of control (in the upward direction), it can grossly interfere with the normal workings of the economy, hurting its ability to supply goods. Hyperinflation can lead to the abandonment of the use of the country's currency, leading to the [[Barter#Limitations of a barter economy|inefficiencies of barter]]. ;[[Allocative efficiency]]: A change in the supply or demand for a good will normally cause its [[relative price]] to change, signaling to buyers and sellers that they should re-allocate resources in response to the new market conditions. But when prices are constantly changing due to inflation, price changes due to genuine relative [[price signal]]s are difficult to distinguish from price changes due to general inflation, so agents are slow to respond to them. The result is a loss of allocative efficiency. ;[[Shoe leather cost]]: High inflation increases the opportunity cost of holding cash balances and can induce people to hold a greater portion of their assets in interest paying accounts. However, since cash is still needed in order to carry out transactions this means that more "trips to the bank" are necessary in order to make withdrawals, proverbially wearing out the "shoe leather" with each trip. ;[[Menu costs]]: With high inflation, firms must change their prices often in order to keep up with economy-wide changes. But often changing prices is itself a costly activity whether explicitly, as with the need to print new menus, or implicitly. ;[[Business cycles]]: According to the [[Austrian Business Cycle Theory]], inflation sets off the business cycle. Austrian economists hold this to be the most damaging effect of inflation. According to Austrian theory, artificially low interest rates and the associated increase in the money supply lead to reckless, speculative borrowing, resulting in clusters of malinvestments, which eventually have to be liquidated as they become unsustainable.<ref>Thorsten Polleit, "[http://mises.org/story/2901 Inflation Is a Policy that Cannot Last]", Mises Institute</ref> ===Positive=== ;Labour-market adjustments: Nominal wages are [[Sticky (economics)|slow to adjust downwards]]. This can lead to prolonged disequilibrium and high unemployment in the labor market. Since inflation allows real wages to fall even if nominal wages are kept constant, moderate inflation enables labor markets to reach equilibrium faster.<ref>Tobin, James, American Economic Review, march (1969), "Inflation and Unemployment"</ref> ;Room to maneuver: The primary tools for controlling the money supply are the ability to set the [[discount rate]], the rate at which banks can borrow from the central bank, and [[open market operations]], which are the central bank's interventions into the bonds market with the aim of affecting the nominal interest rate. If an economy finds itself in a recession with already low, or even zero, nominal interest rates, then the bank cannot cut these rates further (since negative nominal interest rates are impossible) in order to stimulate the economy – this situation is known as a [[liquidity trap]]. A moderate level of inflation tends to ensure that nominal interest rates stay sufficiently above zero so that if the need arises the bank can cut the nominal interest rate.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} ;Mundell–Tobin effect: The [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel]] laureate Robert Mundell noted that moderate inflation would induce savers to substitute lending for some money holding as a means to finance future spending. That substitution would cause market clearing real interest rates to fall.<ref>Mundell, James, Journal of Political Economy, LXXI (1963), 280–83 "Inflation and Real Interest"</ref> The lower real rate of interest would induce more borrowing to finance investment. In a similar vein, Nobel laureate James Tobin noted that such inflation would cause businesses to substitute investment in [[physical capital]] (plant, equipment, and inventories) for money balances in their asset portfolios. That substitution would mean choosing the making of investments with lower rates of real return. (The rates of return are lower because the investments with higher rates of return were already being made before.)<ref>Tobin, J. Econometrica, V 33, (1965), 671–84 "Money and Economic Growth"</ref> The two related effects are known as the [[Mundell–Tobin effect]]. Unless the economy is already overinvesting according to models of [[Economic growth|economic growth theory]], that extra investment resulting from the effect would be seen as positive. ;Instability with deflation: Economist S.C. Tsaing noted that once substantial deflation is expected, two important effects will appear; both a result of money holding substituting for lending as a vehicle for saving.<ref>Tsaing, S.C., Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, I(1969), 266–80 "A Critical Note on the Optimum Supply of Money"</ref> The first was that continually falling prices and the resulting incentive to hoard money will cause instability resulting from the likely increasing fear, while money hoards grow in value, that the value of those hoards are at risk, as people realize that a movement to trade those money hoards for real goods and assets will quickly drive those prices up. Any movement to spend those hoards "once started would become a tremendous avalanche, which could rampage for a long time before it would spend itself."<ref>(p272)</ref> Thus, a regime of long-term deflation is likely to be interrupted by periodic spikes of rapid inflation and consequent real economic disruptions. Moderate and stable inflation would avoid such a seesawing of price movements. ;Financial market inefficiency with deflation: The second effect noted by Tsaing is that when savers have substituted money holding for lending on financial markets, the role of those markets in channeling savings into investment is undermined. With nominal interest rates driven to zero, or near zero, from the competition with a high return money asset, there would be no price mechanism in whatever is left of those markets. With financial markets effectively euthanized, the remaining goods and physical asset prices would move in perverse directions. For example, an increased desire to save could not push interest rates further down (and thereby stimulate investment) but would instead cause additional money hoarding, driving consumer prices further down and making investment in consumer goods production thereby less attractive. Moderate inflation, once its expectation is incorporated into nominal interest rates, would give those interest rates room to go both up and down in response to shifting investment opportunities, or savers' preferences, and thus allow financial markets to function in a more normal fashion. ==Causes== Historically, a great deal of economic literature was concerned with the question of what causes inflation and what effect it has. There were different schools of thought as to the causes of inflation. Most can be divided into two broad areas: quality theories of inflation and quantity theories of inflation. The quality theory of inflation rests on the expectation of a seller accepting currency to be able to exchange that currency at a later time for goods that are desirable as a buyer. The [[quantity theory of money|quantity theory of inflation]] rests on the quantity equation of money, that relates the money supply, its [[velocity of money|velocity]], and the nominal value of exchanges. [[Adam Smith]] and [[David Hume]] proposed a quantity theory of inflation for money, and a quality theory of inflation for production. {{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} Currently, the quantity theory of money is widely accepted as an accurate model of inflation in the long run. Consequently, there is now broad agreement among economists that in the long run, the inflation rate is essentially dependent on the growth rate of money supply relative to the growth of the economy. However, in the short and medium term inflation may be affected by supply and demand pressures in the economy, and influenced by the relative elasticity of wages, prices and interest rates.<ref name="federalreserve2004"/> The question of whether the short-term effects last long enough to be important is the central topic of debate between monetarist and Keynesian economists. In [[monetarism]] prices and wages adjust quickly enough to make other factors merely marginal behavior on a general trend-line. In the [[Keynesian economics|Keynesian]] view, prices and wages adjust at different rates, and these differences have enough effects on real output to be "long term" in the view of people in an economy. ===Keynesian view=== [[Keynesian economics]] proposes that changes in money supply do not directly affect prices, and that visible inflation is the result of pressures in the economy expressing themselves in prices. There are three major types of inflation, as part of what [[Robert J. Gordon]] calls the "[[triangle model]]":<ref>Robert J. Gordon (1988), ''Macroeconomics: Theory and Policy'', 2nd ed., Chap. 22.4, 'Modern theories of inflation'. McGraw-Hill.</ref> *''[[Demand-pull inflation]]'' is caused by increases in aggregate demand due to increased private and government spending, etc. Demand inflation encourages economic growth since the excess demand and favourable market conditions will stimulate investment and expansion. *''[[Cost-push inflation]]'', also called "supply shock inflation," is caused by a drop in aggregate supply (potential output). This may be due to natural disasters, or increased prices of inputs. For example, a sudden decrease in the supply of oil, leading to increased oil prices, can cause cost-push inflation. Producers for whom oil is a part of their costs could then pass this on to consumers in the form of increased prices. Another example stems from unexpectedly high Insured Losses, either legitimate (catastrophes) or fraudulent (which might be particularly prevalent in times of recession).{{citation needed|date=March 2011}} *[[Built-in inflation]] is induced by [[adaptive expectations]], and is often linked to the "[[price/wage spiral]]". It involves workers trying to keep their wages up with prices (above the rate of inflation), and firms passing these higher labor costs on to their customers as higher prices, leading to a 'vicious circle'. Built-in inflation reflects events in the past, and so might be seen as [[hangover inflation]]. [[Demand-pull theory]] states that inflation accelerates when [[aggregate demand]] increases beyond the ability of the economy to produce (its [[potential output]]). Hence, any factor that increases aggregate demand can cause inflation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Sullivan |first1=Arthur |authorlink1=Arthur O'Sullivan (economist) |last2=Sheffrin |first2=Steven M. |title=Economics: Principles in Action |url=http://www.amazon.com/Economics-Principles-Action-OSullivan/dp/0130630853 |accessdate=May 3, 2009 |edition=2nd |series=The Wall Street Journal:Classroom Edition |year=2003 |origyear= January 2002|publisher= Pearson Prentice Hall: Addison Wesley Longman|location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 |isbn=0-13-063085-3 |page= 341}}</ref> However, in the long run, aggregate demand can be held above productive capacity only by increasing the quantity of money in circulation faster than the real growth rate of the economy. Another (although much less common) cause can be a rapid decline in the ''demand'' for money, as happened in Europe during the [[Black Death]], or in the [[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere|Japanese occupied territories]] just before the defeat of Japan in 1945. The effect of money on inflation is most obvious when governments finance spending in a crisis, such as a civil war, by printing money excessively. This sometimes leads to [[hyperinflation]], a condition where prices can double in a month or less. Money supply is also thought to play a major role in determining moderate levels of inflation, although there are differences of opinion on how important it is. For example, [[Monetarism|Monetarist]] economists believe that the link is very strong; Keynesian economists, by contrast, typically emphasize the role of [[aggregate demand]] in the economy rather than the money supply in determining inflation. That is, for Keynesians, the money supply is only one determinant of aggregate demand. Some Keynesian economists also disagree with the notion that central banks fully control the money supply, arguing that central banks have little control, since the money supply adapts to the demand for bank credit issued by commercial banks. This is known as the theory of [[endogenous money]], and has been advocated strongly by [[post-Keynesian]]s as far back as the 1960s. It has today become a central focus of [[Taylor rule]] advocates. This position is not universally accepted – banks create money by making loans, but the aggregate volume of these loans diminishes as real interest rates increase. Thus, central banks can influence the money supply by making money cheaper or more expensive, thus increasing or decreasing its production. A fundamental concept in inflation analysis is the relationship between inflation and unemployment, called the [[Phillips curve]]. This model suggests that there is a [[trade-off]] between price stability and employment. Therefore, some level of inflation could be considered desirable in order to minimize unemployment. The Phillips curve model described the U.S. experience well in the 1960s but failed to describe the combination of rising inflation and economic stagnation (sometimes referred to as ''[[stagflation]]'') experienced in the 1970s. Thus, modern macroeconomics describes inflation using a Phillips curve that ''shifts'' (so the trade-off between inflation and unemployment changes) because of such matters as supply shocks and inflation becoming built into the normal workings of the economy. The former refers to such events as the oil shocks of the 1970s, while the latter refers to the price/wage spiral and [[Adaptive expectations|inflationary expectations]] implying that the economy "normally" suffers from inflation. Thus, the Phillips curve represents only the demand-pull component of the triangle model. Another concept of note is the [[potential output]] (sometimes called the "natural gross domestic product"), a level of GDP, where the economy is at its optimal level of production given institutional and natural constraints. (This level of output corresponds to the Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment, [[NAIRU]], or the "natural" rate of unemployment or the full-employment unemployment rate.) If GDP exceeds its potential (and unemployment is below the NAIRU), the theory says that inflation will ''accelerate'' as suppliers increase their prices and built-in inflation worsens. If GDP falls below its potential level (and unemployment is above the NAIRU), inflation will ''decelerate'' as suppliers attempt to fill excess capacity, cutting prices and undermining built-in inflation.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Coe | first = David T | title = Nominal Wages. The NAIRU and Wage Flexibility | publisher = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development | url = http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/59/19/33917832.pdf | ref = harv }}</ref> However, one problem with this theory for policy-making purposes is that the exact level of potential output (and of the NAIRU) is generally unknown and tends to change over time. Inflation also seems to act in an asymmetric way, rising more quickly than it falls. Worse, it can change because of policy: for example, high unemployment under British Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] might have led to a rise in the NAIRU (and a fall in potential) because many of the unemployed found themselves as [[Structural unemployment|structurally unemployed]] (also see [[unemployment]]), unable to find jobs that fit their skills. A rise in structural unemployment implies that a smaller percentage of the labor force can find jobs at the NAIRU, where the economy avoids crossing the threshold into the realm of accelerating inflation. ====Unemployment==== A connection between inflation and unemployment has been drawn since the emergence of large scale unemployment in the 19th century, and connections continue to be drawn today. However, the [[unemployment rate]] generally only affects inflation in the short-term but not the long-term.<ref name=chang>Chang, R. (1997) [https://www.frbatlanta.org/filelegacydocs/ACFC7.pdf "Is Low Unemployment Inflationary?"] ''Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic Review'' 1Q97:4-13</ref> In the long term, the [[velocity of money]] supply measures such as the MZM ("Money Zero Maturity," representing cash and equivalent [[demand deposits]]) velocity is far more predictive of inflation than low unemployment.<ref name=hossfeld/> In [[Marxian economics]], the unemployed serve as a [[reserve army of labor]], which restrain wage inflation. In the 20th century, similar concepts in Keynesian economics include the [[NAIRU]] (Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment) and the [[Phillips curve]]. ===Monetarist view=== [[File:M2andInflation.png|thumb|right|Inflation is related to growth in money supply (using the M2 definition) over the long run.]] {{details|Monetarism}} Monetarists believe the most significant factor influencing inflation or deflation is how fast the money supply grows or shrinks. They consider fiscal policy, or government spending and taxation, as ineffective in controlling inflation.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lagassé, Paul |title=The Columbia Encyclopedia |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |year=2000 |chapter=Monetarism |isbn=0-7876-5015-3 |edition=6th}}</ref> According to the famous monetarist economist [[Milton Friedman]], ''"Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon."''<ref name="Friedman">{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Milton|title=A Monetary History of the United States 1867–1960 (1963)}}</ref> Some monetarists, however, will qualify this by making an exception for very short-term circumstances. Monetarists assert that the empirical study of monetary history shows that inflation has always been a monetary phenomenon. The [[quantity theory of money]], simply stated, says that any change in the amount of money in a system will change the price level. This theory begins with the [[equation of exchange]]: :<math>MV = PQ</math> where :<math>M</math> is the nominal quantity of money. :<math>V</math> is the [[velocity of money]] in final expenditures; :<math>P</math> is the general price level; :<math>Q</math> is an index of the [[real versus nominal value (economics)|real value]] of final expenditures; In this formula, the general price level is related to the level of real economic activity (''Q''), the quantity of money (''M'') and the velocity of money (''V''). The formula is an identity because the velocity of money (''V'') is defined to be the ratio of final nominal expenditure (<math> PQ </math>) to the quantity of money (''M''). Monetarists assume that the velocity of money is unaffected by monetary policy (at least in the long run), and the real value of output is determined in the long run by the productive capacity of the economy. Under these assumptions, the primary driver of the change in the general price level is changes in the quantity of money. With exogenous velocity (that is, velocity being determined externally and not being influenced by monetary policy), the money supply determines the value of nominal output (which equals final expenditure) in the short run. In practice, velocity is not exogenous in the short run, and so the formula does not necessarily imply a stable short-run relationship between the money supply and nominal output. However, in the long run, changes in velocity are assumed to be determined by the evolution of the payments mechanism. If velocity is relatively unaffected by monetary policy, the long-run rate of increase in prices (the inflation rate) is equal to the long-run growth rate of the money supply plus the exogenous long-run rate of velocity growth minus the long run growth rate of real output.<ref name="Mankiw 2002 pp=81–107"/> ===Rational expectations theory=== {{details|Rational expectations theory}} Rational expectations theory holds that economic actors look rationally into the future when trying to maximize their well-being, and do not respond solely to immediate opportunity costs and pressures. In this view, while generally grounded in monetarism, future expectations and strategies are important for inflation as well. A core assertion of rational expectations theory is that actors will seek to "head off" central-bank decisions by acting in ways that fulfill predictions of higher inflation. This means that central banks must establish their credibility in fighting inflation, or economic actors will make bets that the central bank will expand the money supply rapidly enough to prevent recession, even at the expense of exacerbating inflation. Thus, if a central bank has a reputation as being "soft" on inflation, when it announces a new policy of fighting inflation with restrictive monetary growth economic agents will not believe that the policy will persist; their inflationary expectations will remain high, and so will inflation. On the other hand, if the central bank has a reputation of being "tough" on inflation, then such a policy announcement will be believed and inflationary expectations will come down rapidly, thus allowing inflation itself to come down rapidly with minimal economic disruption. ===Heterodox views=== There are also various heterodox theories that downplay or reject the views of the Keynesians and monetarists. ====Austrian view==== {{See also|Austrian School|Monetary inflation}} The [[Austrian School]] asserts that inflation is an increase in the [[money supply]], rising prices are merely consequences and this semantic difference is important in defining inflation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mises.org/story/908 |title=Defining Inflation |accessdate=September 20, 2008 |last=Shostak, PhD |first=Frank |date=March 2, 2002 |publisher=Mises Institute }}</ref> Austrians stress that inflation affects prices to various degrees (i.e., that prices rise more sharply in some sectors than in other sectors of the economy). The reason for the disparity is that excess money will be concentrated to certain sectors, such as housing, stocks or health care. Because of this disparity, Austrians argue that the aggregate price level can be very misleading when observing the effects of inflation. Austrian economists measure inflation by calculating the growth of new units of money that are available for immediate use in exchange, that have been created over time.<ref>Ludwig von Mises Institute, "[http://mises.org/content/nofed/chart.aspx?series=TMS True Money Supply]"</ref><ref>Joseph T. Salerno, (1987), Austrian Economic Newsletter, "[http://www.mises.org/journals/aen/aen6_4_1.pdf The "True" Money Supply: A Measure of the Medium of Exchange in the U.S. Economy]"</ref><ref>Frank Shostak, (2000), "[http://www.mises.org/journals/qjae/pdf/qjae3_4_3.pdf The Mystery of the Money Supply Definition]"</ref> Critics of the Austrian view point out that their preferred alternative to [[fiat currency]] intended to prevent inflation, [[Hard money (policy)|commodity-backed money]], is likely to grow in supply at a different rate than [[economic growth]]. Thus it has proven to be highly [[deflation]]ary and destabilizing, including in instances where it has caused and prolonged [[Depression (economics)|depressions]].<ref>Krugman, P. (1996) [http://www.pkarchive.org/cranks/goldbug.html "The Gold Bug Variations"] ''Slate''</ref> ====Real bills doctrine==== {{Main|Real bills doctrine}} Within the context of a fixed specie basis for money, one important controversy was between the [[quantity theory of money]] and the real bills doctrine (RBD). Within this context, quantity theory applies to the level of fractional reserve accounting allowed against specie, generally gold, held by a bank. Currency and banking schools of economics argue the RBD, that banks should also be able to issue currency against bills of trading, which is "real bills" that they buy from merchants. This theory was important in the 19th century in debates between "Banking" and "Currency" schools of monetary soundness, and in the formation of the [[Federal Reserve]]. In the wake of the collapse of the international gold standard post 1913, and the move towards deficit financing of government, RBD has remained a minor topic, primarily of interest in limited contexts, such as [[currency board]]s. It is generally held in ill repute today, with [[Frederic Mishkin]], a governor of the [[Federal Reserve]] going so far as to say it had been "completely discredited." The debate between currency, or quantity theory, and banking schools in Britain during the 19th century prefigures current questions about the credibility of money in the present. In the 19th century the banking school had greater influence in policy in the United States and Great Britain, while the currency school had more influence "on the continent", that is in non-British countries, particularly in the Latin Monetary Union and the earlier Scandinavia monetary union. ====Anti-classical or backing theory==== Another issue associated with classical political economy is the anti-classical hypothesis of money, or "backing theory". The backing theory argues that the value of money is determined by the assets and liabilities of the issuing agency.<ref>[http://www.econ.ucla.edu/workingpapers/wp830.pdf Workingpapers<!--INSERT TITLE-->]</ref> Unlike the Quantity Theory of classical political economy, the backing theory argues that issuing authorities can issue money without causing inflation so long as the money issuer has sufficient assets to cover redemptions. There are very few backing theorists, making quantity theory the dominant theory explaining inflation.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} ==Controlling inflation== A variety of methods and policies have been used to control inflation. ===Stimulating economic growth=== If [[economic growth]] matches the growth of the money supply, inflation should not occur when all else is equal.<ref>{{Cite journal |first= Miguel |last= Sigrauski |title= Inflation and Economic Growth |journal= Journal of Political Economy |year= 1967 |url= http://www.hilbertcorporation.com.ar/sidrauskiI.pdf |volume= 75 |issue= 6 |pages= 796–810 |accessdate= September 18, 2012}}</ref> A large variety of factors can affect the rate of both. For example, [[investment]] in [[equity market|market production]], [[infrastructure]], education, and [[preventative health care]] can all grow an economy in greater amounts than the investment spending.<ref>{{Cite journal |first= David R. |last= Henderson |year= 1999 |title= Does Growth Cause Inflation? |journal= Cato Policy Report |volume= 21 |issue= 6 |url= http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/v21n6/cpr-21n6.html |accessdate= September 18, 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/01/02/business/20110102-metrics-graphic.html "In Investing, It’s When You Start And When You Finish"], ''New York Times'', January 2, 2012</ref> ===Monetary policy=== [[File:Federal Funds Rate (effective).svg|thumb|right|The U.S. effective [[federal funds rate]] charted over fifty years.]] {{Main|Monetary policy}} Today the primary tool for controlling inflation is monetary policy. Most central banks are tasked with keeping their inter-bank lending rates at low levels, normally to a target rate around 2% to 3% per annum, and within a targeted low inflation range, somewhere from about 2% to 6% per annum. A low positive inflation is usually targeted, as deflationary conditions are seen as dangerous for the health of the economy. There are a number of methods that have been suggested to control inflation. [[Central bank]]s such as the U.S. [[Federal Reserve]] can affect inflation to a significant extent through setting interest rates and through other operations. High [[interest rate]]s and slow growth of the money supply are the traditional ways through which central banks fight or prevent inflation, though they have different approaches. For instance, some follow a [[symmetrical inflation target]] while others only control inflation when it rises above a target, whether express or implied. Monetarists emphasize keeping the growth rate of money steady, and using [[monetary policy]] to control inflation (increasing interest rates, slowing the rise in the money supply). Keynesians emphasize reducing [[aggregate demand]] during economic expansions and increasing demand during recessions to keep inflation stable. Control of aggregate demand can be achieved using both monetary policy and [[fiscal policy]] (increased taxation or reduced government spending to reduce demand). ===Fixed exchange rates=== {{Main|Fixed exchange rate}} Under a fixed exchange rate currency regime, a country's currency is tied in value to another single currency or to a basket of other currencies (or sometimes to another measure of value, such as gold). A fixed exchange rate is usually used to stabilize the value of a currency, vis-a-vis the currency it is pegged to. It can also be used as a means to control inflation. However, as the value of the reference currency rises and falls, so does the currency pegged to it. This essentially means that the inflation rate in the fixed exchange rate country is determined by the inflation rate of the country the currency is pegged to. In addition, a fixed exchange rate prevents a government from using domestic monetary policy in order to achieve macroeconomic stability. Under the [[Bretton Woods system|Bretton Woods]] agreement, most countries around the world had currencies that were fixed to the US dollar. This limited inflation in those countries, but also exposed them to the danger of [[speculative attack]]s. After the Bretton Woods agreement broke down in the early 1970s, countries gradually turned to [[floating exchange rates]]. However, in the later part of the 20th century, some countries reverted to a fixed exchange rate as part of an attempt to control inflation. This policy of using a fixed exchange rate to control inflation was used in many countries in South America in the later part of the 20th century (e.g. [[Argentine Currency Board|Argentina (1991–2002)]], Bolivia, Brazil, and Chile). <!-- Information needed on other countries where fixed exchange rate regimes have also been tried --> ===Gold standard=== {{Main|Gold standard}} [[File:Goldkey logo removed.jpg|thumb|Under a [[gold standard]], paper notes are convertible into pre-set, fixed quantities of gold.]] The gold standard is a monetary system in which a region's common media of exchange are paper notes that are normally freely convertible into pre-set, fixed quantities of gold. The standard specifies how the gold backing would be implemented, including the amount of [[Bullion coin|specie]] per currency unit. The currency itself has no ''innate value'', but is accepted by traders because it can be redeemed for the equivalent specie. A U.S. [[silver certificate]], for example, could be redeemed for an actual piece of silver. The gold standard was partially abandoned via the international adoption of the [[Bretton Woods System]]. Under this system all other major currencies were tied at fixed rates to the dollar, which itself was tied to gold at the rate of $35 per ounce. The Bretton Woods system broke down in 1971, causing most countries to switch to [[fiat currency|fiat money]] – money backed only by the laws of the country. According to Lawrence H. White, an F. A. Hayek Professor of Economic History "who values the Austrian tradition",<ref>Lawrence H. White, "The Research Program of Austrian Economics," in Roger Koppl, ''Explorations in Austrian Economics,'' Volume 11 of Advances in Austrian economics, Emerald Group Publishing, 2008 [http://books.google.com/books?id=jrs759yqfEwC&pg=PA11&dq=%22Lawrence+H.+White%22+Austrian+economics&hl=en&ei=79PhTOmNDcOclgeonK3tAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Lawrence%20H.%20White%22%20Austrian%20economics&f=false p. 12] ISBN 1-84855-330-7, ISBN 978-1-84855-330-9</ref> economies based on the gold standard rarely experience inflation above 2 percent annually.<ref>{{cite web|last=White |first=Lawrence H. |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Inflation.html |title=Inflation by Lawrence H. White, accessed April 13, 2011 |publisher=Econlib.org |accessdate=May 21, 2011}}</ref> However, historically, the U.S. saw inflation over 2% several times and a higher peak of inflation under the gold standard when compared to inflation after the gold standard.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Historical_Inflation_Ancient.svg</ref> Under a gold standard, the long term rate of inflation (or deflation) would be determined by the growth rate of the supply of gold relative to total output.<ref>Bordo, M. (2002) [http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/GoldStandard.html "Gold Standard"] ''Concise Encyclopedia of Economics''</ref> Critics argue that this will cause arbitrary fluctuations in the inflation rate, and that monetary policy would essentially be determined by gold mining.<ref name="BarskyDeLong">{{cite journal|last=Barsky |first=Robert B |coauthors=J Bradford DeLong |year=1991 |title=Forecasting Pre-World War I Inflation: The Fisher Effect and the Gold Standard |journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=815–36 |url=http://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/qjecon/v106y1991i3p815-36.html |accessdate=September 27, 2008|doi=10.2307/2937928|jstor=2937928|ref=harv }}</ref><ref name="DeLong">{{cite web|url=http://www.j-bradford-delong.net/Politics/whynotthegoldstandard.html |title=Why Not the Gold Standard?|last=DeLong |first=Brad |accessdate=September 25, 2008}}</ref> ===Wage and price controls=== {{Main|Incomes policies}} Another method attempted in the past have been wage and price controls ("incomes policies"). Wage and price controls have been successful in wartime environments in combination with rationing. However, their use in other contexts is far more mixed. Notable failures of their use include the 1972 imposition of wage and price controls by [[Richard Nixon]]. More successful examples include the [[The Accord|Prices and Incomes Accord]] in Australia and the [[Wassenaar Agreement]] in the [[Netherlands]]. In general, wage and price controls are regarded as a temporary and exceptional measure, only effective when coupled with policies designed to reduce the underlying causes of inflation during the wage and price control regime, for example, winning the war being fought. They often have perverse effects, due to the distorted signals they send to the market. Artificially low prices often cause rationing and shortages and discourage future investment, resulting in yet further shortages. The usual economic analysis is that any product or service that is under-priced is overconsumed. For example, if the official price of bread is too low, there will be too little bread at official prices, and too little investment in bread making by the market to satisfy future needs, thereby exacerbating the problem in the [[long term]]. Temporary controls may ''complement'' a recession as a way to fight inflation: the controls make the recession more efficient as a way to fight inflation (reducing the need to increase unemployment), while the recession prevents the kinds of distortions that controls cause when demand is high. However, in general the advice of economists is not to impose price controls but to liberalize prices by assuming that the economy will adjust and abandon unprofitable economic activity. The lower activity will place fewer demands on whatever commodities were driving inflation, whether labor or resources, and inflation will fall with total economic output. This often produces a severe recession, as productive capacity is reallocated and is thus often very unpopular with the people whose livelihoods are destroyed (see [[creative destruction]]). ===Cost-of-living allowance=== {{details|Cost of living}} The real purchasing-power of fixed payments is eroded by inflation unless they are inflation-adjusted to keep their real values constant. In many countries, employment contracts, pension benefits, and government entitlements (such as [[social security]]) are tied to a cost-of-living index, typically to the [[consumer price index]].<ref name="cola wars">{{cite web |url=http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0906/090806rp.htm |title=COLA Wars | date=September 8, 2006 | work=Government Executive | publisher=[[National Journal Group]] |accessdate=September 23, 2008 |last=Flanagan |first=Tammy}}</ref> A ''cost-of-living allowance'' (COLA) adjusts salaries based on changes in a cost-of-living index. Salaries are typically adjusted annually in low inflation economies. During hyperinflation they are adjusted more often.<ref name="cola wars"/> They may also be tied to a cost-of-living index that varies by geographic location if the employee moves. Annual escalation clauses in employment contracts can specify retroactive or future percentage increases in worker pay which are not tied to any index. These negotiated increases in pay are colloquially referred to as cost-of-living adjustments ("COLAs") or cost-of-living increases because of their similarity to increases tied to externally determined indexes. == See also == <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> *[[Deflation]] *[[Inflation hedge]] *Traditional and alternative [[investment]]s *[[List of countries by inflation rate]] *[[Measuring economic worth over time]] *[[Philips curve]] *[[Price controls]] *[[Purchasing power]] *[[Real versus nominal value (economics)]] *[[Steady state economy]] *[[Welfare cost of inflation]] </div> ==Notes== {{Reflist|30em}} ==References== *{{Cite journal |last=Abel |first=Andrew |last2=Bernanke |first2=Ben |authorlink2=Ben Bernanke |title=Macroeconomics |publisher=Pearson |year=2005 |edition=5th |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> }} <!--Measurement of inflation is discussed in Ch.2, p.45-50; Money growth & Inflation in Ch.7, p.266-269; Keynesian business cycles and inflation in Ch.9, p.308-348--> *{{Cite book |last=Barro |first=Robert J. |authorlink =Robert Barro |title=Macroeconomics |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Mass |year=1997 |page= 895 |isbn=0-262-02436-5 |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> }} *{{Cite book |last=Blanchard |first=Olivier |authorlink=Olivier Blanchard |title=Macroeconomics |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J |year=2000 |isbn=0-13-013306-X |edition=2nd |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> }} *{{Cite journal |last=Mankiw |first=N. Gregory |authorlink=N. Gregory Mankiw |title=Macroeconomics |publisher=Worth |year=2002 |edition=5th |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> }} <!--Measurement of inflation is discussed in Ch.2, p.22-32; Money growth & Inflation in Ch.4, p.81-107; Keynesian business cycles and inflation in Ch.9, p.238-255--> *{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=Robert E. |authorlink=Robert Hall (economist) |last2=Taylor |first2= John B. |authorlink2=John B. Taylor |title=Macroeconomics |publisher=W.W. Norton |location=New York |year=1993 |page=637 |isbn=0-393-96307-1 |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> }} *{{Cite book |last=Burda |first=Michael C. |authorlink=Michael C. Burda |last2=Wyplosz |first2=Charles |title=Macroeconomics: a European text |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1997 |isbn=0-19-877468-0 |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> }} ==Further reading== *[[Leonardo Auernheimer|Auernheimer, Leonardo]], "The Honest Government's Guide to the Revenue From the Creation of Money," Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 82, No. 3, May/June 1974, pp.&nbsp;598–606. *[[William Baumol|Baumol, William J.]] and [[Alan S. Blinder]], ''Macroeconomics: Principles and Policy'', Tenth edition. Thomson South-Western, 2006. ISBN 0-324-22114-2 *[[Milton Friedman|Friedman, Milton]], Nobel lecture: [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1976/friedman-lecture.pdf Inflation and unemployment] 1977 *[[Frederic Mishkin|Mishkin, Frederic S.]], ''The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets'', New York, Harper Collins, 1995. *[[Federal Reserve Bank of Boston]], [http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/conf/conf53/index.htm "Understanding Inflation and the Implications for Monetary Policy: A Phillips Curve Retrospective"], Conference Series 53, June 9–11, 2008, Chatham, Massachusetts. (Also cf. [[Phillips curve]] article) ==External links== *[http://www.bls.gov/cpi/ United States Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index homepage] *[http://www.riksbank.com/templates/Page.aspx?id=27404 Inflation 1290–2006] – Based on the historical Consumer Price Index of the Swedish Riksbank *[http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm Inflation Calculator] *[http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/topics/?tid=59 Historical documents relating to inflation in the United States] [[Category:Inflation| ]] [[Category:Basic financial concepts]] [[Category:Economic problems]] [[Category:Article Feedback 5]] {{Link GA|zh}} 0e2382701684c2b0134fb9f6fdad3b8a4c4c5cf8 249 2013-04-28T12:15:12Z Sam9970 0 {{About|a rise in the general price level|the expansion of the early universe|Inflation (cosmology)|other uses|Inflation (disambiguation)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}} {{Economics sidebar}} In [[economics]], '''inflation''' is a rise in the general [[price level|level of prices]] of goods and services in an [[economy]] over a period of time.<ref>''See:'' *{{harvnb|Wyplosz|Burda|1997}} (Glossary); *{{harvnb|Blanchard|2000}} (Glossary) *{{harvnb|Barro|1997}} (Glossary) *{{harvnb|Abel|Bernanke|1995}} (Glossary)</ref> When the general price level rises, each unit of [[currency]] buys fewer goods and services. Consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the [[purchasing power]] per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy.<ref>[http://www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=195 Why price stability?], Central Bank of Iceland, Accessed on September 11, 2008.</ref><ref>Paul H. Walgenbach, Norman E. Dittrich and Ernest I. Hanson, (1973), Financial Accounting, New York: Harcourt Brace Javonovich, Inc. Page 429. "The Measuring Unit principle: The unit of measure in accounting shall be the base money unit of the most relevant currency. This principle also assumes that the unit of measure is stable; that is, changes in its general purchasing power are not considered sufficiently important to require adjustments to the basic financial statements."</ref> A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general [[price index]] (normally the [[consumer price index]]) over time.<ref name="Mankiw 2002 22–32">{{Harvnb|Mankiw|2002|pp=22–32}}</ref> Inflation's effects on an economy are various and can be simultaneously [[#Positive|positive]] and [[#Negative|negative]]. Negative effects of inflation include an increase in the [[opportunity cost]] of holding money, uncertainty over future inflation which may discourage investment and savings, and if inflation is rapid enough, shortages of [[good (economics)|goods]] as consumers begin [[hoarding]] out of concern that prices will increase in the future. Positive effects include ensuring that central banks can adjust [[real interest rate]]s (intended to mitigate [[recession]]s),<ref>{{Harvnb|Mankiw|2002|pp=238–255}}</ref> and encouraging investment in non-monetary capital projects. Economists generally agree that high rates of inflation and [[hyperinflation]] are caused by an excessive growth of the [[money supply]].<ref>Robert Barro and Vittorio Grilli (1994), ''European Macroeconomics'', Ch. 8, p. 139, Fig. 8.1. Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-57764-7.</ref> Views on which factors determine low to moderate rates of inflation are more varied. Low or moderate inflation may be attributed to fluctuations in [[real versus nominal value (economics)|real]] [[demand]] for goods and services, or changes in available supplies such as during [[scarcity|scarcities]], as well as to changes in the [[velocity of money]] supply measures; in particular the MZM ("Money Zero Maturity") supply velocity.<ref name=hossfeld>Oliver Hossfeld (2010) [http://www.hhl.de/fileadmin/texte/publikationen/forschungspapiere/HOSSFELD_USMONEY_INFERWP_2010-4.pdf "US Money Demand, Monetary Overhang, and Inflation Prediction"] ''International Network for Economic Research'' working paper no. 2010.4</ref><ref>[http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/MZMV MZM velocity]</ref> However, the consensus view is that a long sustained period of inflation is caused by money supply growing faster than the rate of economic growth.<ref name="Mankiw 2002 pp=81–107">{{Harvnb|Mankiw|2002|pp=81–107}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Abel|Bernanke|2005|pp=266–269}}</ref> Today, most economists favor a low and steady rate of inflation.<ref name="econjournalwatch.org">Hummel, Jeffrey Rogers. "Death and Taxes, Including Inflation: the Public versus Economists" (January 2007).[http://econjwatch.org/articles/death-and-taxes-including-inflation-the-public-versus-economists] p.56</ref> Low (as opposed to zero or [[Deflation|negative]]) inflation reduces the severity of economic [[recessions]] by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly in a downturn, and reduces the risk that a [[liquidity trap]] prevents [[monetary policy]] from stabilizing the economy.<ref>"[http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/089533003772034934 Escaping from a Liquidity Trap and Deflation: The Foolproof Way and Others]" Lars E.O. Svensson, ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'', Volume 17, Issue 4 Fall 2003, p145-166</ref> The task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is usually given to [[monetary authority|monetary authorities]]. Generally, these monetary authorities are the [[central bank]]s that control [[monetary policy]] through the setting of [[interest rate]]s, through [[open market operations]], and through the setting of banking [[reserve requirements]].<ref name=Taylor>{{Cite book |last = Taylor |first=Timothy |title=Principles of Economics |publisher=Freeload Press |publication-date=2008 |isbn=1-930789-05-X}}</ref> ==History== [[File:US Historical Inflation Ancient.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Annual inflation rates in the United States from 1666 to 2004.]] Increases in the quantity of money or in the overall [[money supply]] (or debasement of the [[means of exchange]]) have occurred in many different societies throughout history, changing with different forms of money used.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Dobson | first = Roger | title = How Alexander caused a great Babylon inflation | newspaper = [[The Independent]] | date = January 27, 2002 | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/how-alexander-caused-a-great-babylon-inflation-671072.html | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5ovyhfeCD | archivedate = April 12, 2010 | accessdate =April 12, 2010 | ref = harv | postscript = <!--None-->}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Harl | first = Kenneth W. | author-link = Kenneth W. Harl | title = Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700 | place = [[Baltimore]] | publisher = [[The Johns Hopkins University Press]] | date = June 19, 1996 | isbn = 0-8018-5291-9 | ref = harv | postscript = <!--None-->}}</ref> For instance, when gold was used as currency, the government could collect gold coins, melt them down, mix them with other metals such as silver, copper or lead, and reissue them at the same [[Real versus nominal value (economics)|nominal value]]. By diluting the gold with other metals, the government could issue more coins without also needing to increase the amount of gold used to make them. When the cost of each coin is lowered in this way, the government profits from an increase in [[seigniorage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mint.ca/royalcanadianmintpublic/RcmImageLibrary.aspx?filename=RCM_AR06_E.pdf |title=Annual Report (2006), Royal Canadian Mint, p. 4 |publisher=Mint.ca |accessdate=May 21, 2011}}</ref> This practice would increase the money supply but at the same time the relative value of each coin would be lowered. As the relative value of the coins becomes lower, consumers would need to give more coins in exchange for the same goods and services as before. These goods and services would experience a price increase as the value of each coin is reduced.<ref>Frank Shostak, "[http://mises.org/story/3018 Commodity Prices and Inflation: What's the connection", Mises Institute]</ref> With a [[fiat currency]],<ref name="Glahn">{{cite book|author=Richard von Glahn|title=Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000–1700|accessdate=28 September 2012|date=27 December 1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20408-9|page=48}}</ref> [[Song Dynasty]] China introduced the practice of printing money during the 11th century and, according to Daniel Headrick, "paper money allowed governments to spend far more than they received in taxes... in wartime, and the Song were often at war, such [[deficit spending]] caused runaway inflation."<ref name="Headrick">{{cite book|author=Daniel R. Headrick|title=Technology: A World History|accessdate=28 September 2012|date=1 April 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-988759-0|page=85}}</ref> This inflation made paper money undesirable, and in 1020, desperate officials were forced to perfume the money to encourage its use.<ref name="Allen">{{cite book|author=Larry Allen|title=The Encyclopedia of Money|accessdate=1 October 2012|date=15 October 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-251-7|page=8}}</ref> The problem of paper money inflation continued after the Song Dynasty. Peter Bernholz writes that "from then on, nearly every Chinese dynasty up to the Ming began by issuing some stable and convertible paper money and ended with pronounced inflation caused by circulating ever increasing amounts of paper notes to finance budget deficits."<ref name="Bernholz">{{cite book|author=Peter Bernholz|title=Monetary Regimes and Inflation: History, Economic and Political Relationships|accessdate=28 September 2012|year=2003|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-84376-155-6|pages=53–55}}</ref> During the Mongol [[Yuan Dynasty]], the government spent a great deal of money fighting [[Mongol conquests|costly wars]], and reacted by printing more, leading to inflation.<ref name="Ropp2010">{{cite book|author=Paul S. Ropp|title=China in World History|accessdate=28 September 2012|date=9 July 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517073-3|pages=82}}</ref> The problem of inflation became so severe that the people stopped using paper money, which they saw as "worthless paper."<ref name="Bernholz"/> Fearing the inflation that plagued the Yuan dynasty, the [[Ming Dynasty]] initially rejected the use of paper money, using only copper coins. The dynasty did not issue paper currency until 1375.<ref name="Bernholz"/> Historically, infusions of gold or silver into an economy also led to inflation. From the second half of the 15th century to the first half of the 17th, Western Europe experienced a major inflationary cycle referred to as the "[[price revolution]]",<ref>[[Earl J. Hamilton]], ''American Treasure and the Price Revolution in Spain, 1501–1650'' Harvard Economic Studies, 43 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 1934)</ref><ref>[http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/ecipa/archive/UT-ECIPA-MUNRO-99-02.pdf John Munro: ''The Monetary Origins of the 'Price Revolution':South Germany Silver Mining, Merchant Banking, and Venetian Commerce, 1470–1540'', Toronto 2003]{{dead link|date=May 2011}}</ref> with prices on average rising perhaps sixfold over 150 years. This was largely caused by the sudden influx of gold and silver from the [[New World]] into [[Habsburg Spain]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Walton, Timothy R. |title=The Spanish Treasure Fleets |publisher=Pineapple Press (FL) |year= 1994|page=85 |isbn=1-56164-049-2 |oclc= }}</ref> The silver spread throughout a previously [[Commercial revolution|cash-starved Europe]] and caused widespread inflation.<ref>[http://www.wwz.unibas.ch/makro/arbpapiere/The%20Price%20Revolutiona.pdf The Price Revolution in Europe: Empirical Results from a Structural Vectorautoregression Model. Peter Kugler and Peter Bernholz, University of Basel, 2007]{{dead link|date=May 2011}} (Demonstrates that it was the increased supply of precious metals that caused it and notes the obvious logical flaws in the contrary arguments that have become fashionable in recent decades)</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Tracy, James D. |title=Handbook of European History 1400–1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Reformation |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |location=Boston |year= 1994|page=655 |isbn=90-04-09762-7 |oclc= }}</ref> Demographic factors also contributed to upward pressure on prices, with European population growth after depopulation caused by the [[Black Death]] pandemic. By the nineteenth century, economists categorized three separate factors that cause a rise or fall in the price of goods: a change in the ''[[Value (economics)|value]]'' or production costs of the good, a change in the ''price of money'' which then was usually a fluctuation in the [[commodity]] price of the metallic content in the currency, and ''currency depreciation'' resulting from an increased supply of currency relative to the quantity of redeemable metal backing the currency. Following the proliferation of private [[banknote]] currency printed during the [[American Civil War]], the term "inflation" started to appear as a direct reference to the ''currency depreciation'' that occurred as the quantity of redeemable banknotes outstripped the quantity of metal available for their redemption. At that time, the term inflation referred to the [[devaluation]] of the currency, and not to a rise in the price of goods.<ref name="Bryan">Michael F. Bryan, "[http://www.clevelandfed.org/research/Commentary/1997/1015.pdf On the Origin and Evolution of the Word 'Inflation']"</ref> This relationship between the over-supply of banknotes and a resulting [[depreciation]] in their value was noted by earlier classical economists such as [[David Hume]] and [[David Ricardo]], who would go on to examine and debate what effect a currency devaluation (later termed ''[[monetary inflation]]'') has on the price of goods (later termed ''price inflation'', and eventually just ''inflation'').<ref>Mark Blaug, "[http://books.google.com/books?id=4nd6alor2goC&pg=PA127&lpg=PA127&dq=bullionist+inflation&source=web&ots=mG3_PT_O6q&sig=ViD-klPJPpaZxCBjdcPKh9zlwyU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result#PPA128,M1 Economic Theory in Retrospect]", pg. 129: "...this was the cause of inflation, or, to use the language of the day, 'the depreciation of banknotes.'"</ref> The adoption of [[fiat currency]] by many countries, from the 18th century onwards, made much larger variations in the supply of money possible. Since then, huge increases in the supply of [[paper money]] have taken place in a number of countries, producing [[hyperinflation]]s – episodes of extreme inflation rates much higher than those observed in earlier periods of [[commodity money]]. The [[hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic]] of Germany is a notable example. ==Related definitions== The term "inflation" originally referred to increases in the amount of money in circulation, and some economists still use the word in this way. However, most economists today use the term "inflation" to refer to a rise in the price level. An increase in the money supply may be called [[monetary inflation]], to distinguish it from rising prices, which may also for clarity be called 'price inflation'.<ref>Michael F. Bryan, ''On the Origin and Evolution of the Word "Inflation" [http://www.clevelandfed.org/research/Commentary/1997/1015.pdf]</ref> Economists generally agree that in the long run, inflation is caused by increases in the money supply.<ref name="federalreserve2004">[http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/hh/2004/july/testimony.htm ''Federal Reserve Board's semiannual Monetary Policy Report to the Congress''][http://www.federalreserve.gov/BOARDDOCS/Speeches/2003/20030723/Economics Roundtable]{{dead link|date=May 2011}}[http://www.ecb.int/press/pressconf/2004/html/is040701.en.html ''Introductory statement by Jean-Claude Trichet on July 1, 2004]''</ref> Other economic concepts related to inflation include: [[deflation (economics)|deflation]] – a fall in the general price level; [[disinflation]] – a decrease in the rate of inflation; [[hyperinflation]] – an out-of-control inflationary spiral; [[stagflation]] – a combination of inflation, slow economic growth and high unemployment; and [[reflation]] – an attempt to raise the general level of prices to counteract deflationary pressures. Since there are many possible measures of the price level, there are many possible measures of price inflation. Most frequently, the term "inflation" refers to a rise in a broad price index representing the overall price level for goods and services in the economy. The [[Consumer Price Index]] (CPI), the [[Personal consumption expenditures price index|Personal Consumption Expenditures Price Index]] (PCEPI) and the [[GDP deflator]] are some examples of broad price indices. However, "inflation" may also be used to describe a rising price level within a narrower set of assets, goods or services within the economy, such as [[commodity|commodities]] (including food, fuel, metals), [[tangible asset]]s (such as real estate), [[financial asset]]s (such as stocks, bonds), services (such as entertainment and health care), or [[Labour (economics)|labor]]. The [[Reuters-CRB Index]] (CCI), the [[Producer Price Index]], and [[Employment Cost Index]] (ECI) are examples of narrow price indices used to measure price inflation in particular sectors of the economy. [[Core inflation]] is a measure of inflation for a subset of consumer prices that excludes food and energy prices, which rise and fall more than other prices in the short term. The [[Federal Reserve Board]] pays particular attention to the core inflation rate to get a better estimate of long-term future inflation trends overall.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kiley |first=Michael J. |title=Estimating the common trend rate of inflation for consumer prices and consumer prices excluding food and energy prices |work=Finance and Economic Discussion Series |publisher=Federal Reserve Board |publication-date=2008 |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/Pubs/feds/2008/200838/200838pap.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> ==Measures== [[File:US Inflation.png|thumb|upright=1.4|CPI inflation (year-on-year) in the United States from 1914 to 2010.]] The inflation rate is widely calculated by calculating the movement or change in a price index, usually the [[consumer price index]].<ref>''See:'' *{{harvnb|Taylor|Hall|1993}}; *{{harvnb|Blanchard|2000}}; *{{harvnb|Barro|1997}}</ref> The consumer price index measures movements in prices of a fixed basket of goods and services purchased by a "typical consumer".<ref name="Mankiw 2002 22–32"/> The inflation rate is the percentage rate of change of a price index over time. The [[Retail Prices Index]] is also a measure of inflation that is commonly used in the [[United Kingdom]]. It is broader than the CPI and contains a larger basket of goods and services. To illustrate the method of calculation, in January 2007, the U.S. Consumer Price Index was 202.416, and in January 2008 it was 211.080. The formula for calculating the annual percentage rate inflation in the CPI over the course of 2007 is :<math>\left(\frac{211.080-202.416}{202.416}\right)\times100%=4.28%</math> The resulting inflation rate for the CPI in this one year period is 4.28%, meaning the general level of prices for typical U.S. consumers rose by approximately four percent in 2007.<ref>The numbers reported here refer to the US Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers, All Items, series CPIAUCNS, from base level 100 in base year 1982. They were downloaded from the [http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/CPIAUCNS?cid=9 FRED database] at the [[Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis]] on August 8, 2008.</ref> Other widely used price indices for calculating price inflation include the following: *'''[[Producer price index|Producer price indices]]''' (PPIs) which measures average changes in prices received by domestic producers for their output. This differs from the CPI in that price subsidization, profits, and taxes may cause the amount received by the producer to differ from what the consumer paid. There is also typically a delay between an increase in the PPI and any eventual increase in the CPI. Producer price index measures the pressure being put on producers by the costs of their raw materials. This could be "passed on" to consumers, or it could be absorbed by profits, or offset by increasing productivity. In India and the United States, an earlier version of the PPI was called the [[Wholesale price index|Wholesale Price Index]]. *'''[[Commodity price index|Commodity price indices]]''', which measure the price of a selection of commodities. In the present commodity price indices are weighted by the relative importance of the components to the "all in" cost of an employee. *'''[[Core inflation|Core price indices]]''': because food and oil prices can change quickly due to changes in [[supply and demand]] conditions in the food and oil markets, it can be difficult to detect the long run trend in price levels when those prices are included. Therefore most [[List of national and international statistical services|statistical agencies]] also report a measure of 'core inflation', which removes the most volatile components (such as food and oil) from a broad price index like the CPI. Because core inflation is less affected by short run supply and demand conditions in specific markets, [[central bank]]s rely on it to better measure the inflationary impact of current [[monetary policy]]. Other common measures of inflation are: *'''[[GDP deflator]]''' is a measure of the price of all the goods and services included in gross domestic product (GDP). The US Commerce Department publishes a deflator series for US GDP, defined as its nominal GDP measure divided by its real GDP measure. *'''Regional inflation''' The Bureau of Labor Statistics breaks down CPI-U calculations down to different regions of the US. *'''Historical inflation''' Before collecting consistent econometric data became standard for governments, and for the purpose of comparing absolute, rather than relative standards of living, various economists have calculated imputed inflation figures. Most inflation data before the early 20th century is imputed based on the known costs of goods, rather than compiled at the time. It is also used to adjust for the differences in real standard of living for the presence of technology. *'''[[Asset price inflation]]''' is an undue increase in the prices of real or financial assets, such as [[stock]] (equity) and real estate. While there is no widely accepted index of this type, some central bankers have suggested that it would be better to aim at stabilizing a wider general price level inflation measure that includes some asset prices, instead of stabilizing CPI or core inflation only. The reason is that by raising interest rates when stock prices or real estate prices rise, and lowering them when these asset prices fall, central banks might be more successful in avoiding [[economic bubble|bubbles]] and crashes in asset prices.{{Dubious|date=November 2008}} ===Issues in measuring=== Measuring inflation in an economy requires objective means of differentiating changes in nominal prices on a common set of goods and services, and distinguishing them from those price shifts resulting from changes in value such as volume, quality, or performance. For example, if the price of a 10&nbsp;oz. can of corn changes from $0.90 to $1.00 over the course of a year, with no change in quality, then this price difference represents inflation. This single price change would not, however, represent general inflation in an overall economy. To measure overall inflation, the price change of a large "basket" of representative goods and services is measured. This is the purpose of a [[price index]], which is the combined price of a "basket" of many goods and services. The combined price is the sum of the weighted prices of items in the "basket". A weighted price is calculated by multiplying the [[unit price]] of an item by the number of that item the average consumer purchases. Weighted pricing is a necessary means to measuring the impact of individual unit price changes on the economy's overall inflation. The [[Consumer Price Index]], for example, uses data collected by surveying households to determine what proportion of the typical consumer's overall spending is spent on specific goods and services, and weights the average prices of those items accordingly. Those weighted average prices are combined to calculate the overall price. To better relate price changes over time, indexes typically choose a "base year" price and assign it a value of 100. Index prices in subsequent years are then expressed in relation to the base year price.<ref name=Taylor/> While comparing inflation measures for various periods one has to take into consideration the [[Base effect (inflation)|base effect]] as well. Inflation measures are often modified over time, either for the relative weight of goods in the basket, or in the way in which goods and services from the present are compared with goods and services from the past. Over time, adjustments are made to the type of goods and services selected in order to reflect changes in the sorts of goods and services purchased by 'typical consumers'. New products may be introduced, older products disappear, the quality of existing products may change, and consumer preferences can shift. Both the sorts of goods and services which are included in the "basket" and the weighted price used in inflation measures will be changed over time in order to keep pace with the changing marketplace.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Inflation numbers are often [[seasonally adjusted]] in order to differentiate expected cyclical cost shifts. For example, home heating costs are expected to rise in colder months, and seasonal adjustments are often used when measuring for inflation to compensate for cyclical spikes in energy or fuel demand. Inflation numbers may be averaged or otherwise subjected to statistical techniques in order to remove [[statistical noise]] and [[Volatility (finance)|volatility]] of individual prices.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} When looking at inflation, economic institutions may focus only on certain kinds of prices, or ''special indices'', such as the [[core inflation|core inflation index]] which is used by central banks to formulate [[monetary policy]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Most inflation indices are calculated from weighted averages of selected price changes. This necessarily introduces distortion, and can lead to legitimate disputes about what the true inflation rate is. This problem can be overcome by including all available price changes in the calculation, and then choosing the [[median]] value.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clevelandfed.org/Research/commentary/1991/1201.pdf |title=Median Price Changes: An Alternative Approach to Measuring Current Monetary Inflation |format=PDF |accessdate=May 21, 2011}}</ref> In some other cases, governments may intentionally report false inflation rates; for instance, the [[government of Argentina]] has been criticised for manipulating economic data, such as inflation and GDP figures, for political gain and to reduce payments on its inflation-indexed debt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/02/us-imf-argentina-idUSBRE91019920130202 |title=IMF reprimands Argentina for inaccurate economic data |accessdate=February 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-01/argentina-becomes-first-nation-censured-by-imf-on-inflation-data.html |title=Argentina Becomes First Nation Censured by IMF on Economic Data |accessdate=February 2, 2013}}</ref> ==Effects== ===General=== An increase in the general level of prices implies a decrease in the purchasing power of the currency. That is, when the general level of prices rise, each monetary unit buys fewer goods and services. The effect of inflation is not distributed evenly in the economy, and as a consequence there are hidden costs to some and benefits to others from this decrease in the purchasing power of money. For example, with inflation, those segments in society which own physical assets, such as property, stock etc., benefit from the price/value of their holdings going up, while those who seek to acquire them will need to pay more for them. Their ability to do so will depend on the degree to which their income is fixed. For example, increases in payments to workers and pensioners often lag behind inflation, and for some people income is fixed. Also, individuals or institutions with cash assets will experience a decline in the purchasing power of the cash. Increases in the price level (inflation) erode the real value of money (the functional currency) and other items with an underlying monetary nature. Debtors who have debts with a fixed nominal rate of interest will see a reduction in the "real" interest rate as the inflation rate rises. The real interest on a loan is the nominal rate minus the inflation rate.The formula ''R = N-I'' approximates the correct answer as long as both the nominal interest rate and the inflation rate are small. The correct equation is ''r = n/i'' where ''r'', ''n'' and ''i'' are expressed as [[ratio]]s (e.g. 1.2 for +20%, 0.8 for −20%). As an example, when the inflation rate is 3%, a loan with a nominal interest rate of 5% would have a real interest rate of approximately 2%. Any unexpected increase in the inflation rate would decrease the real interest rate. Banks and other lenders adjust for this inflation risk either by including an inflation risk premium to fixed interest rate loans, or lending at an adjustable rate. ===Negative=== High or unpredictable inflation rates are regarded as harmful to an overall economy. They add inefficiencies in the market, and make it difficult for companies to budget or plan long-term. Inflation can act as a drag on productivity as companies are forced to shift resources away from products and services in order to focus on profit and losses from currency inflation.<ref name=Taylor/> Uncertainty about the future purchasing power of money discourages investment and saving.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Personal Savings and Anticipated Inflation | journal=The Economic Journal | last=Bulkley | first=George | volume=91 | issue=361 | month=March | year=1981| pages=124–135 | doi=10.2307/2231702 | ref=harv | jstor=2231702}}</ref> And inflation can impose hidden tax increases, as inflated earnings push taxpayers into higher income tax rates unless the tax brackets are indexed to inflation. With high inflation, purchasing power is redistributed from those on fixed nominal incomes, such as some pensioners whose pensions are not indexed to the price level, towards those with variable incomes whose earnings may better keep pace with the inflation.<ref name=Taylor/> This redistribution of purchasing power will also occur between international trading partners. Where fixed [[exchange rate]]s are imposed, higher inflation in one economy than another will cause the first economy's exports to become more expensive and affect the [[balance of trade]]. There can also be negative impacts to trade from an increased instability in currency exchange prices caused by unpredictable inflation. ;[[Cost-push inflation]]: High inflation can prompt employees to demand rapid wage increases, to keep up with consumer prices. In the cost-push theory of inflation, rising wages in turn can help fuel inflation. In the case of collective bargaining, wage growth will be set as a function of inflationary expectations, which will be higher when inflation is high. This can cause a [[price/wage spiral|wage spiral]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/287700/inflation/3512/The-cost-push-theory Encyclopædia Britannica], "The cost-push theory".</ref> In a sense, inflation begets further inflationary expectations, which beget further inflation. ;[[Hoarding]]: People buy durable and/or non-perishable commodities and other goods as stores of wealth, to avoid the losses expected from the declining purchasing power of money, creating shortages of the hoarded goods. ;Social unrest and revolts: Inflation can lead to massive demonstrations and revolutions. For example, inflation and in particular food inflation is considered as one of the main reasons that caused the 2010–2011 [[Tunisian revolution]]<ref>"Les Egyptiens souffrent aussi de l'accélération de l'inflation", Céline Jeancourt-Galignani – La Tribune, February 10, 2011</ref> and the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]],<ref name="tna">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewage.co.za/8894-1007-53-Egypt_protests_a_ticking_time_bomb_Analysts|title=Egypt protests a ticking time bomb: Analysts|author=AFP|publisher=The New Age|date=January 27, 2011|accessdate=January 29, 2011}}</ref> according to many observators including [[Robert Zoellick]],<ref>"Les prix alimentaires proches de «la cote d'alerte»" – Le Figaro, with AFP, February 20, 2011</ref> president of the [[World Bank]]. Tunisian president [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]] was ousted, Egyptian President [[Hosni Mubarak]] was also ousted after only 18 days of demonstrations, and protests soon spread in many countries of North Africa and Middle East. ;[[Hyperinflation]]: If inflation gets totally out of control (in the upward direction), it can grossly interfere with the normal workings of the economy, hurting its ability to supply goods. Hyperinflation can lead to the abandonment of the use of the country's currency, leading to the [[Barter#Limitations of a barter economy|inefficiencies of barter]]. ;[[Allocative efficiency]]: A change in the supply or demand for a good will normally cause its [[relative price]] to change, signaling to buyers and sellers that they should re-allocate resources in response to the new market conditions. But when prices are constantly changing due to inflation, price changes due to genuine relative [[price signal]]s are difficult to distinguish from price changes due to general inflation, so agents are slow to respond to them. The result is a loss of allocative efficiency. ;[[Shoe leather cost]]: High inflation increases the opportunity cost of holding cash balances and can induce people to hold a greater portion of their assets in interest paying accounts. However, since cash is still needed in order to carry out transactions this means that more "trips to the bank" are necessary in order to make withdrawals, proverbially wearing out the "shoe leather" with each trip. ;[[Menu costs]]: With high inflation, firms must change their prices often in order to keep up with economy-wide changes. But often changing prices is itself a costly activity whether explicitly, as with the need to print new menus, or implicitly. ;[[Business cycles]]: According to the [[Austrian Business Cycle Theory]], inflation sets off the business cycle. Austrian economists hold this to be the most damaging effect of inflation. According to Austrian theory, artificially low interest rates and the associated increase in the money supply lead to reckless, speculative borrowing, resulting in clusters of malinvestments, which eventually have to be liquidated as they become unsustainable.<ref>Thorsten Polleit, "[http://mises.org/story/2901 Inflation Is a Policy that Cannot Last]", Mises Institute</ref> ===Positive=== ;Labour-market adjustments: Nominal wages are [[Sticky (economics)|slow to adjust downwards]]. This can lead to prolonged disequilibrium and high unemployment in the labor market. Since inflation allows real wages to fall even if nominal wages are kept constant, moderate inflation enables labor markets to reach equilibrium faster.<ref>Tobin, James, American Economic Review, march (1969), "Inflation and Unemployment"</ref> ;Room to maneuver: The primary tools for controlling the money supply are the ability to set the [[discount rate]], the rate at which banks can borrow from the central bank, and [[open market operations]], which are the central bank's interventions into the bonds market with the aim of affecting the nominal interest rate. If an economy finds itself in a recession with already low, or even zero, nominal interest rates, then the bank cannot cut these rates further (since negative nominal interest rates are impossible) in order to stimulate the economy – this situation is known as a [[liquidity trap]]. A moderate level of inflation tends to ensure that nominal interest rates stay sufficiently above zero so that if the need arises the bank can cut the nominal interest rate.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} ;Mundell–Tobin effect: The [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel]] laureate Robert Mundell noted that moderate inflation would induce savers to substitute lending for some money holding as a means to finance future spending. That substitution would cause market clearing real interest rates to fall.<ref>Mundell, James, Journal of Political Economy, LXXI (1963), 280–83 "Inflation and Real Interest"</ref> The lower real rate of interest would induce more borrowing to finance investment. In a similar vein, Nobel laureate James Tobin noted that such inflation would cause businesses to substitute investment in [[physical capital]] (plant, equipment, and inventories) for money balances in their asset portfolios. That substitution would mean choosing the making of investments with lower rates of real return. (The rates of return are lower because the investments with higher rates of return were already being made before.)<ref>Tobin, J. Econometrica, V 33, (1965), 671–84 "Money and Economic Growth"</ref> The two related effects are known as the [[Mundell–Tobin effect]]. Unless the economy is already overinvesting according to models of [[Economic growth|economic growth theory]], that extra investment resulting from the effect would be seen as positive. ;Instability with deflation: Economist S.C. Tsaing noted that once substantial deflation is expected, two important effects will appear; both a result of money holding substituting for lending as a vehicle for saving.<ref>Tsaing, S.C., Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, I(1969), 266–80 "A Critical Note on the Optimum Supply of Money"</ref> The first was that continually falling prices and the resulting incentive to hoard money will cause instability resulting from the likely increasing fear, while money hoards grow in value, that the value of those hoards are at risk, as people realize that a movement to trade those money hoards for real goods and assets will quickly drive those prices up. Any movement to spend those hoards "once started would become a tremendous avalanche, which could rampage for a long time before it would spend itself."<ref>(p272)</ref> Thus, a regime of long-term deflation is likely to be interrupted by periodic spikes of rapid inflation and consequent real economic disruptions. Moderate and stable inflation would avoid such a seesawing of price movements. ;Financial market inefficiency with deflation: The second effect noted by Tsaing is that when savers have substituted money holding for lending on financial markets, the role of those markets in channeling savings into investment is undermined. With nominal interest rates driven to zero, or near zero, from the competition with a high return money asset, there would be no price mechanism in whatever is left of those markets. With financial markets effectively euthanized, the remaining goods and physical asset prices would move in perverse directions. For example, an increased desire to save could not push interest rates further down (and thereby stimulate investment) but would instead cause additional money hoarding, driving consumer prices further down and making investment in consumer goods production thereby less attractive. Moderate inflation, once its expectation is incorporated into nominal interest rates, would give those interest rates room to go both up and down in response to shifting investment opportunities, or savers' preferences, and thus allow financial markets to function in a more normal fashion. ==Causes== Historically, a great deal of economic literature was concerned with the question of what causes inflation and what effect it has. There were different schools of thought as to the causes of inflation. Most can be divided into two broad areas: quality theories of inflation and quantity theories of inflation. The quality theory of inflation rests on the expectation of a seller accepting currency to be able to exchange that currency at a later time for goods that are desirable as a buyer. The [[quantity theory of money|quantity theory of inflation]] rests on the quantity equation of money, that relates the money supply, its [[velocity of money|velocity]], and the nominal value of exchanges. [[Adam Smith]] and [[David Hume]] proposed a quantity theory of inflation for money, and a quality theory of inflation for production. {{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} Currently, the quantity theory of money is widely accepted as an accurate model of inflation in the long run. Consequently, there is now broad agreement among economists that in the long run, the inflation rate is essentially dependent on the growth rate of money supply relative to the growth of the economy. However, in the short and medium term inflation may be affected by supply and demand pressures in the economy, and influenced by the relative elasticity of wages, prices and interest rates.<ref name="federalreserve2004"/> The question of whether the short-term effects last long enough to be important is the central topic of debate between monetarist and Keynesian economists. In [[monetarism]] prices and wages adjust quickly enough to make other factors merely marginal behavior on a general trend-line. In the [[Keynesian economics|Keynesian]] view, prices and wages adjust at different rates, and these differences have enough effects on real output to be "long term" in the view of people in an economy. ===Keynesian view=== [[Keynesian economics]] proposes that changes in money supply do not directly affect prices, and that visible inflation is the result of pressures in the economy expressing themselves in prices. There are three major types of inflation, as part of what [[Robert J. Gordon]] calls the "[[triangle model]]":<ref>Robert J. Gordon (1988), ''Macroeconomics: Theory and Policy'', 2nd ed., Chap. 22.4, 'Modern theories of inflation'. McGraw-Hill.</ref> *''[[Demand-pull inflation]]'' is caused by increases in aggregate demand due to increased private and government spending, etc. Demand inflation encourages economic growth since the excess demand and favourable market conditions will stimulate investment and expansion. *''[[Cost-push inflation]]'', also called "supply shock inflation," is caused by a drop in aggregate supply (potential output). This may be due to natural disasters, or increased prices of inputs. For example, a sudden decrease in the supply of oil, leading to increased oil prices, can cause cost-push inflation. Producers for whom oil is a part of their costs could then pass this on to consumers in the form of increased prices. Another example stems from unexpectedly high Insured Losses, either legitimate (catastrophes) or fraudulent (which might be particularly prevalent in times of recession).{{citation needed|date=March 2011}} *[[Built-in inflation]] is induced by [[adaptive expectations]], and is often linked to the "[[price/wage spiral]]". It involves workers trying to keep their wages up with prices (above the rate of inflation), and firms passing these higher labor costs on to their customers as higher prices, leading to a 'vicious circle'. Built-in inflation reflects events in the past, and so might be seen as [[hangover inflation]]. [[Demand-pull theory]] states that inflation accelerates when [[aggregate demand]] increases beyond the ability of the economy to produce (its [[potential output]]). Hence, any factor that increases aggregate demand can cause inflation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Sullivan |first1=Arthur |authorlink1=Arthur O'Sullivan (economist) |last2=Sheffrin |first2=Steven M. |title=Economics: Principles in Action |url=http://www.amazon.com/Economics-Principles-Action-OSullivan/dp/0130630853 |accessdate=May 3, 2009 |edition=2nd |series=The Wall Street Journal:Classroom Edition |year=2003 |origyear= January 2002|publisher= Pearson Prentice Hall: Addison Wesley Longman|location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 |isbn=0-13-063085-3 |page= 341}}</ref> However, in the long run, aggregate demand can be held above productive capacity only by increasing the quantity of money in circulation faster than the real growth rate of the economy. Another (although much less common) cause can be a rapid decline in the ''demand'' for money, as happened in Europe during the [[Black Death]], or in the [[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere|Japanese occupied territories]] just before the defeat of Japan in 1945. The effect of money on inflation is most obvious when governments finance spending in a crisis, such as a civil war, by printing money excessively. This sometimes leads to [[hyperinflation]], a condition where prices can double in a month or less. Money supply is also thought to play a major role in determining moderate levels of inflation, although there are differences of opinion on how important it is. For example, [[Monetarism|Monetarist]] economists believe that the link is very strong; Keynesian economists, by contrast, typically emphasize the role of [[aggregate demand]] in the economy rather than the money supply in determining inflation. That is, for Keynesians, the money supply is only one determinant of aggregate demand. Some Keynesian economists also disagree with the notion that central banks fully control the money supply, arguing that central banks have little control, since the money supply adapts to the demand for bank credit issued by commercial banks. This is known as the theory of [[endogenous money]], and has been advocated strongly by [[post-Keynesian]]s as far back as the 1960s. It has today become a central focus of [[Taylor rule]] advocates. This position is not universally accepted – banks create money by making loans, but the aggregate volume of these loans diminishes as real interest rates increase. Thus, central banks can influence the money supply by making money cheaper or more expensive, thus increasing or decreasing its production. A fundamental concept in inflation analysis is the relationship between inflation and unemployment, called the [[Phillips curve]]. This model suggests that there is a [[trade-off]] between price stability and employment. Therefore, some level of inflation could be considered desirable in order to minimize unemployment. The Phillips curve model described the U.S. experience well in the 1960s but failed to describe the combination of rising inflation and economic stagnation (sometimes referred to as ''[[stagflation]]'') experienced in the 1970s. Thus, modern macroeconomics describes inflation using a Phillips curve that ''shifts'' (so the trade-off between inflation and unemployment changes) because of such matters as supply shocks and inflation becoming built into the normal workings of the economy. The former refers to such events as the oil shocks of the 1970s, while the latter refers to the price/wage spiral and [[Adaptive expectations|inflationary expectations]] implying that the economy "normally" suffers from inflation. Thus, the Phillips curve represents only the demand-pull component of the triangle model. Another concept of note is the [[potential output]] (sometimes called the "natural gross domestic product"), a level of GDP, where the economy is at its optimal level of production given institutional and natural constraints. (This level of output corresponds to the Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment, [[NAIRU]], or the "natural" rate of unemployment or the full-employment unemployment rate.) If GDP exceeds its potential (and unemployment is below the NAIRU), the theory says that inflation will ''accelerate'' as suppliers increase their prices and built-in inflation worsens. If GDP falls below its potential level (and unemployment is above the NAIRU), inflation will ''decelerate'' as suppliers attempt to fill excess capacity, cutting prices and undermining built-in inflation.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Coe | first = David T | title = Nominal Wages. The NAIRU and Wage Flexibility | publisher = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development | url = http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/59/19/33917832.pdf | ref = harv }}</ref> However, one problem with this theory for policy-making purposes is that the exact level of potential output (and of the NAIRU) is generally unknown and tends to change over time. Inflation also seems to act in an asymmetric way, rising more quickly than it falls. Worse, it can change because of policy: for example, high unemployment under British Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] might have led to a rise in the NAIRU (and a fall in potential) because many of the unemployed found themselves as [[Structural unemployment|structurally unemployed]] (also see [[unemployment]]), unable to find jobs that fit their skills. A rise in structural unemployment implies that a smaller percentage of the labor force can find jobs at the NAIRU, where the economy avoids crossing the threshold into the realm of accelerating inflation. ====Unemployment==== A connection between inflation and unemployment has been drawn since the emergence of large scale unemployment in the 19th century, and connections continue to be drawn today. However, the [[unemployment rate]] generally only affects inflation in the short-term but not the long-term.<ref name=chang>Chang, R. (1997) [https://www.frbatlanta.org/filelegacydocs/ACFC7.pdf "Is Low Unemployment Inflationary?"] ''Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic Review'' 1Q97:4-13</ref> In the long term, the [[velocity of money]] supply measures such as the MZM ("Money Zero Maturity," representing cash and equivalent [[demand deposits]]) velocity is far more predictive of inflation than low unemployment.<ref name=hossfeld/> In [[Marxian economics]], the unemployed serve as a [[reserve army of labor]], which restrain wage inflation. In the 20th century, similar concepts in Keynesian economics include the [[NAIRU]] (Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment) and the [[Phillips curve]]. ===Monetarist view=== [[File:M2andInflation.png|thumb|right|Inflation is related to growth in money supply (using the M2 definition) over the long run.]] {{details|Monetarism}} Monetarists believe the most significant factor influencing inflation or deflation is how fast the money supply grows or shrinks. They consider fiscal policy, or government spending and taxation, as ineffective in controlling inflation.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lagassé, Paul |title=The Columbia Encyclopedia |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |year=2000 |chapter=Monetarism |isbn=0-7876-5015-3 |edition=6th}}</ref> According to the famous monetarist economist [[Milton Friedman]], ''"Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon."''<ref name="Friedman">{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Milton|title=A Monetary History of the United States 1867–1960 (1963)}}</ref> Some monetarists, however, will qualify this by making an exception for very short-term circumstances. Monetarists assert that the empirical study of monetary history shows that inflation has always been a monetary phenomenon. The [[quantity theory of money]], simply stated, says that any change in the amount of money in a system will change the price level. This theory begins with the [[equation of exchange]]: :<math>MV = PQ</math> where :<math>M</math> is the nominal quantity of money. :<math>V</math> is the [[velocity of money]] in final expenditures; :<math>P</math> is the general price level; :<math>Q</math> is an index of the [[real versus nominal value (economics)|real value]] of final expenditures; In this formula, the general price level is related to the level of real economic activity (''Q''), the quantity of money (''M'') and the velocity of money (''V''). The formula is an identity because the velocity of money (''V'') is defined to be the ratio of final nominal expenditure (<math> PQ </math>) to the quantity of money (''M''). Monetarists assume that the velocity of money is unaffected by monetary policy (at least in the long run), and the real value of output is determined in the long run by the productive capacity of the economy. Under these assumptions, the primary driver of the change in the general price level is changes in the quantity of money. With exogenous velocity (that is, velocity being determined externally and not being influenced by monetary policy), the money supply determines the value of nominal output (which equals final expenditure) in the short run. In practice, velocity is not exogenous in the short run, and so the formula does not necessarily imply a stable short-run relationship between the money supply and nominal output. However, in the long run, changes in velocity are assumed to be determined by the evolution of the payments mechanism. If velocity is relatively unaffected by monetary policy, the long-run rate of increase in prices (the inflation rate) is equal to the long-run growth rate of the money supply plus the exogenous long-run rate of velocity growth minus the long run growth rate of real output.<ref name="Mankiw 2002 pp=81–107"/> ===Rational expectations theory=== {{details|Rational expectations theory}} Rational expectations theory holds that economic actors look rationally into the future when trying to maximize their well-being, and do not respond solely to immediate opportunity costs and pressures. In this view, while generally grounded in monetarism, future expectations and strategies are important for inflation as well. A core assertion of rational expectations theory is that actors will seek to "head off" central-bank decisions by acting in ways that fulfill predictions of higher inflation. This means that central banks must establish their credibility in fighting inflation, or economic actors will make bets that the central bank will expand the money supply rapidly enough to prevent recession, even at the expense of exacerbating inflation. Thus, if a central bank has a reputation as being "soft" on inflation, when it announces a new policy of fighting inflation with restrictive monetary growth economic agents will not believe that the policy will persist; their inflationary expectations will remain high, and so will inflation. On the other hand, if the central bank has a reputation of being "tough" on inflation, then such a policy announcement will be believed and inflationary expectations will come down rapidly, thus allowing inflation itself to come down rapidly with minimal economic disruption. ===Heterodox views=== There are also various heterodox theories that downplay or reject the views of the Keynesians and monetarists. ====Austrian view==== {{See also|Austrian School|Monetary inflation}} The [[Austrian School]] asserts that inflation is an increase in the [[money supply]], rising prices are merely consequences and this semantic difference is important in defining inflation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mises.org/story/908 |title=Defining Inflation |accessdate=September 20, 2008 |last=Shostak, PhD |first=Frank |date=March 2, 2002 |publisher=Mises Institute }}</ref> Austrians stress that inflation affects prices to various degrees (i.e., that prices rise more sharply in some sectors than in other sectors of the economy). The reason for the disparity is that excess money will be concentrated to certain sectors, such as housing, stocks or health care. Because of this disparity, Austrians argue that the aggregate price level can be very misleading when observing the effects of inflation. Austrian economists measure inflation by calculating the growth of new units of money that are available for immediate use in exchange, that have been created over time.<ref>Ludwig von Mises Institute, "[http://mises.org/content/nofed/chart.aspx?series=TMS True Money Supply]"</ref><ref>Joseph T. Salerno, (1987), Austrian Economic Newsletter, "[http://www.mises.org/journals/aen/aen6_4_1.pdf The "True" Money Supply: A Measure of the Medium of Exchange in the U.S. Economy]"</ref><ref>Frank Shostak, (2000), "[http://www.mises.org/journals/qjae/pdf/qjae3_4_3.pdf The Mystery of the Money Supply Definition]"</ref> Critics of the Austrian view point out that their preferred alternative to [[fiat currency]] intended to prevent inflation, [[Hard money (policy)|commodity-backed money]], is likely to grow in supply at a different rate than [[economic growth]]. Thus it has proven to be highly [[deflation]]ary and destabilizing, including in instances where it has caused and prolonged [[Depression (economics)|depressions]].<ref>Krugman, P. (1996) [http://www.pkarchive.org/cranks/goldbug.html "The Gold Bug Variations"] ''Slate''</ref> ====Real bills doctrine==== {{Main|Real bills doctrine}} Within the context of a fixed specie basis for money, one important controversy was between the [[quantity theory of money]] and the real bills doctrine (RBD). Within this context, quantity theory applies to the level of fractional reserve accounting allowed against specie, generally gold, held by a bank. Currency and banking schools of economics argue the RBD, that banks should also be able to issue currency against bills of trading, which is "real bills" that they buy from merchants. This theory was important in the 19th century in debates between "Banking" and "Currency" schools of monetary soundness, and in the formation of the [[Federal Reserve]]. In the wake of the collapse of the international gold standard post 1913, and the move towards deficit financing of government, RBD has remained a minor topic, primarily of interest in limited contexts, such as [[currency board]]s. It is generally held in ill repute today, with [[Frederic Mishkin]], a governor of the [[Federal Reserve]] going so far as to say it had been "completely discredited." The debate between currency, or quantity theory, and banking schools in Britain during the 19th century prefigures current questions about the credibility of money in the present. In the 19th century the banking school had greater influence in policy in the United States and Great Britain, while the currency school had more influence "on the continent", that is in non-British countries, particularly in the Latin Monetary Union and the earlier Scandinavia monetary union. ====Anti-classical or backing theory==== Another issue associated with classical political economy is the anti-classical hypothesis of money, or "backing theory". The backing theory argues that the value of money is determined by the assets and liabilities of the issuing agency.<ref>[http://www.econ.ucla.edu/workingpapers/wp830.pdf Workingpapers<!--INSERT TITLE-->]</ref> Unlike the Quantity Theory of classical political economy, the backing theory argues that issuing authorities can issue money without causing inflation so long as the money issuer has sufficient assets to cover redemptions. There are very few backing theorists, making quantity theory the dominant theory explaining inflation.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} ==Controlling inflation== A variety of methods and policies have been used to control inflation. ===Stimulating economic growth=== If [[economic growth]] matches the growth of the money supply, inflation should not occur when all else is equal.<ref>{{Cite journal |first= Miguel |last= Sigrauski |title= Inflation and Economic Growth |journal= Journal of Political Economy |year= 1967 |url= http://www.hilbertcorporation.com.ar/sidrauskiI.pdf |volume= 75 |issue= 6 |pages= 796–810 |accessdate= September 18, 2012}}</ref> A large variety of factors can affect the rate of both. For example, [[investment]] in [[equity market|market production]], [[infrastructure]], education, and [[preventative health care]] can all grow an economy in greater amounts than the investment spending.<ref>{{Cite journal |first= David R. |last= Henderson |year= 1999 |title= Does Growth Cause Inflation? |journal= Cato Policy Report |volume= 21 |issue= 6 |url= http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/v21n6/cpr-21n6.html |accessdate= September 18, 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/01/02/business/20110102-metrics-graphic.html "In Investing, It’s When You Start And When You Finish"], ''New York Times'', January 2, 2012</ref> ===Monetary policy=== [[File:Federal Funds Rate (effective).svg|thumb|right|The U.S. effective [[federal funds rate]] charted over fifty years.]] {{Main|Monetary policy}} Today the primary tool for controlling inflation is monetary policy. Most central banks are tasked with keeping their inter-bank lending rates at low levels, normally to a target rate around 2% to 3% per annum, and within a targeted low inflation range, somewhere from about 2% to 6% per annum. A low positive inflation is usually targeted, as deflationary conditions are seen as dangerous for the health of the economy. There are a number of methods that have been suggested to control inflation. [[Central bank]]s such as the U.S. [[Federal Reserve]] can affect inflation to a significant extent through setting interest rates and through other operations. High [[interest rate]]s and slow growth of the money supply are the traditional ways through which central banks fight or prevent inflation, though they have different approaches. For instance, some follow a [[symmetrical inflation target]] while others only control inflation when it rises above a target, whether express or implied. Monetarists emphasize keeping the growth rate of money steady, and using [[monetary policy]] to control inflation (increasing interest rates, slowing the rise in the money supply). Keynesians emphasize reducing [[aggregate demand]] during economic expansions and increasing demand during recessions to keep inflation stable. Control of aggregate demand can be achieved using both monetary policy and [[fiscal policy]] (increased taxation or reduced government spending to reduce demand). ===Fixed exchange rates=== {{Main|Fixed exchange rate}} Under a fixed exchange rate currency regime, a country's currency is tied in value to another single currency or to a basket of other currencies (or sometimes to another measure of value, such as gold). A fixed exchange rate is usually used to stabilize the value of a currency, vis-a-vis the currency it is pegged to. It can also be used as a means to control inflation. However, as the value of the reference currency rises and falls, so does the currency pegged to it. This essentially means that the inflation rate in the fixed exchange rate country is determined by the inflation rate of the country the currency is pegged to. In addition, a fixed exchange rate prevents a government from using domestic monetary policy in order to achieve macroeconomic stability. Under the [[Bretton Woods system|Bretton Woods]] agreement, most countries around the world had currencies that were fixed to the US dollar. This limited inflation in those countries, but also exposed them to the danger of [[speculative attack]]s. After the Bretton Woods agreement broke down in the early 1970s, countries gradually turned to [[floating exchange rates]]. However, in the later part of the 20th century, some countries reverted to a fixed exchange rate as part of an attempt to control inflation. This policy of using a fixed exchange rate to control inflation was used in many countries in South America in the later part of the 20th century (e.g. [[Argentine Currency Board|Argentina (1991–2002)]], Bolivia, Brazil, and Chile). <!-- Information needed on other countries where fixed exchange rate regimes have also been tried --> ===Gold standard=== {{Main|Gold standard}} [[File:Goldkey logo removed.jpg|thumb|Under a [[gold standard]], paper notes are convertible into pre-set, fixed quantities of gold.]] The gold standard is a monetary system in which a region's common media of exchange are paper notes that are normally freely convertible into pre-set, fixed quantities of gold. The standard specifies how the gold backing would be implemented, including the amount of [[Bullion coin|specie]] per currency unit. The currency itself has no ''innate value'', but is accepted by traders because it can be redeemed for the equivalent specie. A U.S. [[silver certificate]], for example, could be redeemed for an actual piece of silver. The gold standard was partially abandoned via the international adoption of the [[Bretton Woods System]]. Under this system all other major currencies were tied at fixed rates to the dollar, which itself was tied to gold at the rate of $35 per ounce. The Bretton Woods system broke down in 1971, causing most countries to switch to [[fiat currency|fiat money]] – money backed only by the laws of the country. According to Lawrence H. White, an F. A. Hayek Professor of Economic History "who values the Austrian tradition",<ref>Lawrence H. White, "The Research Program of Austrian Economics," in Roger Koppl, ''Explorations in Austrian Economics,'' Volume 11 of Advances in Austrian economics, Emerald Group Publishing, 2008 [http://books.google.com/books?id=jrs759yqfEwC&pg=PA11&dq=%22Lawrence+H.+White%22+Austrian+economics&hl=en&ei=79PhTOmNDcOclgeonK3tAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Lawrence%20H.%20White%22%20Austrian%20economics&f=false p. 12] ISBN 1-84855-330-7, ISBN 978-1-84855-330-9</ref> economies based on the gold standard rarely experience inflation above 2 percent annually.<ref>{{cite web|last=White |first=Lawrence H. |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Inflation.html |title=Inflation by Lawrence H. White, accessed April 13, 2011 |publisher=Econlib.org |accessdate=May 21, 2011}}</ref> However, historically, the U.S. saw inflation over 2% several times and a higher peak of inflation under the gold standard when compared to inflation after the gold standard.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Historical_Inflation_Ancient.svg</ref> Under a gold standard, the long term rate of inflation (or deflation) would be determined by the growth rate of the supply of gold relative to total output.<ref>Bordo, M. (2002) [http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/GoldStandard.html "Gold Standard"] ''Concise Encyclopedia of Economics''</ref> Critics argue that this will cause arbitrary fluctuations in the inflation rate, and that monetary policy would essentially be determined by gold mining.<ref name="BarskyDeLong">{{cite journal|last=Barsky |first=Robert B |coauthors=J Bradford DeLong |year=1991 |title=Forecasting Pre-World War I Inflation: The Fisher Effect and the Gold Standard |journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=815–36 |url=http://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/qjecon/v106y1991i3p815-36.html |accessdate=September 27, 2008|doi=10.2307/2937928|jstor=2937928|ref=harv }}</ref><ref name="DeLong">{{cite web|url=http://www.j-bradford-delong.net/Politics/whynotthegoldstandard.html |title=Why Not the Gold Standard?|last=DeLong |first=Brad |accessdate=September 25, 2008}}</ref> ===Wage and price controls=== {{Main|Incomes policies}} Another method attempted in the past have been wage and price controls ("incomes policies"). Wage and price controls have been successful in wartime environments in combination with rationing. However, their use in other contexts is far more mixed. Notable failures of their use include the 1972 imposition of wage and price controls by [[Richard Nixon]]. More successful examples include the [[The Accord|Prices and Incomes Accord]] in Australia and the [[Wassenaar Agreement]] in the [[Netherlands]]. In general, wage and price controls are regarded as a temporary and exceptional measure, only effective when coupled with policies designed to reduce the underlying causes of inflation during the wage and price control regime, for example, winning the war being fought. They often have perverse effects, due to the distorted signals they send to the market. Artificially low prices often cause rationing and shortages and discourage future investment, resulting in yet further shortages. The usual economic analysis is that any product or service that is under-priced is overconsumed. For example, if the official price of bread is too low, there will be too little bread at official prices, and too little investment in bread making by the market to satisfy future needs, thereby exacerbating the problem in the [[long term]]. Temporary controls may ''complement'' a recession as a way to fight inflation: the controls make the recession more efficient as a way to fight inflation (reducing the need to increase unemployment), while the recession prevents the kinds of distortions that controls cause when demand is high. However, in general the advice of economists is not to impose price controls but to liberalize prices by assuming that the economy will adjust and abandon unprofitable economic activity. The lower activity will place fewer demands on whatever commodities were driving inflation, whether labor or resources, and inflation will fall with total economic output. This often produces a severe recession, as productive capacity is reallocated and is thus often very unpopular with the people whose livelihoods are destroyed (see [[creative destruction]]). ===Cost-of-living allowance=== {{details|Cost of living}} The real purchasing-power of fixed payments is eroded by inflation unless they are inflation-adjusted to keep their real values constant. In many countries, employment contracts, pension benefits, and government entitlements (such as [[social security]]) are tied to a cost-of-living index, typically to the [[consumer price index]].<ref name="cola wars">{{cite web |url=http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0906/090806rp.htm |title=COLA Wars | date=September 8, 2006 | work=Government Executive | publisher=[[National Journal Group]] |accessdate=September 23, 2008 |last=Flanagan |first=Tammy}}</ref> A ''cost-of-living allowance'' (COLA) adjusts salaries based on changes in a cost-of-living index. Salaries are typically adjusted annually in low inflation economies. During hyperinflation they are adjusted more often.<ref name="cola wars"/> They may also be tied to a cost-of-living index that varies by geographic location if the employee moves. Annual escalation clauses in employment contracts can specify retroactive or future percentage increases in worker pay which are not tied to any index. These negotiated increases in pay are colloquially referred to as cost-of-living adjustments ("COLAs") or cost-of-living increases because of their similarity to increases tied to externally determined indexes. == See also == <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> *[[Deflation]] *[[Inflation hedge]] *Traditional and alternative [[investment]]s *[[List of countries by inflation rate]] *[[Measuring economic worth over time]] *[[Philips curve]] *[[Price controls]] *[[Purchasing power]] *[[Real versus nominal value (economics)]] *[[Steady state economy]] *[[Welfare cost of inflation]] </div> ==Notes== {{Reflist|30em}} ==References== *{{Cite journal |last=Abel |first=Andrew |last2=Bernanke |first2=Ben |authorlink2=Ben Bernanke |title=Macroeconomics |publisher=Pearson |year=2005 |edition=5th |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> }} <!--Measurement of inflation is discussed in Ch.2, p.45-50; Money growth & Inflation in Ch.7, p.266-269; Keynesian business cycles and inflation in Ch.9, p.308-348--> *{{Cite book |last=Barro |first=Robert J. |authorlink =Robert Barro |title=Macroeconomics |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Mass |year=1997 |page= 895 |isbn=0-262-02436-5 |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> }} *{{Cite book |last=Blanchard |first=Olivier |authorlink=Olivier Blanchard |title=Macroeconomics |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J |year=2000 |isbn=0-13-013306-X |edition=2nd |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> }} *{{Cite journal |last=Mankiw |first=N. Gregory |authorlink=N. Gregory Mankiw |title=Macroeconomics |publisher=Worth |year=2002 |edition=5th |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> }} <!--Measurement of inflation is discussed in Ch.2, p.22-32; Money growth & Inflation in Ch.4, p.81-107; Keynesian business cycles and inflation in Ch.9, p.238-255--> *{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=Robert E. |authorlink=Robert Hall (economist) |last2=Taylor |first2= John B. |authorlink2=John B. Taylor |title=Macroeconomics |publisher=W.W. Norton |location=New York |year=1993 |page=637 |isbn=0-393-96307-1 |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> }} *{{Cite book |last=Burda |first=Michael C. |authorlink=Michael C. Burda |last2=Wyplosz |first2=Charles |title=Macroeconomics: a European text |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1997 |isbn=0-19-877468-0 |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> }} ==Further reading== *[[Leonardo Auernheimer|Auernheimer, Leonardo]], "The Honest Government's Guide to the Revenue From the Creation of Money," Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 82, No. 3, May/June 1974, pp.&nbsp;598–606. *[[William Baumol|Baumol, William J.]] and [[Alan S. Blinder]], ''Macroeconomics: Principles and Policy'', Tenth edition. Thomson South-Western, 2006. ISBN 0-324-22114-2 *[[Milton Friedman|Friedman, Milton]], Nobel lecture: [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1976/friedman-lecture.pdf Inflation and unemployment] 1977 *[[Frederic Mishkin|Mishkin, Frederic S.]], ''The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets'', New York, Harper Collins, 1995. *[[Federal Reserve Bank of Boston]], [http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/conf/conf53/index.htm "Understanding Inflation and the Implications for Monetary Policy: A Phillips Curve Retrospective"], Conference Series 53, June 9–11, 2008, Chatham, Massachusetts. (Also cf. [[Phillips curve]] article) ==External links== *[http://www.bls.gov/cpi/ United States Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index homepage] *[http://www.riksbank.com/templates/Page.aspx?id=27404 Inflation 1290–2006] – Based on the historical Consumer Price Index of the Swedish Riksbank *[http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm Inflation Calculator] *[http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/topics/?tid=59 Historical documents relating to inflation in the United States] [[Category:Inflation| ]] [[Category:Basic financial concepts]] [[Category:Economic problems]] [[Category:Article Feedback 5]] {{Link GA|zh}} 0e2382701684c2b0134fb9f6fdad3b8a4c4c5cf8 0 232 573 2015-02-21T16:23:12Z BrookePinckney 25 Created page with "Most WFH businesses establish a website or blog because the primary focus of these business; however, this process alone does not automatically draw traffic to a website. It i..." 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The Litecoin [[peer-to-peer]] network regulates and distributes through consensus in [[Network protocol|protocol]]. |date_of_introduction = 7 October 2011 |date_of_introduction_source = |using_countries = International |inflation_rate = Limited release ([[Geometric series]], rate halves every 4 years reaching a final total of 84 million LTC) |inflation_source_date = |inflation_method = | symbol = Ł |nickname = LTC |subunit_ratio_1 = 0.001 |subunit_name_1 = kilolite |subunit_ratio_2 = 0.000001 |subunit_name_2 = lite |subunit_ratio_3 = 0.00000001 |subunit_name_3 = spark | plural = Litecoin, litecoins | plural_subunit_1 = | plural_subunit_2 = |frequently_used_coins = |printer = |mint = }} [[File:Litecoin Logo.jpg|thumb|Litecoin Logo]] '''Litecoin''' ([[currency sign|sign]]: '''Ł'''; [[abbreviation|abbrv]]: '''LTC''') is a [[peer-to-peer]] [[Cryptocurrency|cryptocurrency]] and open source software project released under the MIT/X11 license.<ref name="Litecoin.org, April 2013">{{cite web|title=Litecoin.org|url=http://litecoin.org|work=Litecoin.org, April 2013|publisher=Litecoin.org|accessdate=24 April 2013}}</ref> Inspired by and similar to to [[Bitcoin]] ('''BTC'''),<ref>(April 13 2013). [http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21576149-even-if-it-crashes-bitcoin-may-make-dent-financial-world-mining-digital Mining digital gold]. [[The Economist]]. The Economist Newspaper. Retrieved April 27 2013.</ref> Litecoin creation and transfer is based on an [[open source]] encryption protocol and is not managed by any central authority.<ref name="Litecoin.org, April 2013" /><ref name="Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System">{{cite web|last=Satoshi|first=Nakamoto|title=Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System|url=http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf|publisher=Bitcoin.org|accessdate=24 April 2013|}}</ref> Litecoin is intended to improve upon Bitcoin <ref name="Bitcoin Isn’t the Only Cryptocurrency in Town, 15th April 2013">{{cite web|last=Simonite|first=Tom|title=Bitcoin Isn’t the Only Cryptocurrency in Town|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/news/513661/bitcoin-isnt-the-only-cryptocurrency-in-town/|accessdate=24 April 2013|}}</ref> and offers three key differences.<ref name="Linux Journal, March 2012">{{cite web|last=Powers|first=Shawn|title=Cryptocurrency: Your Total Cost Is 01001010010|url=http://www.missoulapubliclibrary.org/ftp/LinuxJournal/LJ12-03.pdf|work=Linux Journal, March 2012|publisher=Linux Journal|accessdate=21 October 2012|page=29}}</ref><ref name="The Market Oracle, 17th April 2013">{{cite web|last=BATR|title=Bitcoins Risk Reward|url=http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article39996.html|accessdate=24 April 2013|}}</ref> Firstly, the Litecoin network processes a block every 2.5 minutes, rather than every 10 minutes.<ref name="Litecoin.org, April 2013" /> Secondly, the Litecoin network will produce 84 million litecoins which is four times as many as currency units as will be issued by the Bitcoin network.<ref name="Litecoin.org, April 2013" /> Thirdly, Litecoin uses [[scrypt]] in its proof-of-work algorithm: a sequential memory-hard function first conceived by Colin Percival.<ref name="Stronger Key Derivation Via Sequential Memory-Hard Functions">{{cite web|last=Percival|first=Colin|title=Stronger Key Derivation Via Sequential Memory-Hard Functions|url=http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt/scrypt.pdf|accessdate=24 April 2013|}}</ref><ref name="Litecoin.org, April 2013" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Dan Goodin |title=Potent DDoS attacks on Mt. Gox delay rollout of new virtual currency|url=http://arstechnica.com/security/2013/04/potent-ddos-attacks-on-mt-gox-delays-rollout-of-new-virtual-currency/ |publisher=Ars Technica|accessdate=27 April 2013}}</ref> Each litecoin is subdivided into 100,000,000 smaller units, defined by eight decimal places. ==Transactions== A peer-to-peer network similar to Bitcoin's handles Litecoin's transactions, balances and issuance through [[Scrypt]], the [[proof-of-work]] scheme (Litecoins are issued when a small enough [[cryptographic hash|hash]] value is found, at which point a block is created, the process of finding these hashes and creating blocks is called mining).<ref>(21 October 2012). [http://www.andykellett.com/discography/litecoin-miner-status/ Litecoin Miner Status]. FishGuy876's Blog. Retrieved April 27 2013.</ref><ref>(21 October 2012). [http://www.openwall.com/lists/crypt-dev/2012/09/02/1 Using scrypt for user authentication]. Retrieved April 27 2013.</ref> The issuing rate forms a [[geometric series]], and the rate halves every 4 years (every 840,000 blocks) reaching a final total of 84 million LTC. The memory intensive nature of Scrypt means that unlike with Bitcoin, Litecoin is better suited for [[GPU]] mining. [[FPGA]] and [[ASIC]] implementations are more expensive to create for Scrypt than for [[SHA-256]] as used by Bitcoin.<ref>{{cite web|last=Coventry|first=Alex|title=Nooshare|url=http://mit.edu/alex_c/www/nooshare.pdf|publisher=MIT|accessdate=21 October 2012|quote=These hash functions can be tuned to require rapid access a very large memory space, making them particularly hard to optimize to specialized massively parallel hardware.}}</ref> Litecoins are currently traded for both [[fiat currencies]] and bitcoins, mostly on online [[Digital currency exchanger|exchanges]]. Reversible transactions (such as those with [[credit cards]]) are not normally used to buy litecoins as Litecoin transactions are irreversible, so there is the danger of [[chargebacks]].<ref>(21 October 2012). [https://blockchain.info/wallet/paypal-vs-bitcoin, Comparison of online payment methods]. Blockchain. Retrieved April 27 2013.</ref><ref name=BTC-E /> As of 28th April 2013, 1 LTC is worth approximately 4.11 [[USD]] or 0.032 BTC.<ref name=BTC-E>{{cite web|title=LTC/USD|url=https://btc-e.com/exchange/ltc_btc|publisher=BTC-E|accessdate=25 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=Vircurex>{{cite web|title=BTC/LTC|url=https://vircurex.com/welcome/index?base=btc&alt=ltc|publisher=Vircurex|accessdate=15 April 2013}}</ref>{{Update after|2013|4|28}} This makes Litecoin the second largest cryptocurrency by [[market cap]] with a cap of 70,000,000 [[USD]]. <ref>(15 April 2013). [http://www.technologyreview.com/news/513661/bitcoin-isnt-the-only-cryptocurrency-in-town Bitcoin Isn't the Only Cryptocurrency in Town]. [[MIT Technology Review]].</ref><ref>[http://dustcoin.com/mining Cryptocoin Mining Information<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[https://btc-e.com/exchange/btc_usd BTC-E | Bitcoin Exchange, Namecoin Exchange, Litecoin Exchange, BTC Exchange<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==History== Litecoin was released via an [[open-source]] [[Client (computing)|client]] on [[Github]] on October 7th 2011.<ref name="Abe Search">{{cite web|title=Search Results: Litecoin|url=http://explorer.litecoin.net/|publisher=Abe Search|accessdate=20 October 2012}}</ref> The current version of this client (as of 19th April 2013) is v0.6.3c.<ref>[https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/downloads litecoin-project: litecoinn: Download Packages]. 21st October 2012.</ref>{{Update after|2012|10|21}} Other clients have also been released.<ref>[https://gitorious.org/~coblee/electrum/electrum-client-litecoin electrum-client-litecoin]. 21st October 2012.</ref> More recently Litecoin has been covered in the news as a [[Bitcoin]] alternative.<ref>(April 13 2013). [http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21576149-even-if-it-crashes-bitcoin-may-make-dent-financial-world-mining-digital Mining digital gold]. [[The Economist]].</ref> ==Development== The Litecoin Developers have a new release 0.8.1 in the works which will help to modernize and enhance the network. This major upgrade will include all enhancements made in recent [[Bitcoin]] releases. ==Criticism== {{Criticism section|date=April 2013}} {{Unreferenced section|date=April 2013}} ==== Redundancy ==== Some believe that because Litecoin does not provide any features over what [[Bitcoin]] already provides, so they believe Litecoin is unlikely to match or surpass Bitcoin's value or user base. ==== Vulnerability to mining monopoly ==== Like [[Bitcoin]], Litecoin can be attacked by an entity that can match or exceed the hash rate of the network, though such a [[51% attack]] becomes more difficult to launch and maintain as the hash rate of the network grows. Some have argued that because Litecoin is designed to be inefficient on all common computers, a malicious entity need only produce a small batch of specialized hardware to overtake all the commodity mining systems combined. On the other hand, others have argued that the scrypt function simply makes it infeasible to create any specialised hardware; and that even if it were possible, specialised hardware would only strengthen the network, which happened with [[Bitcoin]] and [[ASIC|ASICs]]. ==== Pump and Dump Scheme ==== Some people claim that, due to some of all of the aforementioned reasons, Litecoin is a [[pump and dump|pump and dump scheme]], rewarding those who get in sooner at the expense of those who adopt it just before the price falls. Additionally, people often complain that the Litecoin community misrepresents it in other ways, such as portraying "faster block times" as if it makes transactions faster, and scrypt as if it is resistant to ASIC or FPGA hardware, in order to pretend Litecoin has value and inflate its value. It's important to note, generally these critics do not think that blockchain currencies are pump and dump schemes [[Per_se_(terminology)#per_se|per se]]; but rather that the existing network effect of [[Bitcoin]], combined with the lack of meaningful differentiation between Litecoin and Bitcoin as well as Litecoin's adoption of a "designed to fail" proof-of-work algorithm; that Litecoin is bound to fail in the end. Bitcoin does not suffer from these flaws and therefore does not fall under the pump and dump scheme, according to this argument. ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External Links== * [http://litecoin.org/ Litecoin website] * [http://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/wiki/ Litecoin wiki] * [http://forum.litecoin.net/ Litecoin forum] * [http://www.reddit.com/r/litecoin Litecoin Reddit community] * [http://ltc.block-explorer.com/ Litecoin block explorer (New)] * [http://explorer.litecoin.net/ Litecoin block explorer (Original)] * [http://ltc.block-explorer.com/charts Litecoin network charts and statistics] * [http://www.ltc-charts.com/ Litecoin market charts] * [https://www.litecoinpool.org/stats Litecoin network statistics] * [https://ltc-wallet.com Online Litecoin wallet] [[Category:Application layer protocols]] [[Category:Electronic currencies]] [[Category:Payment systems]] [[Category:Peer-to-peer computing]] [[Category:Alternative currencies]] [[Category:Cryptography]] 86cc7ed9f1251521ff9e5b5e74cf2a6316f899a6 425 101 2013-04-29T19:38:01Z Cyrus 1 /* See Also */ {{ infobox currency | image_1 = Litecoin Accepted Here.png | image_title_1 = "Litecoin Accepted Here" logo | image_width_1 = 130 | image_2 = Litecoin Client Overview Tab.jpg | image_title_2 = Litecoin [[Client (computing)|client]] (overview tab) | image_width_2 = 150 |issuing_authority = None. The Litecoin [[peer-to-peer]] network regulates and distributes through consensus in [[Network protocol|protocol]]. |date_of_introduction = 7 October 2011 |date_of_introduction_source = |using_countries = International |inflation_rate = Limited release ([[Geometric series]], rate halves every 4 years reaching a final total of 84 million LTC) |inflation_source_date = |inflation_method = | symbol = Ł |nickname = LTC |subunit_ratio_1 = 0.001 |subunit_name_1 = mLTC (millicoin) |subunit_ratio_2 = 0.000001 |subunit_name_2 = μLTC (microcoin) |subunit_ratio_3 = 0.00000001 |subunit_name_3 = Smallest unit | plural = Litecoin, litecoins | plural_subunit_1 = | plural_subunit_2 = |frequently_used_coins = |printer = |mint = }} [[File:Litecoin Logo.jpg|thumb|Litecoin Logo]] '''Litecoin''' ([[currency sign|sign]]: '''Ł'''; [[abbreviation|abbrv]]: '''LTC''') is a [[peer-to-peer]] [[Cryptocurrency|cryptocurrency]] and open source software project released under the MIT/X11 license.<ref name="Litecoin.org, April 2013">{{cite web|title=Litecoin.org|url=http://litecoin.org|work=Litecoin.org, April 2013|publisher=Litecoin.org|accessdate=24 April 2013}}</ref> Inspired by and similar to to [[Bitcoin]] ('''BTC'''),<ref>(April 13 2013). [http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21576149-even-if-it-crashes-bitcoin-may-make-dent-financial-world-mining-digital Mining digital gold]. [[The Economist]]. The Economist Newspaper. Retrieved April 27 2013.</ref> Litecoin creation and transfer is based on an [[open source]] encryption protocol and is not managed by any central authority.<ref name="Litecoin.org, April 2013" /><ref name="Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System">{{cite web|last=Satoshi|first=Nakamoto|title=Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System|url=http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf|publisher=Bitcoin.org|accessdate=24 April 2013|}}</ref> Litecoin is intended to improve upon Bitcoin <ref name="Bitcoin Isn’t the Only Cryptocurrency in Town, 15th April 2013">{{cite web|last=Simonite|first=Tom|title=Bitcoin Isn’t the Only Cryptocurrency in Town|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/news/513661/bitcoin-isnt-the-only-cryptocurrency-in-town/|accessdate=24 April 2013|}}</ref> and offers three key differences.<ref name="Linux Journal, March 2012">{{cite web|last=Powers|first=Shawn|title=Cryptocurrency: Your Total Cost Is 01001010010|url=http://www.missoulapubliclibrary.org/ftp/LinuxJournal/LJ12-03.pdf|work=Linux Journal, March 2012|publisher=Linux Journal|accessdate=21 October 2012|page=29}}</ref><ref name="The Market Oracle, 17th April 2013">{{cite web|last=BATR|title=Bitcoins Risk Reward|url=http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article39996.html|accessdate=24 April 2013|}}</ref> Firstly, the Litecoin network processes a block every 2.5 minutes, rather than every 10 minutes.<ref name="Litecoin.org, April 2013" /> Secondly, the Litecoin network will produce 84 million litecoins which is four times as many as currency units as will be issued by the Bitcoin network.<ref name="Litecoin.org, April 2013" /> Thirdly, Litecoin uses [[scrypt]] in its proof-of-work algorithm: a sequential memory-hard function first conceived by Colin Percival.<ref name="Stronger Key Derivation Via Sequential Memory-Hard Functions">{{cite web|last=Percival|first=Colin|title=Stronger Key Derivation Via Sequential Memory-Hard Functions|url=http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt/scrypt.pdf|accessdate=24 April 2013|}}</ref><ref name="Litecoin.org, April 2013" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Dan Goodin |title=Potent DDoS attacks on Mt. Gox delay rollout of new virtual currency|url=http://arstechnica.com/security/2013/04/potent-ddos-attacks-on-mt-gox-delays-rollout-of-new-virtual-currency/ |publisher=Ars Technica|accessdate=27 April 2013}}</ref> Each litecoin is subdivided into 100,000,000 smaller units, defined by eight decimal places. ==Transactions== A peer-to-peer network similar to Bitcoin's handles Litecoin's transactions, balances and issuance through [[Scrypt]], the [[proof-of-work]] scheme (Litecoins are issued when a small enough [[cryptographic hash|hash]] value is found, at which point a block is created, the process of finding these hashes and creating blocks is called mining).<ref>(21 October 2012). [http://www.andykellett.com/discography/litecoin-miner-status/ Litecoin Miner Status]. FishGuy876's Blog. Retrieved April 27 2013.</ref><ref>(21 October 2012). [http://www.openwall.com/lists/crypt-dev/2012/09/02/1 Using scrypt for user authentication]. Retrieved April 27 2013.</ref> The issuing rate forms a [[geometric series]], and the rate halves every 4 years (every 840,000 blocks) reaching a final total of 84 million LTC. The memory intensive nature of Scrypt means that unlike with Bitcoin, Litecoin is better suited for [[GPU]] mining. [[FPGA]] and [[ASIC]] implementations are more expensive to create for Scrypt than for [[SHA-256]] as used by Bitcoin.<ref>{{cite web|last=Coventry|first=Alex|title=Nooshare|url=http://mit.edu/alex_c/www/nooshare.pdf|publisher=MIT|accessdate=21 October 2012|quote=These hash functions can be tuned to require rapid access a very large memory space, making them particularly hard to optimize to specialized massively parallel hardware.}}</ref> Litecoins are currently traded for both [[fiat currencies]] and bitcoins, mostly on online [[Digital currency exchanger|exchanges]]. Reversible transactions (such as those with [[credit cards]]) are not normally used to buy litecoins as Litecoin transactions are irreversible, so there is the danger of [[chargebacks]].<ref>(21 October 2012). [https://blockchain.info/wallet/paypal-vs-bitcoin, Comparison of online payment methods]. Blockchain. Retrieved April 27 2013.</ref><ref name=BTC-E /> As of 28th April 2013, 1 LTC is worth approximately 4.11 [[USD]] or 0.032 BTC.<ref name=BTC-E>{{cite web|title=LTC/USD|url=https://btc-e.com/exchange/ltc_btc|publisher=BTC-E|accessdate=25 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=Vircurex>{{cite web|title=BTC/LTC|url=https://vircurex.com/welcome/index?base=btc&alt=ltc|publisher=Vircurex|accessdate=15 April 2013}}</ref>{{Update after|2013|4|28}} This makes Litecoin the second largest cryptocurrency by [[market cap]] with a cap of 70,000,000 [[USD]]. <ref>(15 April 2013). [http://www.technologyreview.com/news/513661/bitcoin-isnt-the-only-cryptocurrency-in-town Bitcoin Isn't the Only Cryptocurrency in Town]. [[MIT Technology Review]].</ref><ref>[http://dustcoin.com/mining Cryptocoin Mining Information<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[https://btc-e.com/exchange/btc_usd BTC-E | Bitcoin Exchange, Namecoin Exchange, Litecoin Exchange, BTC Exchange<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==History== Litecoin was released via an [[open-source]] [[Client (computing)|client]] on [[Github]] on October 7th 2011.<ref name="Abe Search">{{cite web|title=Search Results: Litecoin|url=http://explorer.litecoin.net/|publisher=Abe Search|accessdate=20 October 2012}}</ref> The current version of this client (as of 19th April 2013) is v0.6.3c.<ref>[https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/downloads litecoin-project: litecoinn: Download Packages]. 21st October 2012.</ref>{{Update after|2012|10|21}} Other clients have also been released.<ref>[https://gitorious.org/~coblee/electrum/electrum-client-litecoin electrum-client-litecoin]. 21st October 2012.</ref> More recently Litecoin has been covered in the news as a [[Bitcoin]] alternative.<ref>(April 13 2013). [http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21576149-even-if-it-crashes-bitcoin-may-make-dent-financial-world-mining-digital Mining digital gold]. [[The Economist]].</ref> ==Development== The Litecoin Developers have a new release 0.8.1 in the works which will help to modernize and enhance the network. This major upgrade will include all enhancements made in recent [[Bitcoin]] releases. ==Criticism== {{Criticism section|date=April 2013}} {{Unreferenced section|date=April 2013}} ==== Redundancy ==== Some believe that because Litecoin does not provide any features over what [[Bitcoin]] already provides, so they believe Litecoin is unlikely to match or surpass Bitcoin's value or user base. ==== Vulnerability to mining monopoly ==== Like [[Bitcoin]], Litecoin can be attacked by an entity that can match or exceed the hash rate of the network, though such a [[51% attack]] becomes more difficult to launch and maintain as the hash rate of the network grows. Some have argued that because Litecoin is designed to be inefficient on all common computers, a malicious entity need only produce a small batch of specialized hardware to overtake all the commodity mining systems combined. On the other hand, others have argued that the scrypt function simply makes it infeasible to create any specialised hardware; and that even if it were possible, specialised hardware would only strengthen the network, which happened with [[Bitcoin]] and [[ASIC|ASICs]]. ==== Pump and Dump Scheme ==== Some people claim that, due to some of all of the aforementioned reasons, Litecoin is a [[pump and dump|pump and dump scheme]], rewarding those who get in sooner at the expense of those who adopt it just before the price falls. Additionally, people often complain that the Litecoin community misrepresents it in other ways, such as portraying "faster block times" as if it makes transactions faster, and scrypt as if it is resistant to ASIC or FPGA hardware, in order to pretend Litecoin has value and inflate its value. It's important to note, generally these critics do not think that blockchain currencies are pump and dump schemes [[Per_se_(terminology)#per_se|per se]]; but rather that the existing network effect of [[Bitcoin]], combined with the lack of meaningful differentiation between Litecoin and Bitcoin as well as Litecoin's adoption of a "designed to fail" proof-of-work algorithm; that Litecoin is bound to fail in the end. Bitcoin does not suffer from these flaws and therefore does not fall under the pump and dump scheme, according to this argument. ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External Links== * [http://litecoin.org/ Litecoin website] * [http://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/wiki/ Litecoin wiki] * [http://forum.litecoin.net/ Litecoin forum] * [http://www.reddit.com/r/litecoin Litecoin Reddit community] * [http://ltc.block-explorer.com/ Litecoin block explorer (New)] * [http://explorer.litecoin.net/ Litecoin block explorer (Original)] * [http://ltc.block-explorer.com/charts Litecoin network charts and statistics] * [http://www.ltc-charts.com/ Litecoin market charts] * [https://www.litecoinpool.org/stats Litecoin network statistics] * [https://ltc-wallet.com Online Litecoin wallet] [[Category:Application layer protocols]] [[Category:Electronic currencies]] [[Category:Payment systems]] [[Category:Peer-to-peer computing]] [[Category:Alternative currencies]] [[Category:Cryptography]] 3d7320fa9d8162f6538c65858ed3cca899b4d64a 101 100 2013-04-29T12:30:28Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{ infobox currency | image_1 = Litecoin Accepted Here.png | image_title_1 = "Litecoin Accepted Here" logo | image_width_1 = 130 | image_2 = Litecoin Client Overview Tab.jpg | image_title_2 = Litecoin [[Client (computing)|client]] (overview tab) | image_width_2 = 150 |issuing_authority = None. The Litecoin [[peer-to-peer]] network regulates and distributes through consensus in [[Network protocol|protocol]]. |date_of_introduction = 7 October 2011 |date_of_introduction_source = |using_countries = International |inflation_rate = Limited release ([[Geometric series]], rate halves every 4 years reaching a final total of 84 million LTC) |inflation_source_date = |inflation_method = | symbol = Ł |nickname = LTC |subunit_ratio_1 = 0.001 |subunit_name_1 = mLTC (millicoin) |subunit_ratio_2 = 0.000001 |subunit_name_2 = μLTC (microcoin) |subunit_ratio_3 = 0.00000001 |subunit_name_3 = Smallest unit | plural = Litecoin, litecoins | plural_subunit_1 = | plural_subunit_2 = |frequently_used_coins = |printer = |mint = }} [[File:Litecoin Logo.jpg|thumb|Litecoin Logo]] '''Litecoin''' ([[currency sign|sign]]: '''Ł'''; [[abbreviation|abbrv]]: '''LTC''') is a [[peer-to-peer]] [[Cryptocurrency|cryptocurrency]] and open source software project released under the MIT/X11 license.<ref name="Litecoin.org, April 2013">{{cite web|title=Litecoin.org|url=http://litecoin.org|work=Litecoin.org, April 2013|publisher=Litecoin.org|accessdate=24 April 2013}}</ref> Inspired by and similar to to [[Bitcoin]] ('''BTC'''),<ref>(April 13 2013). [http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21576149-even-if-it-crashes-bitcoin-may-make-dent-financial-world-mining-digital Mining digital gold]. [[The Economist]]. The Economist Newspaper. Retrieved April 27 2013.</ref> Litecoin creation and transfer is based on an [[open source]] encryption protocol and is not managed by any central authority.<ref name="Litecoin.org, April 2013" /><ref name="Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System">{{cite web|last=Satoshi|first=Nakamoto|title=Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System|url=http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf|publisher=Bitcoin.org|accessdate=24 April 2013|}}</ref> Litecoin is intended to improve upon Bitcoin <ref name="Bitcoin Isn’t the Only Cryptocurrency in Town, 15th April 2013">{{cite web|last=Simonite|first=Tom|title=Bitcoin Isn’t the Only Cryptocurrency in Town|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/news/513661/bitcoin-isnt-the-only-cryptocurrency-in-town/|accessdate=24 April 2013|}}</ref> and offers three key differences.<ref name="Linux Journal, March 2012">{{cite web|last=Powers|first=Shawn|title=Cryptocurrency: Your Total Cost Is 01001010010|url=http://www.missoulapubliclibrary.org/ftp/LinuxJournal/LJ12-03.pdf|work=Linux Journal, March 2012|publisher=Linux Journal|accessdate=21 October 2012|page=29}}</ref><ref name="The Market Oracle, 17th April 2013">{{cite web|last=BATR|title=Bitcoins Risk Reward|url=http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article39996.html|accessdate=24 April 2013|}}</ref> Firstly, the Litecoin network processes a block every 2.5 minutes, rather than every 10 minutes.<ref name="Litecoin.org, April 2013" /> Secondly, the Litecoin network will produce 84 million litecoins which is four times as many as currency units as will be issued by the Bitcoin network.<ref name="Litecoin.org, April 2013" /> Thirdly, Litecoin uses [[scrypt]] in its proof-of-work algorithm: a sequential memory-hard function first conceived by Colin Percival.<ref name="Stronger Key Derivation Via Sequential Memory-Hard Functions">{{cite web|last=Percival|first=Colin|title=Stronger Key Derivation Via Sequential Memory-Hard Functions|url=http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt/scrypt.pdf|accessdate=24 April 2013|}}</ref><ref name="Litecoin.org, April 2013" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Dan Goodin |title=Potent DDoS attacks on Mt. Gox delay rollout of new virtual currency|url=http://arstechnica.com/security/2013/04/potent-ddos-attacks-on-mt-gox-delays-rollout-of-new-virtual-currency/ |publisher=Ars Technica|accessdate=27 April 2013}}</ref> Each litecoin is subdivided into 100,000,000 smaller units, defined by eight decimal places. ==Transactions== A peer-to-peer network similar to Bitcoin's handles Litecoin's transactions, balances and issuance through [[Scrypt]], the [[proof-of-work]] scheme (Litecoins are issued when a small enough [[cryptographic hash|hash]] value is found, at which point a block is created, the process of finding these hashes and creating blocks is called mining).<ref>(21 October 2012). [http://www.andykellett.com/discography/litecoin-miner-status/ Litecoin Miner Status]. FishGuy876's Blog. Retrieved April 27 2013.</ref><ref>(21 October 2012). [http://www.openwall.com/lists/crypt-dev/2012/09/02/1 Using scrypt for user authentication]. Retrieved April 27 2013.</ref> The issuing rate forms a [[geometric series]], and the rate halves every 4 years (every 840,000 blocks) reaching a final total of 84 million LTC. The memory intensive nature of Scrypt means that unlike with Bitcoin, Litecoin is better suited for [[GPU]] mining. [[FPGA]] and [[ASIC]] implementations are more expensive to create for Scrypt than for [[SHA-256]] as used by Bitcoin.<ref>{{cite web|last=Coventry|first=Alex|title=Nooshare|url=http://mit.edu/alex_c/www/nooshare.pdf|publisher=MIT|accessdate=21 October 2012|quote=These hash functions can be tuned to require rapid access a very large memory space, making them particularly hard to optimize to specialized massively parallel hardware.}}</ref> Litecoins are currently traded for both [[fiat currencies]] and bitcoins, mostly on online [[Digital currency exchanger|exchanges]]. Reversible transactions (such as those with [[credit cards]]) are not normally used to buy litecoins as Litecoin transactions are irreversible, so there is the danger of [[chargebacks]].<ref>(21 October 2012). [https://blockchain.info/wallet/paypal-vs-bitcoin, Comparison of online payment methods]. Blockchain. Retrieved April 27 2013.</ref><ref name=BTC-E /> As of 28th April 2013, 1 LTC is worth approximately 4.11 [[USD]] or 0.032 BTC.<ref name=BTC-E>{{cite web|title=LTC/USD|url=https://btc-e.com/exchange/ltc_btc|publisher=BTC-E|accessdate=25 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=Vircurex>{{cite web|title=BTC/LTC|url=https://vircurex.com/welcome/index?base=btc&alt=ltc|publisher=Vircurex|accessdate=15 April 2013}}</ref>{{Update after|2013|4|28}} This makes Litecoin the second largest cryptocurrency by [[market cap]] with a cap of 70,000,000 [[USD]]. <ref>(15 April 2013). [http://www.technologyreview.com/news/513661/bitcoin-isnt-the-only-cryptocurrency-in-town Bitcoin Isn't the Only Cryptocurrency in Town]. [[MIT Technology Review]].</ref><ref>[http://dustcoin.com/mining Cryptocoin Mining Information<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[https://btc-e.com/exchange/btc_usd BTC-E | Bitcoin Exchange, Namecoin Exchange, Litecoin Exchange, BTC Exchange<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==History== Litecoin was released via an [[open-source]] [[Client (computing)|client]] on [[Github]] on October 7th 2011.<ref name="Abe Search">{{cite web|title=Search Results: Litecoin|url=http://explorer.litecoin.net/|publisher=Abe Search|accessdate=20 October 2012}}</ref> The current version of this client (as of 19th April 2013) is v0.6.3c.<ref>[https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/downloads litecoin-project: litecoinn: Download Packages]. 21st October 2012.</ref>{{Update after|2012|10|21}} Other clients have also been released.<ref>[https://gitorious.org/~coblee/electrum/electrum-client-litecoin electrum-client-litecoin]. 21st October 2012.</ref> More recently Litecoin has been covered in the news as a [[Bitcoin]] alternative.<ref>(April 13 2013). [http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21576149-even-if-it-crashes-bitcoin-may-make-dent-financial-world-mining-digital Mining digital gold]. [[The Economist]].</ref> ==Development== The Litecoin Developers have a new release 0.8.1 in the works which will help to modernize and enhance the network. This major upgrade will include all enhancements made in recent [[Bitcoin]] releases. ==Criticism== {{Criticism section|date=April 2013}} {{Unreferenced section|date=April 2013}} ==== Redundancy ==== Some believe that because Litecoin does not provide any features over what [[Bitcoin]] already provides, so they believe Litecoin is unlikely to match or surpass Bitcoin's value or user base. ==== Vulnerability to mining monopoly ==== Like [[Bitcoin]], Litecoin can be attacked by an entity that can match or exceed the hash rate of the network, though such a [[51% attack]] becomes more difficult to launch and maintain as the hash rate of the network grows. Some have argued that because Litecoin is designed to be inefficient on all common computers, a malicious entity need only produce a small batch of specialized hardware to overtake all the commodity mining systems combined. On the other hand, others have argued that the scrypt function simply makes it infeasible to create any specialised hardware; and that even if it were possible, specialised hardware would only strengthen the network, which happened with [[Bitcoin]] and [[ASIC|ASICs]]. ==== Pump and Dump Scheme ==== Some people claim that, due to some of all of the aforementioned reasons, Litecoin is a [[pump and dump|pump and dump scheme]], rewarding those who get in sooner at the expense of those who adopt it just before the price falls. Additionally, people often complain that the Litecoin community misrepresents it in other ways, such as portraying "faster block times" as if it makes transactions faster, and scrypt as if it is resistant to ASIC or FPGA hardware, in order to pretend Litecoin has value and inflate its value. It's important to note, generally these critics do not think that blockchain currencies are pump and dump schemes [[Per_se_(terminology)#per_se|per se]]; but rather that the existing network effect of [[Bitcoin]], combined with the lack of meaningful differentiation between Litecoin and Bitcoin as well as Litecoin's adoption of a "designed to fail" proof-of-work algorithm; that Litecoin is bound to fail in the end. Bitcoin does not suffer from these flaws and therefore does not fall under the pump and dump scheme, according to this argument. ==See Also== {{Portal|Anarchism|Business and economics|Free software|Numismatics}} * [[Anarcho-capitalism]] * [[Anonymous Internet banking]] * [[Complementary currency]] * [[Crypto-anarchism]] * [[Digital currency exchanger]] * [[PPCoin]] {{-}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External Links== * [http://litecoin.org/ Litecoin website] * [http://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/wiki/ Litecoin wiki] * [http://forum.litecoin.net/ Litecoin forum] * [http://www.reddit.com/r/litecoin Litecoin Reddit community] * [http://ltc.block-explorer.com/ Litecoin block explorer (New)] * [http://explorer.litecoin.net/ Litecoin block explorer (Original)] * [http://ltc.block-explorer.com/charts Litecoin network charts and statistics] * [http://www.ltc-charts.com/ Litecoin market charts] * [https://www.litecoinpool.org/stats Litecoin network statistics] * [https://ltc-wallet.com Online Litecoin wallet] [[Category:Application layer protocols]] [[Category:Electronic currencies]] [[Category:Payment systems]] [[Category:Peer-to-peer computing]] [[Category:Alternative currencies]] [[Category:Cryptography]] 2f68e959cbda9382b3435fa7f5c20cafb5c9a939 100 2013-04-28T20:24:45Z Luke-Jr 0 /* Redundancy */ Lack of features is objective, even if the conclusion is subjective {{ infobox currency | image_1 = Litecoin Accepted Here.png | image_title_1 = "Litecoin Accepted Here" logo | image_width_1 = 130 | image_2 = Litecoin Client Overview Tab.jpg | image_title_2 = Litecoin [[Client (computing)|client]] (overview tab) | image_width_2 = 150 |issuing_authority = None. The Litecoin [[peer-to-peer]] network regulates and distributes through consensus in [[Network protocol|protocol]]. |date_of_introduction = 7 October 2011 |date_of_introduction_source = |using_countries = International |inflation_rate = Limited release ([[Geometric series]], rate halves every 4 years reaching a final total of 84 million LTC) |inflation_source_date = |inflation_method = | symbol = Ł |nickname = LTC |subunit_ratio_1 = 0.001 |subunit_name_1 = mLTC (millicoin) |subunit_ratio_2 = 0.000001 |subunit_name_2 = μLTC (microcoin) |subunit_ratio_3 = 0.00000001 |subunit_name_3 = Smallest unit | plural = Litecoin, litecoins | plural_subunit_1 = | plural_subunit_2 = |frequently_used_coins = |printer = |mint = }} [[File:Litecoin Logo.jpg|thumb|Litecoin Logo]] '''Litecoin''' ([[currency sign|sign]]: '''Ł'''; [[abbreviation|abbrv]]: '''LTC''') is a [[peer-to-peer]] [[Cryptocurrency|cryptocurrency]] and open source software project released under the MIT/X11 license.<ref name="Litecoin.org, April 2013">{{cite web|title=Litecoin.org|url=http://litecoin.org|work=Litecoin.org, April 2013|publisher=Litecoin.org|accessdate=24 April 2013}}</ref> Inspired by and similar to to [[Bitcoin]] ('''BTC'''),<ref>(April 13 2013). [http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21576149-even-if-it-crashes-bitcoin-may-make-dent-financial-world-mining-digital Mining digital gold]. [[The Economist]]. The Economist Newspaper. Retrieved April 27 2013.</ref> Litecoin creation and transfer is based on an [[open source]] encryption protocol and is not managed by any central authority.<ref name="Litecoin.org, April 2013" /><ref name="Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System">{{cite web|last=Satoshi|first=Nakamoto|title=Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System|url=http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf|publisher=Bitcoin.org|accessdate=24 April 2013|}}</ref> Litecoin is intended to improve upon Bitcoin <ref name="Bitcoin Isn’t the Only Cryptocurrency in Town, 15th April 2013">{{cite web|last=Simonite|first=Tom|title=Bitcoin Isn’t the Only Cryptocurrency in Town|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/news/513661/bitcoin-isnt-the-only-cryptocurrency-in-town/|accessdate=24 April 2013|}}</ref> and offers three key differences.<ref name="Linux Journal, March 2012">{{cite web|last=Powers|first=Shawn|title=Cryptocurrency: Your Total Cost Is 01001010010|url=http://www.missoulapubliclibrary.org/ftp/LinuxJournal/LJ12-03.pdf|work=Linux Journal, March 2012|publisher=Linux Journal|accessdate=21 October 2012|page=29}}</ref><ref name="The Market Oracle, 17th April 2013">{{cite web|last=BATR|title=Bitcoins Risk Reward|url=http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article39996.html|accessdate=24 April 2013|}}</ref> Firstly, the Litecoin network processes a block every 2.5 minutes, rather than every 10 minutes.<ref name="Litecoin.org, April 2013" /> Secondly, the Litecoin network will produce 84 million litecoins which is four times as many as currency units as will be issued by the Bitcoin network.<ref name="Litecoin.org, April 2013" /> Thirdly, Litecoin uses [[scrypt]] in its proof-of-work algorithm: a sequential memory-hard function first conceived by Colin Percival.<ref name="Stronger Key Derivation Via Sequential Memory-Hard Functions">{{cite web|last=Percival|first=Colin|title=Stronger Key Derivation Via Sequential Memory-Hard Functions|url=http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt/scrypt.pdf|accessdate=24 April 2013|}}</ref><ref name="Litecoin.org, April 2013" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Dan Goodin |title=Potent DDoS attacks on Mt. Gox delay rollout of new virtual currency|url=http://arstechnica.com/security/2013/04/potent-ddos-attacks-on-mt-gox-delays-rollout-of-new-virtual-currency/ |publisher=Ars Technica|accessdate=27 April 2013}}</ref> Each litecoin is subdivided into 100,000,000 smaller units, defined by eight decimal places. ==Transactions== A peer-to-peer network similar to Bitcoin's handles Litecoin's transactions, balances and issuance through [[Scrypt]], the [[proof-of-work]] scheme (Litecoins are issued when a small enough [[cryptographic hash|hash]] value is found, at which point a block is created, the process of finding these hashes and creating blocks is called mining).<ref>(21 October 2012). [http://www.andykellett.com/discography/litecoin-miner-status/ Litecoin Miner Status]. FishGuy876's Blog. Retrieved April 27 2013.</ref><ref>(21 October 2012). [http://www.openwall.com/lists/crypt-dev/2012/09/02/1 Using scrypt for user authentication]. Retrieved April 27 2013.</ref> The issuing rate forms a [[geometric series]], and the rate halves every 4 years (every 840,000 blocks) reaching a final total of 84 million LTC. The memory intensive nature of Scrypt means that unlike with Bitcoin, Litecoin is better suited for [[GPU]] mining. [[FPGA]] and [[ASIC]] implementations are more expensive to create for Scrypt than for [[SHA-256]] as used by Bitcoin.<ref>{{cite web|last=Coventry|first=Alex|title=Nooshare|url=http://mit.edu/alex_c/www/nooshare.pdf|publisher=MIT|accessdate=21 October 2012|quote=These hash functions can be tuned to require rapid access a very large memory space, making them particularly hard to optimize to specialized massively parallel hardware.}}</ref> Litecoins are currently traded for both [[fiat currencies]] and bitcoins, mostly on online [[Digital currency exchanger|exchanges]]. Reversible transactions (such as those with [[credit cards]]) are not normally used to buy litecoins as Litecoin transactions are irreversible, so there is the danger of [[chargebacks]].<ref>(21 October 2012). [https://blockchain.info/wallet/paypal-vs-bitcoin, Comparison of online payment methods]. Blockchain. Retrieved April 27 2013.</ref><ref name=BTC-E /> As of 28th April 2013, 1 LTC is worth approximately 4.11 [[USD]] or 0.032 BTC.<ref name=BTC-E>{{cite web|title=LTC/USD|url=https://btc-e.com/exchange/ltc_btc|publisher=BTC-E|accessdate=25 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=Vircurex>{{cite web|title=BTC/LTC|url=https://vircurex.com/welcome/index?base=btc&alt=ltc|publisher=Vircurex|accessdate=15 April 2013}}</ref>{{Update after|2013|4|28}} This makes Litecoin the second largest cryptocurrency by [[market cap]] with a cap of 70,000,000 [[USD]]. <ref>(15 April 2013). [http://www.technologyreview.com/news/513661/bitcoin-isnt-the-only-cryptocurrency-in-town Bitcoin Isn't the Only Cryptocurrency in Town]. [[MIT Technology Review]].</ref><ref>[http://dustcoin.com/mining Cryptocoin Mining Information<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[https://btc-e.com/exchange/btc_usd BTC-E | Bitcoin Exchange, Namecoin Exchange, Litecoin Exchange, BTC Exchange<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==History== Litecoin was released via an [[open-source]] [[Client (computing)|client]] on [[Github]] on October 7th 2011.<ref name="Abe Search">{{cite web|title=Search Results: Litecoin|url=http://explorer.litecoin.net/|publisher=Abe Search|accessdate=20 October 2012}}</ref> The current version of this client (as of 19th April 2013) is v0.6.3c.<ref>[https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/downloads litecoin-project: litecoinn: Download Packages]. 21st October 2012.</ref>{{Update after|2012|10|21}} Other clients have also been released.<ref>[https://gitorious.org/~coblee/electrum/electrum-client-litecoin electrum-client-litecoin]. 21st October 2012.</ref> More recently Litecoin has been covered in the news as a [[Bitcoin]] alternative.<ref>(April 13 2013). [http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21576149-even-if-it-crashes-bitcoin-may-make-dent-financial-world-mining-digital Mining digital gold]. [[The Economist]].</ref> ==Development== The Litecoin Developers have a new release 0.8.1 in the works which will help to modernize and enhance the network. This major upgrade will include all enhancements made in recent [[Bitcoin]] releases. ==Criticism== {{Criticism section|date=April 2013}} {{Unreferenced section|date=April 2013}} ==== Redundancy ==== Some believe that because Litecoin does not provide any features over what [[Bitcoin]] already provides, so they believe Litecoin is unlikely to match or surpass Bitcoin's value or user base. ==== Vulnerability to mining monopoly ==== Like [[Bitcoin]], Litecoin can be attacked by an entity that can match or exceed the hash rate of the network, though such a [[51% attack]] becomes more difficult to launch and maintain as the hash rate of the network grows. Some have argued that because Litecoin is designed to be inefficient on all common computers, a malicious entity need only produce a small batch of specialized hardware to overtake all the commodity mining systems combined. On the other hand, others have argued that the scrypt function simply makes it infeasible to create any specialised hardware; and that even if it were possible, specialised hardware would only strengthen the network, which happened with [[Bitcoin]] and [[ASIC|ASICs]]. ==== Pump and Dump Scheme ==== Some people claim that, due to some of all of the aforementioned reasons, Litecoin is a [[pump and dump|pump and dump scheme]], rewarding those who get in sooner at the expense of those who adopt it just before the price falls. Additionally, people often complain that the Litecoin community misrepresents it in other ways, such as portraying "faster block times" as if it makes transactions faster, and scrypt as if it is resistant to ASIC or FPGA hardware, in order to pretend Litecoin has value and inflate its value. It's important to note, generally these critics do not think that blockchain currencies are pump and dump schemes [[Per_se_(terminology)#per_se|per se]]; but rather that the existing network effect of [[Bitcoin]], combined with the lack of meaningful differentiation between Litecoin and Bitcoin as well as Litecoin's adoption of a "designed to fail" proof-of-work algorithm; that Litecoin is bound to fail in the end. Bitcoin does not suffer from these flaws and therefore does not fall under the pump and dump scheme, according to this argument. ==See Also== {{Portal|Anarchism|Business and economics|Free software|Numismatics}} * [[Anarcho-capitalism]] * [[Anonymous Internet banking]] * [[Complementary currency]] * [[Crypto-anarchism]] * [[Digital currency exchanger]] * [[PPCoin]] {{-}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External Links== * [http://litecoin.org/ Litecoin website] * [http://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/wiki/ Litecoin wiki] * [http://forum.litecoin.net/ Litecoin forum] * [http://www.reddit.com/r/litecoin Litecoin Reddit community] * [http://ltc.block-explorer.com/ Litecoin block explorer (New)] * [http://explorer.litecoin.net/ Litecoin block explorer (Original)] * [http://ltc.block-explorer.com/charts Litecoin network charts and statistics] * [http://www.ltc-charts.com/ Litecoin market charts] * [https://www.litecoinpool.org/stats Litecoin network statistics] * [https://ltc-wallet.com Online Litecoin wallet] [[Category:Application layer protocols]] [[Category:Electronic currencies]] [[Category:Payment systems]] [[Category:Peer-to-peer computing]] [[Category:Alternative currencies]] [[Category:Cryptography]] 2f68e959cbda9382b3435fa7f5c20cafb5c9a939 0 191 470 469 2013-04-30T17:25:49Z Cyrus 1 Most of the API Calls in Litecoin are the same as they are in Bitcoin ([https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&action=view Seen here.]), with the addition of the following:<br /><br /> <code>getnetworkhashps [blocks]</code><br /> * Returns the estimated network hashes per second based on the last 120 blocks. * Pass in [blocks] to override # of blocks, -1 specifies since last difficulty change. <br /><br /><br /> Except that the following are missing:<br /><br /> * addnode<br /> * createrawtransaction<br /> * decoderawtransaction<br /> * getaddednodeinfo<br /> * getrawtransaction<br /> * importprivkey (missing rescan option)<br /> * listaddressgroupings<br /> * listunspent<br /> * listlockunspent<br /> * lockunspent<br /> * walletlock<br /> * walletpassphrase<br /> * walletpassphrasechange :''Sourced from [https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/wiki/Litecoin-API-Calls-List/_edit Litecoin API Calls List] 92fd179b17945f37b35a036d53afcc85ec915aa8 469 468 2013-04-30T17:25:33Z Cyrus 1 Most of the API Calls in Litecoin are the same as they are in Bitcoin ([https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&action=view Seen here.]), with the addition of the following:<br /><br /> <code>getnetworkhashps [blocks]</code><br /> * Returns the estimated network hashes per second based on the last 120 blocks. * Pass in [blocks] to override # of blocks, -1 specifies since last difficulty change. <br /><br /><br /> Except that the following are missing:<br /><br /> * addnode<br /> * createrawtransaction<br /> * decoderawtransaction<br /> * getaddednodeinfo<br /> * getrawtransaction<br /> * importprivkey (missing rescan option)<br /> * listaddressgroupings<br /> * listunspent<br /> * listlockunspent<br /> * lockunspent<br /> * walletlock<br /> * walletpassphrase<br /> * walletpassphrasechange :''Sourced from [https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/wiki/Litecoin-API-Calls-List/_edit Litecoin API Calls List] 40235996aaf5e5b20b171fcf0e9cab20f53f7e02 468 463 2013-04-30T17:25:17Z Cyrus 1 Most of the API Calls in Litecoin are the same as they are in Bitcoin ([https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&action=view Seen here.]), with the addition of the following:<br /><br /> <code>getnetworkhashps [blocks]</code><br /> * Returns the estimated network hashes per second based on the last 120 blocks. * Pass in [blocks] to override # of blocks, -1 specifies since last difficulty change. <br /><br /><br /> Except that the following are missing:<br /><br /> * addnode<br /> * createrawtransaction<br /> * decoderawtransaction<br /> * getaddednodeinfo<br /> * getrawtransaction<br /> * importprivkey (missing rescan option)<br /> * listaddressgroupings<br /> * listunspent<br /> * listlockunspent<br /> * lockunspent<br /> * walletlock<br /> * walletpassphrase<br /> * walletpassphrasechange :''Sourced from [https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/wiki/Litecoin-API-Calls-List/_edit Litecoin API Calls List] 2ccd7326bafcb53bc54fc11702470c8b9e93684f 463 462 2013-04-30T17:21:26Z Cyrus 1 Cyrus moved page [[API reference (JSON-RPC)]] to [[Litecoin API Calls List]]: More appropiate title. = Litecoin API Calls List = Most of the API Calls in Litecoin are the same as they are in Bitcoin ([https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&action=view Seen here.]), with the addition of the following:<br /><br /> <code>getnetworkhashps [blocks]</code><br /> * Returns the estimated network hashes per second based on the last 120 blocks. * Pass in [blocks] to override # of blocks, -1 specifies since last difficulty change. <br /><br /><br /> Except that the following are missing:<br /><br /> * addnode<br /> * createrawtransaction<br /> * decoderawtransaction<br /> * getaddednodeinfo<br /> * getrawtransaction<br /> * importprivkey (missing rescan option)<br /> * listaddressgroupings<br /> * listunspent<br /> * listlockunspent<br /> * lockunspent<br /> * walletlock<br /> * walletpassphrase<br /> * walletpassphrasechange :''Sourced from [https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/wiki/Litecoin-API-Calls-List/_edit Litecoin API Calls List] ef23af7cfceaa85d0ac82aad03630312bc8c6e0c 462 461 2013-04-30T13:33:52Z Cyrus 1 = Litecoin API Calls List = Most of the API Calls in Litecoin are the same as they are in Bitcoin ([https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&action=view Seen here.]), with the addition of the following:<br /><br /> <code>getnetworkhashps [blocks]</code><br /> * Returns the estimated network hashes per second based on the last 120 blocks. * Pass in [blocks] to override # of blocks, -1 specifies since last difficulty change. <br /><br /><br /> Except that the following are missing:<br /><br /> * addnode<br /> * createrawtransaction<br /> * decoderawtransaction<br /> * getaddednodeinfo<br /> * getrawtransaction<br /> * importprivkey (missing rescan option)<br /> * listaddressgroupings<br /> * listunspent<br /> * listlockunspent<br /> * lockunspent<br /> * walletlock<br /> * walletpassphrase<br /> * walletpassphrasechange :''Sourced from [https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/wiki/Litecoin-API-Calls-List/_edit Litecoin API Calls List] ef23af7cfceaa85d0ac82aad03630312bc8c6e0c 461 2013-04-30T13:32:36Z Cyrus 1 Created page with "= Litecoin API Calls List = Most of the API Calls in Litecoin are the same as they are in Bitcoin ([https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_..." = Litecoin API Calls List = Most of the API Calls in Litecoin are the same as they are in Bitcoin ([https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Original_Bitcoin_client/API_calls_list&action=view Seen here.]), with the addition of the following:<br /><br /> <code>getnetworkhashps [blocks]</code><br /> * Returns the estimated network hashes per second based on the last 120 blocks. * Pass in [blocks] to override # of blocks, -1 specifies since last difficulty change. <br /><br /><br /> Except that the following are missing:<br /><br /> * addnode<br /> * createrawtransaction<br /> * decoderawtransaction<br /> * getaddednodeinfo<br /> * getrawtransaction<br /> * importprivkey (missing rescan option)<br /> * listaddressgroupings<br /> * listunspent<br /> * listlockunspent<br /> * lockunspent<br /> * walletlock<br /> * walletpassphrase<br /> * walletpassphrasechange fc6b41d3c96924730b53a72da8bdb1e86a14b763 0 237 592 2015-02-25T08:20:03Z BrookePinckney 25 Created page with "But should you suffer from dull and lifeless skin, you'll still find it comforting to know that there methods to help you to get that glow. Google, like a giant search results..." But should you suffer from dull and lifeless skin, you'll still find it comforting to know that there methods to help you to get that glow. Google, like a giant search results, keeps track of sites information and contents to manage sites. Needless to convey, show you inventions doesn't invariably show they may be especially Online personalised ( blank ) original cell phones off their builders, since Motorola talkabout Motorola milestone phone, w007 can often be launchpads thorough products of predominantly Android os 1 ) though issued the path Bing is intending to build their very own fate, my spouse and i definitely may not exclude most recent Nexus products later. 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Ask for before photos, as these are testaments on the surgeon’s quality of work and whether they're in keeping together with your standards. For more elaborate project management needs, users can navigate with other cross-platform services furnished by Google. Its medium package making you able of increasing the site ranking of the company's customers in a few days. If you are not using Google+ in your Android phone, you're losing an excellent approach to carry on while about the go. You may also write lengthy websites in case you so desire, something which does not work properly quite as well on Facebook. Google is jumping into the market of internet sites, just because it's incredibly popular today. Whatever browser you have, you'll be able to avoid seeing][http://www.Lmgtfy.com/?q=google+plus+and+facebook google plus app for iphone] Instant Previews feature or the magnifying lens allow or disable Instant Previews, by simply while using the secure Google search page:. t already discovered how good it's, perhaps it. One can customize Google plus to even keep photos taken by mobiles around the internet server that enables greater usage of photos from various sources. <br><br>Google plus has move forward while using innovation of Google plus 1. There is certainly not more rewarding than receiving the check of hard earned money. This way, it is possible to save a lot of time and money too. The rumoured plans for My - Space have an increased target music, though the site has become heading on this direction since its last major redesign in 2009 and it seems unlikely that this helps you to save it. dae1c09ee2e7c1383fea51b5eb0f5c87e5cb5ec4 0 1 494 430 2013-05-19T22:24:26Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [http://en.litecoinpedia.org Litecoinpedia],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Everything about Litecoin.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia English]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[https://forum.litecoin.net/ Litecoin Forum]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|IRC Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Important Articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ This project(like Wikipedia), accepts donations. They will be used for server costs, maintenance and further development of the project. Donation Address: '''LVHng4nVjY4odWqQPnDopDZ6FJoDkANDtL''' 56736827c7f6cbf68c9e0f7762ac64dd7130b6d9 430 429 2013-04-30T01:05:08Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [http://en.litecoinpedia.org Litecoinpedia],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Everything about Litecoin.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia English]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[https://forum.litecoin.net/ Litecoin Forum]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|IRC Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Important Articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. 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Donation Address: '''LVHng4nVjY4odWqQPnDopDZ6FJoDkANDtL''' 9ee46c725f81a0e2af43272baf1c0773ae89db0c 429 406 2013-04-30T01:04:44Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [http://en.litecoinpedia.org Litecoinpedia],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Everything about Litecoin.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia English]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[https://forum.litecoin.net/ Litecoin Forum]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|IRC Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Important Articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[ro:Pagina Principala]] [[es:Página Principal]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ This project(like Wikipedia), accepts donations. They will be used for server costs, maintenance and further development of the project. 7d43c9c6820e85e6f979f7c9871054b4878c9d6d 406 405 2013-04-29T15:39:25Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [http://en.litecoinpedia.org Litecoinpedia],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Everything about Litecoin.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia English]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[https://forum.litecoin.net/ Litecoin Forum]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|IRC Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Important Articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[ro:Pagina Principala]] [[es:Página Principal]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 2fafde1df31306c615cde423ec3601640913f365 405 404 2013-04-29T15:38:15Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [http://en.litecoinpedia.org Litecoinpedia],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Everything about Litecoin.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia English]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[https://forum.litecoin.net/ Litecoin Forum]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|IRC Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Important Articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. * '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[ro:Pagina Principala]] [[es:Página Principal]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 6984c8cea066849d81f905776fe82d874ba5d102 404 403 2013-04-29T15:38:04Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [http://en.litecoinpedia.org Litecoinpedia],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Everything about Litecoin.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia English]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[https://forum.litecoin.net/ Litecoin Forum]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|IRC Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Important Articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. * '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[ro:Pagina Principala]] [[es:Página Principal]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 6a39112169c605c00fb72de06d19be9a6107a84b 403 402 2013-04-29T15:37:46Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [http://en.litecoinpedia.org Litecoinpedia],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Everything about Litecoin.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia English]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[https://forum.litecoin.net/ Litecoin Forum]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|IRC Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Important Articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. * '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[ro:Pagina Principala]] [[es:Página Principal]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 6984c8cea066849d81f905776fe82d874ba5d102 402 99 2013-04-29T15:36:51Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [http://en.litecoinpedia.org Litecoinpedia],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Everything about Litecoin.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia English]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[https://forum.litecoin.net/ Litecoin Forum]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|IRC Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Important Articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. * '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[ro:Pagina Principala]] [[es:Página Principal]] [[fr:Accueil]] [[it:Pagina principale]] [[pl:Strona główna]] [[ru:Заглавная страница]] [[zh-cn:首页]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ dc9b5d18eb5e99851df296cd3791bd2c74f9e4cf 99 98 2013-04-29T12:26:23Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [http://en.litecoinpedia.org Litecoinpedia],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Everything about Litecoin.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia English]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Frontpage]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[https://forum.litecoin.net/ Litecoin Forum]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|IRC Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Important Articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. * '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[ro:Pagina Principala]] [[es:Página Principal]] [[fr:Accueil]] [[it:Pagina principale]] [[pl:Strona główna]] [[ru:Заглавная страница]] [[zh-cn:首页]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ cf6859f9e7cf02bf174d846c789fc54bb6651c61 98 97 2013-04-29T12:19:34Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [http://en.litecoinpedia.org Litecoinpedia],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the Litecoin Wiki.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia English]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Frontpage]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[https://forum.litecoin.net/ Litecoin Forum]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|IRC Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Important Articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. * '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[ro:Pagina Principala]] [[es:Página Principal]] [[fr:Accueil]] [[it:Pagina principale]] [[pl:Strona główna]] [[ru:Заглавная страница]] [[zh-cn:首页]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 667fcc19d6e008633dbf10b0f7dc07ee264b8b5f 97 78 2013-04-29T12:17:37Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [[Litecoinpedia]],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the Litecoin Wiki.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia English]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Frontpage]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[https://forum.litecoin.net/ Litecoin Forum]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|IRC Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Important Articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. * '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[ro:Pagina Principala]] [[es:Página Principal]] [[fr:Accueil]] [[it:Pagina principale]] [[pl:Strona główna]] [[ru:Заглавная страница]] [[zh-cn:首页]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ e0d26b4bcec7e9e1dbb5f33f7cc7a98ea1fe98b1 78 77 2013-04-29T10:04:07Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [[Litecoinpedia]],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the [[free content|free]] [[encyclopedia]] that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia English]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Frontpage]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[https://forum.litecoin.net/ Litecoin Forum]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|IRC Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#B2CFF0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Important Articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. * '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[ro:Pagina Principala]] [[es:Página Principal]] [[fr:Accueil]] [[it:Pagina principale]] [[pl:Strona główna]] [[ru:Заглавная страница]] [[zh-cn:首页]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 840e65c0d92387c8d12d89566f7035f413594c80 77 76 2013-04-29T10:03:19Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [[Litecoinpedia]],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the [[free content|free]] [[encyclopedia]] that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia English]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Frontpage]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[https://forum.litecoin.net/ Litecoin Forum]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|IRC Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Important Articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. * '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[ro:Pagina Principala]] [[es:Página Principal]] [[fr:Accueil]] [[it:Pagina principale]] [[pl:Strona główna]] [[ru:Заглавная страница]] [[zh-cn:首页]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 222b24731a5eab8389f6279db221e4c0f768cd16 76 75 2013-04-29T10:01:43Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [[Litecoinpedia]],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the [[free content|free]] [[encyclopedia]] that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia English]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Frontpage]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[https://forum.litecoin.net/ Litecoin Forum]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|IRC Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Important Articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. * '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[ro:Pagina Principala]] [[es:Página Principal]] [[fr:Accueil]] [[it:Pagina principale]] [[pl:Strona główna]] [[ru:Заглавная страница]] [[zh-cn:首页]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ cb6337bcc0b4c2a69c9508b8cd021382642dd7f0 75 74 2013-04-29T09:48:05Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [[Litecoinpedia]],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the [[free content|free]] [[encyclopedia]] that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia English]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Frontpage]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[https://forum.litecoin.net/ Litecoin Forum]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|IRC Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Important Articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. * '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[ro:Pagina Principala]] [[es:Página Principal]] [[fr:Accueil]] [[it:Pagina principale]] [[pl:Strona główna]] [[ru:Заглавная страница]] [[zh-cn:首页]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ f4d9f3517497b07d7a7a3f27113406c58b5128da 74 73 2013-04-29T01:56:07Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [[Litecoinpedia]],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the [[free content|free]] [[encyclopedia]] that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia English]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Frontpage]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[https://forum.litecoin.net/ Forums]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|IRC Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Important Articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. * '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[ro:Pagina Principala]] [[es:Página Principal]] [[fr:Accueil]] [[it:Pagina principale]] [[pl:Strona główna]] [[ru:Заглавная страница]] [[zh-cn:首页]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ e80ebfb2ca4df9bdc712153473b6708efe3b744a 73 67 2013-04-29T01:51:34Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [[Litecoinpedia]],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the [[free content|free]] [[encyclopedia]] that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia English]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Frontpage]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[https://forum.litecoin.net/ Forums]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|IRC Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #cedff2; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Important Articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. * '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[ro:Pagina Principala]] [[es:Página Principal]] [[fr:Accueil]] [[it:Pagina principale]] [[pl:Strona główna]] [[ru:Заглавная страница]] [[zh-cn:首页]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 0b44682331e68d1ddeac4abf3e06b2cf748736e0 67 66 2013-04-29T01:30:13Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [[Litecoinpedia]],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the [[free content|free]] [[encyclopedia]] that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia English]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Frontpage]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[https://forum.litecoin.net/ Forums]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|IRC Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Important Articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. * '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[ro:Pagina Principala]] [[es:Página Principal]] [[fr:Accueil]] [[it:Pagina principale]] [[pl:Strona główna]] [[ru:Заглавная страница]] [[zh-cn:首页]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 16bf8fa007b814d4613885d207ffb314f7ea3fdb 66 50 2013-04-29T01:29:32Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [[Litecoinpedia]],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the [[free content|free]] [[encyclopedia]] that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia English]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Frontpage]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[https://forum.litecoin.net/ Forums]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|IRC Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Important Articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. * '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[ro:Pagina Principala]] [[es:Página Principal]] [[fr:Accueil]] [[it:Pagina principale]] [[pl:Strona główna]] [[ru:Заглавная страница]] [[zh-cn:首页]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ b140e337fff2a3751198983b936c146269f92be7 50 49 2013-04-29T00:53:01Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [[Litecoinpedia]],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the [[free content|free]] [[encyclopedia]] that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [[English language|English]]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Frontpage]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[https://forum.litecoin.net/ Forums]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|IRC Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Important Articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. * '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[ro:Pagina Principala]] [[es:Página Principal]] [[fr:Accueil]] [[it:Pagina principale]] [[pl:Strona główna]] [[ru:Заглавная страница]] [[zh-cn:首页]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 7ba4a65b6b86906fe3a343fcadb63918c655c40f 49 41 2013-04-29T00:52:23Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [[Litecoinpedia]],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the [[free content|free]] [[encyclopedia]] that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [[English language|English]]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Frontpage]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[https://forum.litecoin.net/ Forums]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|IRC Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Topic central</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. * '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[ro:Pagina Principala]] [[es:Página Principal]] [[fr:Accueil]] [[it:Pagina principale]] [[pl:Strona główna]] [[ru:Заглавная страница]] [[zh-cn:首页]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ e6d0811f4f8faa4a31fed61c4015ef7ed2fdcd68 41 40 2013-04-29T00:38:42Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [[Litecoinpedia]],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the [[free content|free]] [[encyclopedia]] that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [[English language|English]]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Frontpage]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[https://forum.litecoin.net/ Forums]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Topic central</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. * '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[ro:Pagina Principala]] [[es:Página Principal]] [[fr:Accueil]] [[it:Pagina principale]] [[pl:Strona główna]] [[ru:Заглавная страница]] [[zh-cn:首页]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 430c2e3e2de7423e819152cf14f0d2cdb96e16cb 40 38 2013-04-29T00:36:34Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [[Litecoinpedia]],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the [[free content|free]] [[encyclopedia]] that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [[English language|English]]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Frontpage]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[Forums]]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Topic central</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. * '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[ro:Pagina Principala]] [[es:Página Principal]] [[fr:Accueil]] [[it:Pagina principale]] [[pl:Strona główna]] [[ru:Заглавная страница]] [[zh-cn:首页]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ e5b460472049e4ff2001d67a1d800e9a72b17872 38 37 2013-04-29T00:31:26Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [[Litecoinpedia]],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the [[free content|free]] [[encyclopedia]] that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [[English language|English]]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Frontpage]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[Forums]]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Topic central</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. * '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[es:Página Principal]] [[fr:Accueil]] [[it:Pagina principale]] [[pl:Strona główna]] [[ru:Заглавная страница]] [[zh-cn:首页]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ b3de6a8a5a72cb8d2ee556e07391d4e6e83721fb 37 35 2013-04-29T00:30:53Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [[Litecoinpedia]],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the [[free content|free]] [[encyclopedia]] that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [[English language|English]]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Frontpage]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[Forums]]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Topic central</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. * '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[es:Página Principal]] [[fr:Accueil]] [[it:Pagina principale]] [[pl:Strona główna]] [[ru:Заглавная страница]] [[zh-cn:首页]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 019970f623ba440059ed3df4c80c9a9ad425ae1a 35 21 2013-04-29T00:24:59Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [[Litecoinpedia]],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the [[free content|free]] [[encyclopedia]] that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [[English language|English]]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://litecoin.org Frontpage]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[Forums]]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Litecoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Topic central</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. * '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[es:Página Principal]] [[fr:Accueil]] [[it:Pagina principale]] [[pl:Strona główna]] [[ru:Заглавная страница]] [[zh-cn:首页]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ b3de6a8a5a72cb8d2ee556e07391d4e6e83721fb 21 20 2013-04-28T23:38:10Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [[Litecoinpedia]],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the [[free content|free]] [[encyclopedia]] that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [[English language|English]]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[http://bitcoin.org Frontpage]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[Forums]]</span> | style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" | * <span class="plainlinks">[[IRC channels|Chatrooms]]</span> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Bitcoin</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{MainPage_Intro}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Why</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{MainPage_Reasons}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;" ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Topic central</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_Topics}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">FAQ</h2> |- | style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">{{MainPage_FAQ}}</div> |} |} == Other pages == * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing. * '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site. [[de:Hauptseite]] [[es:Página Principal]] [[fr:Accueil]] [[it:Pagina principale]] [[pl:Strona główna]] [[ru:Заглавная страница]] [[zh-cn:首页]] __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ ec8675af2ee1e30aab2b505f3d75957d996b9363 20 19 2013-04-28T23:35:37Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [[Litecoinpedia]],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the [[free content|free]] [[encyclopedia]] that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [[English language|English]]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Portal:Arts|Arts]] * [[Portal:Biography|Biography]] * [[Portal:Geography|Geography]] | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Portal:History|History]] * [[Portal:Mathematics|Mathematics]] * [[Portal:Science|Science]] | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Portal:Society|Society]] * [[Portal:Technology|Technology]] * '''[[Portal:Contents/Portals|All portals]]''' |} }} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED CONTENT --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW; TODAY'S ARTICLES FOR IMPROVEMENT --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}>150|From today's featured article|Featured article <span style="font-size:85%; font-weight:normal;">(Check back later for today's.)</span>}}</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}>150|{{Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|{{Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y|-1 day}}}}}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Did you know...</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{Did you know}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tafi-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Today's articles for improvement</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-tafi">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's articles for improvement/{{#time:Y}}/{{#time:W}}}}|R}}>150|{{Wikipedia:Today's articles for improvement/{{#time:Y}}/{{#time:W}}}}|Please check back later.}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-itn-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">In the news</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px;" | <div id="mp-itn">{{In the news}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">On this day...</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-otd">{{Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/{{#time:F j}}}}</div> |} |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED LIST --><!-- CONDITIONAL: SHOW/HIDE FROM HERE -->{{#switch:{{CURRENTDAYNAME}}|Monday= <table id="mp-middle" style="width:100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr> <td class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #f2cedd; background:#fff5fa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;"> <table id="mp-center" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#fff5fa; color:#000;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"><h2 id="mp-tfl-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#f2cedd; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #bfa3af; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em">From today's featured list</h2></td> </tr><tr> <td style="color:#000;"><div id="mp-tfl" style="padding:2px 5px;">{{#ifexist:Wikipedia:Today's featured list/{{#time:F j, Y}}|{{Wikipedia:Today's featured list/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|{{TFLempty}}}}</div></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <!-- END TODAY'S FEATURED LIST --><!-- CONDITIONAL: SHOW/HIDE TO HERE -->|}} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED PICTURE --> {| id="mp-lower" style="margin:4px 0 0 0; width:100%; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-bottom" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#faf5ff; color:#000;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfp-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#ddcef2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #afa3bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em">{{#ifexist:Template:POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d}}|Today's featured picture | Featured picture&ensp;<span style="font-size:85%; font-weight:normal;">(Check back later for today's.)</span>}}</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px;" | <div id="mp-tfp">{{#ifexist:Template:POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d}}|{{POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d}}}}|{{POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d|-1 day}}}}}}</div> |} |} <!-- SECTIONS AT BOTTOM OF PAGE --> <div id="mp-other" style="padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:2px;"> == Other areas of Wikipedia == {{Other areas of Wikipedia}} </div><div id="mp-sister"> == Wikipedia's sister projects == {{Wikipedia's sister projects}} </div><div id="mp-lang"> == Wikipedia languages == {{Wikipedia languages}} </div> <!-- INTERWIKI STRAPLINE --> <noinclude>{{Main Page interwikis}}{{noexternallanglinks}}</noinclude>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 4f8c11a5c87c040112c1025621846a5d134cf7f3 19 18 2013-04-28T23:34:54Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO WIKIPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [[Wikipedia]],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the [[free content|free]] [[encyclopedia]] that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [[English language|English]]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Portal:Arts|Arts]] * [[Portal:Biography|Biography]] * [[Portal:Geography|Geography]] | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Portal:History|History]] * [[Portal:Mathematics|Mathematics]] * [[Portal:Science|Science]] | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Portal:Society|Society]] * [[Portal:Technology|Technology]] * '''[[Portal:Contents/Portals|All portals]]''' |} }} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED CONTENT --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW; TODAY'S ARTICLES FOR IMPROVEMENT --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}>150|From today's featured article|Featured article <span style="font-size:85%; font-weight:normal;">(Check back later for today's.)</span>}}</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}>150|{{Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|{{Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y|-1 day}}}}}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Did you know...</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{Did you know}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tafi-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Today's articles for improvement</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-tafi">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's articles for improvement/{{#time:Y}}/{{#time:W}}}}|R}}>150|{{Wikipedia:Today's articles for improvement/{{#time:Y}}/{{#time:W}}}}|Please check back later.}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-itn-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">In the news</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px;" | <div id="mp-itn">{{In the news}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">On this day...</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-otd">{{Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/{{#time:F j}}}}</div> |} |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED LIST --><!-- CONDITIONAL: SHOW/HIDE FROM HERE -->{{#switch:{{CURRENTDAYNAME}}|Monday= <table id="mp-middle" style="width:100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr> <td class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #f2cedd; background:#fff5fa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;"> <table id="mp-center" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#fff5fa; color:#000;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"><h2 id="mp-tfl-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#f2cedd; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #bfa3af; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em">From today's featured list</h2></td> </tr><tr> <td style="color:#000;"><div id="mp-tfl" style="padding:2px 5px;">{{#ifexist:Wikipedia:Today's featured list/{{#time:F j, Y}}|{{Wikipedia:Today's featured list/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|{{TFLempty}}}}</div></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <!-- END TODAY'S FEATURED LIST --><!-- CONDITIONAL: SHOW/HIDE TO HERE -->|}} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED PICTURE --> {| id="mp-lower" style="margin:4px 0 0 0; width:100%; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-bottom" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#faf5ff; color:#000;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfp-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#ddcef2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #afa3bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em">{{#ifexist:Template:POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d}}|Today's featured picture | Featured picture&ensp;<span style="font-size:85%; font-weight:normal;">(Check back later for today's.)</span>}}</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px;" | <div id="mp-tfp">{{#ifexist:Template:POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d}}|{{POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d}}}}|{{POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d|-1 day}}}}}}</div> |} |} <!-- SECTIONS AT BOTTOM OF PAGE --> <div id="mp-other" style="padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:2px;"> == Other areas of Wikipedia == {{Other areas of Wikipedia}} </div><div id="mp-sister"> == Wikipedia's sister projects == {{Wikipedia's sister projects}} </div><div id="mp-lang"> == Wikipedia languages == {{Wikipedia languages}} </div> <!-- INTERWIKI STRAPLINE --> <noinclude>{{Main Page interwikis}}{{noexternallanglinks}}</noinclude>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 3e9dd6ad2edf7a94db48e944775e8ab506cdcdd7 18 17 2013-04-28T23:34:36Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO WIKIPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [[Wikipedia]],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the [[free content|free]] [[encyclopedia]] that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [[English language|English]]</div> <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Portal:Arts|Arts]] * [[Portal:Biography|Biography]] * [[Portal:Geography|Geography]] | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Portal:History|History]] * [[Portal:Mathematics|Mathematics]] * [[Portal:Science|Science]] | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Portal:Society|Society]] * [[Portal:Technology|Technology]] * '''[[Portal:Contents/Portals|All portals]]''' |} }} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED CONTENT --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW; TODAY'S ARTICLES FOR IMPROVEMENT --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}>150|From today's featured article|Featured article <span style="font-size:85%; font-weight:normal;">(Check back later for today's.)</span>}}</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}>150|{{Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|{{Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y|-1 day}}}}}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Did you know...</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{Did you know}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tafi-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Today's articles for improvement</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-tafi">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's articles for improvement/{{#time:Y}}/{{#time:W}}}}|R}}>150|{{Wikipedia:Today's articles for improvement/{{#time:Y}}/{{#time:W}}}}|Please check back later.}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-itn-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">In the news</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px;" | <div id="mp-itn">{{In the news}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">On this day...</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-otd">{{Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/{{#time:F j}}}}</div> |} |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED LIST --><!-- CONDITIONAL: SHOW/HIDE FROM HERE -->{{#switch:{{CURRENTDAYNAME}}|Monday= <table id="mp-middle" style="width:100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr> <td class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #f2cedd; background:#fff5fa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;"> <table id="mp-center" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#fff5fa; color:#000;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"><h2 id="mp-tfl-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#f2cedd; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #bfa3af; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em">From today's featured list</h2></td> </tr><tr> <td style="color:#000;"><div id="mp-tfl" style="padding:2px 5px;">{{#ifexist:Wikipedia:Today's featured list/{{#time:F j, Y}}|{{Wikipedia:Today's featured list/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|{{TFLempty}}}}</div></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <!-- END TODAY'S FEATURED LIST --><!-- CONDITIONAL: SHOW/HIDE TO HERE -->|}} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED PICTURE --> {| id="mp-lower" style="margin:4px 0 0 0; width:100%; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-bottom" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#faf5ff; color:#000;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfp-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#ddcef2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #afa3bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em">{{#ifexist:Template:POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d}}|Today's featured picture | Featured picture&ensp;<span style="font-size:85%; font-weight:normal;">(Check back later for today's.)</span>}}</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px;" | <div id="mp-tfp">{{#ifexist:Template:POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d}}|{{POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d}}}}|{{POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d|-1 day}}}}}}</div> |} |} <!-- SECTIONS AT BOTTOM OF PAGE --> <div id="mp-other" style="padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:2px;"> == Other areas of Wikipedia == {{Other areas of Wikipedia}} </div><div id="mp-sister"> == Wikipedia's sister projects == {{Wikipedia's sister projects}} </div><div id="mp-lang"> == Wikipedia languages == {{Wikipedia languages}} </div> <!-- INTERWIKI STRAPLINE --> <noinclude>{{Main Page interwikis}}{{noexternallanglinks}}</noinclude>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 62da80dd06d7b4461a2f48495b668e2efc065f26 17 16 2013-04-28T23:34:03Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [[Wikipedia]],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the [[free content|free]] [[encyclopedia]] that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [[English language|English]]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Portal:Arts|Arts]] * [[Portal:Biography|Biography]] * [[Portal:Geography|Geography]] | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Portal:History|History]] * [[Portal:Mathematics|Mathematics]] * [[Portal:Science|Science]] | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Portal:Society|Society]] * [[Portal:Technology|Technology]] * '''[[Portal:Contents/Portals|All portals]]''' |} }} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED CONTENT --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW; TODAY'S ARTICLES FOR IMPROVEMENT --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}>150|From today's featured article|Featured article <span style="font-size:85%; font-weight:normal;">(Check back later for today's.)</span>}}</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}>150|{{Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|{{Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y|-1 day}}}}}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Did you know...</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{Did you know}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tafi-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Today's articles for improvement</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-tafi">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's articles for improvement/{{#time:Y}}/{{#time:W}}}}|R}}>150|{{Wikipedia:Today's articles for improvement/{{#time:Y}}/{{#time:W}}}}|Please check back later.}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-itn-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">In the news</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px;" | <div id="mp-itn">{{In the news}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">On this day...</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-otd">{{Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/{{#time:F j}}}}</div> |} |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED LIST --><!-- CONDITIONAL: SHOW/HIDE FROM HERE -->{{#switch:{{CURRENTDAYNAME}}|Monday= <table id="mp-middle" style="width:100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr> <td class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #f2cedd; background:#fff5fa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;"> <table id="mp-center" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#fff5fa; color:#000;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"><h2 id="mp-tfl-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#f2cedd; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #bfa3af; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em">From today's featured list</h2></td> </tr><tr> <td style="color:#000;"><div id="mp-tfl" style="padding:2px 5px;">{{#ifexist:Wikipedia:Today's featured list/{{#time:F j, Y}}|{{Wikipedia:Today's featured list/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|{{TFLempty}}}}</div></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <!-- END TODAY'S FEATURED LIST --><!-- CONDITIONAL: SHOW/HIDE TO HERE -->|}} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED PICTURE --> {| id="mp-lower" style="margin:4px 0 0 0; width:100%; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-bottom" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#faf5ff; color:#000;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfp-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#ddcef2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #afa3bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em">{{#ifexist:Template:POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d}}|Today's featured picture | Featured picture&ensp;<span style="font-size:85%; font-weight:normal;">(Check back later for today's.)</span>}}</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px;" | <div id="mp-tfp">{{#ifexist:Template:POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d}}|{{POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d}}}}|{{POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d|-1 day}}}}}}</div> |} |} <!-- SECTIONS AT BOTTOM OF PAGE --> <div id="mp-other" style="padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:2px;"> == Other areas of Wikipedia == {{Other areas of Wikipedia}} </div><div id="mp-sister"> == Wikipedia's sister projects == {{Wikipedia's sister projects}} </div><div id="mp-lang"> == Wikipedia languages == {{Wikipedia languages}} </div> <!-- INTERWIKI STRAPLINE --> <noinclude>{{Main Page interwikis}}{{noexternallanglinks}}</noinclude>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 4df259454c01a11ab5b251ee0b1e1fcac8684233 16 15 2013-04-28T23:32:54Z Cyrus 1 <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO LITECOINPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [[Wikipedia]],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the [[free content|free]] [[encyclopedia]] that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [[English language|English]]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Portal:Arts|Arts]] * [[Portal:Biography|Biography]] * [[Portal:Geography|Geography]] | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Portal:History|History]] * [[Portal:Mathematics|Mathematics]] * [[Portal:Science|Science]] | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Portal:Society|Society]] * [[Portal:Technology|Technology]] * '''[[Portal:Contents/Portals|All portals]]''' |} <!-- MAIN PAGE BANNER --> {{#if:{{Main Page banner}}| <table id="mp-banner" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr><td class="MainPageBG" style="text-align:center; padding:0.2em; background-color:#fffaf5; border:1px solid #f2e0ce; color:#000; font-size:100%;">{{Main Page banner}} </td></tr> </table> }} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED CONTENT --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW; TODAY'S ARTICLES FOR IMPROVEMENT --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}>150|From today's featured article|Featured article <span style="font-size:85%; font-weight:normal;">(Check back later for today's.)</span>}}</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}>150|{{Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|{{Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y|-1 day}}}}}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Did you know...</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{Did you know}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tafi-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Today's articles for improvement</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-tafi">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's articles for improvement/{{#time:Y}}/{{#time:W}}}}|R}}>150|{{Wikipedia:Today's articles for improvement/{{#time:Y}}/{{#time:W}}}}|Please check back later.}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-itn-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">In the news</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px;" | <div id="mp-itn">{{In the news}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">On this day...</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-otd">{{Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/{{#time:F j}}}}</div> |} |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED LIST --><!-- CONDITIONAL: SHOW/HIDE FROM HERE -->{{#switch:{{CURRENTDAYNAME}}|Monday= <table id="mp-middle" style="width:100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr> <td class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #f2cedd; background:#fff5fa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;"> <table id="mp-center" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#fff5fa; color:#000;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"><h2 id="mp-tfl-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#f2cedd; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #bfa3af; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em">From today's featured list</h2></td> </tr><tr> <td style="color:#000;"><div id="mp-tfl" style="padding:2px 5px;">{{#ifexist:Wikipedia:Today's featured list/{{#time:F j, Y}}|{{Wikipedia:Today's featured list/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|{{TFLempty}}}}</div></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <!-- END TODAY'S FEATURED LIST --><!-- CONDITIONAL: SHOW/HIDE TO HERE -->|}} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED PICTURE --> {| id="mp-lower" style="margin:4px 0 0 0; width:100%; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-bottom" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#faf5ff; color:#000;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfp-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#ddcef2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #afa3bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em">{{#ifexist:Template:POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d}}|Today's featured picture | Featured picture&ensp;<span style="font-size:85%; font-weight:normal;">(Check back later for today's.)</span>}}</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px;" | <div id="mp-tfp">{{#ifexist:Template:POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d}}|{{POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d}}}}|{{POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d|-1 day}}}}}}</div> |} |} <!-- SECTIONS AT BOTTOM OF PAGE --> <div id="mp-other" style="padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:2px;"> == Other areas of Wikipedia == {{Other areas of Wikipedia}} </div><div id="mp-sister"> == Wikipedia's sister projects == {{Wikipedia's sister projects}} </div><div id="mp-lang"> == Wikipedia languages == {{Wikipedia languages}} </div> <!-- INTERWIKI STRAPLINE --> <noinclude>{{Main Page interwikis}}{{noexternallanglinks}}</noinclude>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 95c904add96a7a40ed4a7a472351a9d52af22778 15 8 2013-04-28T23:31:35Z Cyrus 1 /* Welcome to the Litecoin Wiki. */ <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO WIKIPEDIA" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to [[Wikipedia]],</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the [[free content|free]] [[encyclopedia]] that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in [[English language|English]]</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Portal:Arts|Arts]] * [[Portal:Biography|Biography]] * [[Portal:Geography|Geography]] | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Portal:History|History]] * [[Portal:Mathematics|Mathematics]] * [[Portal:Science|Science]] | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Portal:Society|Society]] * [[Portal:Technology|Technology]] * '''[[Portal:Contents/Portals|All portals]]''' |} <!-- MAIN PAGE BANNER --> {{#if:{{Main Page banner}}| <table id="mp-banner" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr><td class="MainPageBG" style="text-align:center; padding:0.2em; background-color:#fffaf5; border:1px solid #f2e0ce; color:#000; font-size:100%;">{{Main Page banner}} </td></tr> </table> }} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED CONTENT --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW; TODAY'S ARTICLES FOR IMPROVEMENT --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}>150|From today's featured article|Featured article <span style="font-size:85%; font-weight:normal;">(Check back later for today's.)</span>}}</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}>150|{{Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|{{Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y|-1 day}}}}}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Did you know...</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{Did you know}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tafi-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Today's articles for improvement</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-tafi">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's articles for improvement/{{#time:Y}}/{{#time:W}}}}|R}}>150|{{Wikipedia:Today's articles for improvement/{{#time:Y}}/{{#time:W}}}}|Please check back later.}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-itn-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">In the news</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px;" | <div id="mp-itn">{{In the news}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">On this day...</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-otd">{{Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/{{#time:F j}}}}</div> |} |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED LIST --><!-- CONDITIONAL: SHOW/HIDE FROM HERE -->{{#switch:{{CURRENTDAYNAME}}|Monday= <table id="mp-middle" style="width:100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr> <td class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #f2cedd; background:#fff5fa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;"> <table id="mp-center" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#fff5fa; color:#000;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"><h2 id="mp-tfl-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#f2cedd; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #bfa3af; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em">From today's featured list</h2></td> </tr><tr> <td style="color:#000;"><div id="mp-tfl" style="padding:2px 5px;">{{#ifexist:Wikipedia:Today's featured list/{{#time:F j, Y}}|{{Wikipedia:Today's featured list/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|{{TFLempty}}}}</div></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <!-- END TODAY'S FEATURED LIST --><!-- CONDITIONAL: SHOW/HIDE TO HERE -->|}} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED PICTURE --> {| id="mp-lower" style="margin:4px 0 0 0; width:100%; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-bottom" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#faf5ff; color:#000;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfp-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#ddcef2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #afa3bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em">{{#ifexist:Template:POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d}}|Today's featured picture | Featured picture&ensp;<span style="font-size:85%; font-weight:normal;">(Check back later for today's.)</span>}}</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px;" | <div id="mp-tfp">{{#ifexist:Template:POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d}}|{{POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d}}}}|{{POTD protected/{{#time:Y-m-d|-1 day}}}}}}</div> |} |} <!-- SECTIONS AT BOTTOM OF PAGE --> <div id="mp-other" style="padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:2px;"> == Other areas of Wikipedia == {{Other areas of Wikipedia}} </div><div id="mp-sister"> == Wikipedia's sister projects == {{Wikipedia's sister projects}} </div><div id="mp-lang"> == Wikipedia languages == {{Wikipedia languages}} </div> <!-- INTERWIKI STRAPLINE --> <noinclude>{{Main Page interwikis}}{{noexternallanglinks}}</noinclude>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ d266621127a19eed797857adde8aebb3cf75edc8 8 7 2013-04-28T20:27:34Z Cyrus 1 Protected "[[Main Page]]" (‎[edit=sysop] (indefinite) ‎[move=sysop] (indefinite)) == Welcome to the Litecoin Wiki. == This project is currently under heavy development. Content will be added shortly! Thank You for your interest. If you'ld like to help this project, we accept donations here: LVHng4nVjY4odWqQPnDopDZ6FJoDkANDtL 6b00fca7de5107a7f9e0ce488d80e20de61edda7 7 6 2013-04-28T01:25:48Z Cyrus 1 == Welcome to the Litecoin Wiki. == This project is currently under heavy development. Content will be added shortly! Thank You for your interest. If you'ld like to help this project, we accept donations here: LVHng4nVjY4odWqQPnDopDZ6FJoDkANDtL 6b00fca7de5107a7f9e0ce488d80e20de61edda7 6 5 2013-04-28T01:25:35Z Cyrus 1 == Welcome to the Litecoin Wiki. == This project is currently under heavy development. Content will be added shortly! Thank You for your interest. If you'ld like to help this project, we accept donations here: LVHng4nVjY4odWqQPnDopDZ6FJoDkANDtL 41360f37565b793cb5e7651c8ce9b06cbc3a9248 5 3 2013-04-28T01:25:07Z Cyrus 1 == Welcome to the Litecoin Wiki. == This project is currently under heavy development. Content will be added shortly! Thank You for your interest. If you'ld like to help this project, we accept donations here: LVHng4nVjY4odWqQPnDopDZ6FJoDkANDtL ab3785a987965f774ed17ee5515dd8d799335da6 3 2 2013-04-28T00:02:39Z Cyrus 1 == Welcome to the Litecoin Wiki. == This project is currently under heavy development. Content will be added shortly! Thank You for your interest. If you'ld like to help this project, we accept donations here: LVHng4nVjY4odWqQPnDopDZ6FJoDkANDtL 28a8e19da88edeb586ccf907db14bda89c81567f 2 1 2013-04-28T00:01:08Z Cyrus 1 /* Getting started */ '''MediaWiki has been successfully installed.''' Consult the [//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software. Welcome to the Litecoin Wiki. This project is currently under heavy development. Content will be added shortly! Thank You for your interest. If you'ld like to help this project, we accept donations here: LVHng4nVjY4odWqQPnDopDZ6FJoDkANDtL 2fa869354a8297b6e99be9b3f1e93eee2fa3a870 1 2013-04-27T19:12:04Z MediaWiki default 0 '''MediaWiki has been successfully installed.''' Consult the [//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software. == Getting started == * [//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list] * [//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/mediawiki-announce MediaWiki release mailing list] b7a3846f2c55072191227d89a3204fe379288fee 0 251 632 2015-03-16T20:23:53Z BrookePinckney 25 Created page with "You go through the Hangout button and invite individuals a specific group by sending them a notification. Alternatively, they can shop about the Internet or through mail-order..." You go through the Hangout button and invite individuals a specific group by sending them a notification. Alternatively, they can shop about the Internet or through mail-order catalogs. So G+ Communities is away and off to an excellent start, but will or not it's the boost the site must push it past Facebook. Facebook and Twitter, used worldwide by hundreds of millions, are some of the most notable. <br><br>Many also find yourself wearing outfits which are too tight or unflattering on their structure. Moreover, with all the aid on this handset the candidate could also tune in to his or her music unlimited as it's got media player, FM radio, MP3 player and lots of more plus also a fantastic battery life as a result of which the candidate will never need to bother about charging the battery. I'm an Internet Marketer living inside the Philippines. 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The table shows (mostly) stock clock numbers. 10-20% performance improvement can be achieved with CPU overclocking tools. '''Notes:''' * kHash/s = total hashing speed of all cores added together ==Intel CPUs== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Model !! kHash/s !! Watts !! Clock (GHz) !! Cores !! Miner !! Command line arguments !! Operating system !! Notes |- | Intel Pentium M || 1.23 || ? || 1.60 || 1 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2 || -- || Gentoo Linux, 32-bit || -- |- | Intel Atom N270 || 2.57 || 5.5 (TDP) || 1.66 || 1 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.2 || -- || Ubuntu Linux, 32-bit || -- |- | Intel Atom N450 || 2.61 || 5.5 (TDP) || 1.66 || 1 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.2 || -- || Ubuntu Linux, 64-bit || -- |- | Intel Atom N2800 || 5.81 || 6.5 (TDP) || 1.87 || 2 (4 threads) || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.2 || -- || Xubuntu 12.04, 64bit || with no desktop just command line || |- | Intel Pentium Dual T3400 || 8.5 || 35 (TDP) || 2.16 || 2 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.2 || -- || Ubuntu 12.04, 64-bit || -- |- | Intel Celeron 440 || 4 || 35 (TDP) || 2.0 || 1 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.2 || -- || Ubuntu 12.04, 64-bit || -- |- | Intel Core 2 Duo T5500 || 7.28 || ? || 1.66 || 2 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.2 || -- || Gentoo Linux, 64-bit || -- |- | Intel Core 2 Duo T7250 || 5 || ? || 2.00 || 2 || pooler's cpuminer v? || -- || Ubuntu 8 || running under wine |- | Intel Core 2 Duo T7500 || 6.5 || ? || 2.20 || 2 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2 || -- || Windows Vista 32-bit || -- |- | Intel Core 2 Duo T9500 || 17.76 || 35 (TDP) || 2.60 || 2 || pooler's cpuminer 2.1.2 || -t 2 || Windows 7 64-bit || -- |- | Intel Core 2 Duo E2200 || 9.20 || ? || 2.20 || 2 || pooler's cpuminer v2.2.2 || -t 2 || Windows XP Pro. 32-bit || Overclocked to 2.9 ghz |- | Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 || 10.45 || ? || 2.40 || 2 || pooler's cpuminer v2.2.0 || -- || Windows 7 x64 || -- |- | Intel Core 2 Duo E7300 || 7 || 92 || 2.70 || 2 || pooler's cpuminer v? || -- || Windows XP Pro. 32-bit || idle priority |- | Intel Core 2 Duo E7500 || 13.1 || ? || 2.93 || 2 || pooler's cpuminer v2.2.3 || -- || Windows 7 x64 || -- |- | Intel Core 2 Quad Q6600 || 9.68 || 105 (TDP) || 2.40 || 4 || pooler's cpuminer v1.0.2 || -t 4 || Debian sid x64 || ~398% usage |- | Intel Core 2 Quad Q8400 || 21.6 || ? || 2.66 || 4 || pooler's cpuminer v? || -- || Windows 7 x64 || -- |- | Intel Core 2 Quad Q9550 || 27.5 || ? || 2.83 || 4 || pooler's cpuminer v2.2.2 || -- || Windows 7 x64 || -- |- | Intel Core 2 Quad Q9550 || 32.2 || ? || 3.40(OC) || 4 || pooler's cpuminer v2.2.3 || -- || Windows 7 x64 || -- |- | Intel Core 2 Extreme QX9775 || 29.2 || 350 || 3.20 || 4 || pooler's cpuminer v2.2.3 || -- || Windows 7 x64 || power draw is for dual cpu |- | Intel Xeon E5405 || 18.8 || -- || 2.00 || 4 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.3 || -- || Ubuntu x64 || &nbsp; |- | Intel Xeon X5450 || 22 || 120 (TDP) || 3.00 || 4 || pooler's cpuminer v? || -- || Ubuntu Server 10.04.3 LTS x86_64 || nice 19 |- | 2x Intel Xeon E5504 || 42 || &nbsp; || 2.00 || 2x4 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.2 || -t16 || Gentoo x64 || &nbsp; |- | Intel Xeon E5620 || 26.4 || -- || 2.40 || 4 (8 HT) || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.3 || -- || Ubuntu x64 || &nbsp; |- | Intel Xeon E5-1650 || 64.61 || 130 (TDP) || 3.20 || 6 (12 HT) || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.3 || -- || Ubuntu x64 || &nbsp; |- | Intel Xeon L3426 || 19.36 || 45 (TDP) || 1.87 || 4 (8 HT) || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.3 || -- || Ubuntu x64 || &nbsp; |- | Intel Xeon E31220 || 40.50 || 80 (TDP) || 3.1 || 4 (1 HT) || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.3 || -- || Ubuntu x64 || &nbsp; |- | Intel Core i3 540 || 15.4 || ? || 3.06 || 2 (4 HT) || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.2 || -t4 || Windows 7 x64 || -- |- | Intel Core i3 2100 || 19 || 29 || 3.10 || 2 (4 HT) || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.2 || -t3 || Windows 7 x64 || --- |- | Intel Core i3 2120 || 21.5 || 65 (TDP) || 3.30 || 2 (4 HT) || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.3 || -t4 || Windows 7 x64 || ~61C with stock cooler || |- | Intel Core i3 2130 || 23 || 65 (TDP) || 3.40 || 2 (4 HT) || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.3 || -t4 || Windows Server 2008 x64 || -- |- | Intel Core i5 650 || 17.18 || ? || 3.20 || 2 (4 HT) || pooler's cpuminer v2.2.3 || -- || Fedora 18 x64 || -- |- | Intel Core i5 750 || 30 - 31 || 96 (TDP) || 3.30 (OC) || 4 || pooler's cpuminer v2.2.3 || -- || Windows 8 x64 || Overclocked. Normal CPU 2.67GHz. |- | Intel Core i5 2467M || 12 || ? || 1.6 || 4 || ScryptMiner GUI x64 (4 threads) || -- || Windows 7 Home Premium || -- |- | Intel Core i5 2400S || 32.8 || ? || 2.50 || 4 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.3 || -- || Linux Mint 13 || -- |- | Intel Core i5 2500K || 31 || 103 || 5.00 || 4 || pooler's cpuminer v? || -- || Windows 7 x64 || low priority |- | Intel Core i5 2500K || 48 || 90 || 4.9 || 4 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.3 || -- || Windows 8 x64 || low priority |- | Intel Core i5 3570K || 55 || 83 || 4.5 || 4 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.2 || -- || Windows 7 x64 || low priority |- | Intel Core i5 2500T || 28 || 45 (TDP) || 2.40 || 4 || pooler's cpuminer v? || -- || Ubuntu 11.10 || -- |- | Intel Core i5 3470 || 43 || 77 (TDP) || 3.2 || 4 || pooler's cpuminer v2.2.3 || -- || Ubuntu 12.10 || -- |- | Intel Core i7 740QM || 16 || ? || 1.73 || 4 (8 HT) || pooler's cpuminer 2.2 || -- || Windows 7 x64 || -- |- | Intel Core i7 860 || 25 || 153 || 2.80 || 4 (8 HT) || pooler's cpuminer v? || -- || Gentoo Linux, 64-bit || CFLAGS="-O3 -msse2" |- | Intel Core i7 870 || 35.4 || ? || 3.4 || 4 (8 HT) || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.2 || -t8 || Windows 7 x64 || -- |- | Intel Core i7 920 || 37 || ? || 2.67 || 4 (8 HT) || pooler's cpuminer 2.2 || -- || Windows 7 x64 || -- |- | Intel Core i7 920 || 41 || ? || 4.00 || 4 (8 HT) || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.1 || -- || Windows 7 x64 || -- |- | Intel Core i7 2600 || 47.15 || ? || 3.40 || 4 (8 HT) || pooler's cpuminer 2.2 || -- || Ubuntu 11.10 || -- |- | Intel Core i7 2600K || 49 || ? || 4.60 || 4 (8 HT) || pooler's cpuminer v? || -- || Windows 7 x64 || normal priority |- | Intel Core i7 2700K || 50 || 80 || 3.9 || 4 (8 HT) || ScryptMiner GUI x64 || -- || Windows 7 x64 || -- |- | Intel Core i7 3770 || 60 || ? || 4.38 || 4 (8 HT) || pooler's cpuminer v2.2.2 || -- || Windows 7 x64 || bclck 107 mhz, Multiplier 41 |- | Intel HD4000 Graphics (i7-3770) || 17-18 || ? || 1600 (OC) || 1 || guiminer-scrypt 0.03 || -- || Windows 7, x64 || hashing while using pc with monitor on HD4000. reaper miner. thread conc: 4000; worksize: 64; vector&threads: 1; intensity: 10 |- | Intel Core i7 3930K || 98 || 200 || 4.50 || 6 (12 HT) || pooler's cpuminer v2.2.2 || -t 11 || Windows 7 x64 || Last thread used for GPU Mining |- | Intel Core i7 3960X || 101 || ? || 4.29 || 6 (12 HT) || pooler's cpuminer v2.2.2 || -- || Windows 7 x64 || -- |- | Intel Core i7 2630QM || 16 || 50 || 2.00 || 4 (8 HT) || pooler's cpuminer v? || -t 6 || Windows 7 x64 || -- |- | Intel Core i7 2760QM || 38 || ? || 2.40 || 4 (8 HT) || pooler's cpuminer v? || -- || Ubuntu 11.10, 64-bit || CFLAGS="-m64 -O3" |- | Intel Core i7 3720QM || 37 || 45 (TDP) || 2.60 || 4 (8 HT) || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.2 || -- || Windows 7 x64 || -- |- | Intel Core i7 3720QM || 42 || ? || 2.60 || 4 (8 HT) || pooler's cpuminer 2.3.2 || -- || Windows 8 x64 || -- |- | Intel Xeon E3-1230 || 44.4 || 80 (TDP) || 3.20 || 4 (8 HT) || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.2 || -- || Debian 6 || -- |- | Intel Core i7 3770 || ? || -- || 3.40 || 4 (8 HT) || bfgminer 3.0.0 || -t 16 || openSUSE 12.3 || -- |} ==AMD CPUs== The speed in kHash/s of a single core of a K10-based CPU can roughly be calculated multiplying the clock frequency in GHz by 1.85. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Model !! kHash/s !! Watts !! Clock (GHz) !! Cores !! Miner !! Command line arguments !! Operating system !! Notes |- | AMD Fusion E-350 || 2.4 || 18 (TDP) || 1.60 || 2 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.2 || -- || Debian 6 || -- |- | AMD Athlon 64 X2 5600+ || 6.07 || 89 (TDP) || 2.80 || 2 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.2 || -- || Gentoo Linux, 64-bit || -- |- | AMD Sempron 145 || 10.65 || 45 (TDP) || 2.80 || 2 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.2 || -- || Gentoo Linux, 64-bit || -- |- |- | AMD Athlon II X3 425 @ Phenom II X4 B25 || ~9.5 || 95(125) (TDP) || 2.70 || 4 || Ufasoft Coin version 0.56 || -t 4 -v -g no || Windows 7, 32-bit || -- |- | AMD Phenom II X4 940 Black Edition || 20 || 125 (TDP) || 3.00 || 4 || pooler's cpuminer v? || -- || Debian 6, 2.6.32-5-amd64 || nice 19 |- | AMD Phenom II X4 955 Black Edition || 22 || 125 (TDP) || 3.20 || 4 || pooler's cpuminer 2.1.5 || -- || Windows 7 x64 || -- |- | AMD Phenom II X4 955 Black Edition || 27.85 || 125 (TDP) || 3.90 || 4 || pooler's cpuminer 2.1.5 || -- || Windows 7 x64 || -- |- | AMD Phenom II X4 965 Black Edition || ~25 || 125 (TDP) || 4.00 || 4 || pooler's cpuminer 2.1.2 || -- || Windows 7 x64 || low priority |- | AMD Phenom II X6 1045T || 30.4 || 95 (TDP) || 2.70 || 6 || pooler's cpuminer v2.2.3 || --s 6 --threads 6 || Windows 7 x64 || -- |- | AMD Phenom II X6 1055T || 34.6 || 125 (TDP) || 3.10 || 6 || pooler's cpuminer v? || -- || Windows 7 x64 || 15% overclock |- | AMD Phenom II X6 1055T || 40.1 || 95 (TDP) || 3.50 || 6 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.2 || -- || Gentoo Linux || 25% overclock |- | AMD FX 6300 || 50.6 || ? || 4.50 || 6 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.2 || -- || Windows 7 x64 || -- |- | AMD FX 8120 || 46 || ? || 3.25 || 8 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.2 || -- || Windows 7 x64 || -- |- | AMD FX 8120 || 65 || 125 (TDP) || 4.50 || 4M/8T || ufasoft 64-bit miner || -- || Windows 7 x64 || modifed with XOP instructions |- | AMD FX 8150 || 56 || 125 (TDP) || 3.60 || 4M/8T || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.2 || -- || Ubuntu 11.10 || -- |- | AMD FX 8350 || 41 || 125 (TDP) || 4 || 8 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.2 || -- || Ubuntu 12.10 || -- |- | AMD FX 8350 || 65 || 125 (TDP) || 4 || 8 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.2 || -- || win 7 x64 || -- |- |} ==Nvidia GPUs== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Model !! kHash/s !! Watts !! Clock !! Mem Clock !! Miner !! Notes |- | GT440 || 18.5 || ? || 810 || 900 || Cudaminer 2013-04-06 || Stock clocks. |- | GT440 || 36 || ? || 900 || 1000 || Cudaminer 2013-04-12 || Overclocked. New version of cudaminer boosts performance even further. autotune set -l 12x2. |- | GT520 || 9 || ? || ? || ? || Cudaminer || Stock running, stock clocks. https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=167229.msg1744139#msg1744139 |- | GT520 || 20.20 || 25 || 930 || 810 || Cudaminer 2013-04-17 || -C 2 -i 0, secondary card (no monitor) http://i.imgur.com/zSDPP1a.png |- | GT640 || 40 || ? || ? || ? || Cudaminer 2013-04-22 || -l 82x2 -C 2 -i 0 4GB DDR3 memory on 128 bit bus |- | GT650M || 20 || ? || 735 - 850 || 900 || Reaper v13 Beta 4 || Stock hardware. Worksize 128, aggression 14, threads_per_gpu 1. Higher settings are unstable. |- | GT9600M || 9.6 || ? || ? || ? || Cudaminer 2013-04-14 || on Ubuntu 12.4, 32 bit |- | GTX260 || 46 || ? || ? || ? || Cudaminer 2013-04-10 || -l S27x3 the GPU is the 216 core version. |- | GTX285 || 43 || ? || 680 || 1250 || Reaper v13 Beta || aggression 14 |- | GTS450 || 33.8 || 106 || 783 || 1804 || cgminer 2.11.4 || intensity 12,standard card settings, win7 32 (intensity 16 - 35.1kH/s) |- | GTS450 || 76 || ? || 958 || 1704 || Cudaminer 2013-04-14 || -l 43x4 |- | GTX450 || 37 || ? || ? || ? || Reaper v13 Beta || -- |- | GTX460 || 100 || ? || ? || ? || Cudaminer 2013-04-14 || -l 28x4 |- | GTX460 || 55 || ? || ? || ? || Reaper v13 Beta || -- |- | GTX460M || 30 || ? || 675 || 1250 || Reaper v13 Beta || aggression 15 |- | GTX470 || 150 || ? ||830 || 851 || Cudaminer 2013-04-09 || (GPU clock 625->830, auto miner settings) proof http://imm.io/12st5 |- | GTX550Ti || 44 || ? || stock (911 MHz) || stock || Reaper v13 Beta 4 || worksize 160, aggression 14, threads_per_gpu 1, sharethreads 8, lookup_gap 1, gpu_thread_concurrency 2047 |- | GTX560 || 130 || ? || 950 || 1800 || Cudaminer 2013-04-14 || -l 14x8 || |- | GTX560 || 128 || ? || 975 || 2004 || cudaMiner 2013-04-12 || -l 168x2 EVGA GTX 560 2 GiB GDDR5 (Stock: 864 Core 2004 Memory) |- | GTX560 SE || 93 || ? || 830 || 1914 || cudaMiner 2013-04-12 || |- | GTX560Ti || 144 || ? || 900 || 2106 || Cudaminer 2013-04-14 || -l 32x4 EVGA SC 1024 MB GDDR5 |- | GTX560Ti || 218 || ? || ? || ? || Cudaminer 2013-04-22 || -l 28x8 -C 2 Zotac 448 core edition |- | GTX560Ti || 71 || ? || ? || ? || Reaper v13 Beta || aggression 12 |- | GTX560Ti || 84 || ? || 1950 || 2150 || Reaper v13 Beta || aggression 17--stable for a few hours |- | GTX570 || 130 || ? || 1950 || 2150 || CudaMiner Alpha || https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=167229.0 |- | GTX570 || 120 || ? ||800 || 2000 || Reaper v13 Beta || worksize 128, aggression 14, threads_per_gpu 1 sharethreads 16, lookup_gap 2, gpu_thread_concurrency 10240 |- | GTX580 || 230 || ? ||911 || 2138 || Cudaminer 2013-04-10 || (Slight OC, auto miner settings) proof http://i.imgur.com/6mZN0b8.png in 32x7 config. |- | GTX580 (MSI Twin Frozr OC)|| 250 || ? ||930 || 2300 || Cudaminer 2013-04-10 || (Slight OC, auto miner settings, get's hot though). |- | GT640 (GT640-DCSL-2GD3) || 25 || 65 || 1046 (OC) || 1982 (OC) || guiminer-scryp 0.03 || preset 7770 modified: worksize: 128; intensity: 14 - card is a bit sensitive, can freeze system... |- | GTX660 || 125 || ? || 1203 || stock || Cudaminer 2013-04-09 || -- |- | GTX660Ti || 150 || ? || 980 (1059) || 3004 || Cudaminer 2013-04-10 || EVGA Superclocked+ 3GB RAM |- | GTX670 || 106 || ? || 915 (1084) || 3004 || Cudaminer 2013-04-06 || -- |- | GTX670 || 115 || ? || 1015 (1176) || 3104 || Cudaminer 2013-04-06 || -- |- | GTX670 || 120 || ? || 1065 (1228) || 3254 || Cudaminer 2013-04-06 || -- |- | GTX670 || 158 || ? || 1050 (1129) || 3004 || Cudaminer 2013-04-17 || -- |- | GTX680 || 92 || ? || stock (1162 MHz) || stock || Reaper v13 Beta 4 || worksize 576, aggression 15, threads_per_gpu 1, sharethreads 8, lookup_gap 2, gpu_thread_concurrency 8192 |- | GTX680 (OC))|| 207 || ? || OC (1240) || OC (6400) || cudaminer-2013-04-14 || Stratum Proxy >99% valid; -l 233x2 -i 0 |- |} ==ATI (AMD) GPUs== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Model !! kHash/s !! Watts !! Clock !! Mem Clock !! Miner !! Notes |- | 4770 || 18 || ? || 830 MHz || 850 MHz || cgminer 2.6.3 || threads=1 intensity=10 |- | 4850 || 74-80 || ? || 625 MHz || 993 MHz || cgminer 2.11.4 || GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT=100 GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1 threads=1 intensity=13 temp=64C Windows 7 64-bit |- | 4850 || 90 || ? || 625 MHz || 993 MHz || cgminer 2.11.4 || GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT=100 GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1 threads=1 intensity=14 temp=68C Windows 7 64-bit |- | 4850 || 100 || ? || 625 MHz || 993 MHz || cgminer 2.11.4 || GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT=100 GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1 threads=1 intensity=15 temp=71C Windows 7 64-bit |- | 4850 || 110 || 110 || 650 MHz || 993 MHz || guiminer-scrypt v0.03/cgminer || Threads=1 Worksize=128 Vectors=1 Thread_concurrency=3200 Intensity=16 Extra flags: --gpu-engine 650 --gpu-memclock 993 -auto-fan |- | 4870 || 127 || ? || 830 MHz || 490 MHz || cgminer 2.6.3 || GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT=100 GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1 fan=100 voltage=1.25 memclock=490 engine=830 engineshaders=800 thread-concurrency=6144 lookup-gap=2 threads=1 intensity=15 temp=62C Xubuntu 12.04 x64 repo ATI drivers and SDK 2.6 http://goo.gl/vP3G9 |- | 4890 || 145 || ? || 835 MHz || 575 MHz || cgminer 2.7.5 || Powercolor HD4890 113-B79002-103 Win 7 x64 Catalyst 12.4 SDK 2.7 72 C Fanspeed 55% VDDC 1.312 --thread-concurrency 6400 --gpu-threads 1 --intensity 15 --lookup-gap 2 --worksize 128 --no-submit-stale --auto-fan --temp-target 75 --gpu-engine 835-835 --gpu-memclock 575 |- | 5450 || 21.6 || ? || 891 MHz || 875 MHz || cgminer 2.11.3 || --intensity 18 --lookup-gap 2 --shaders 80 --worksize 256 // Arch linux, Catalyst 13.1-4 |- | 5570 || 90 || ? || 775 MHz || 790 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta 4 x64 || worksize 128, vectors 1, aggression 15, threads_per_gpu 2, sharethreads 24, lookup_gap 2, gpu_thread_concurrency 4096 / Win8 x64 / Catalyst 12.8 / Proof: http://i.imgur.com/tgHGr2I.png |- | 5670 || ~100 || ? || 850 MHz || 1000 MHz || cgminer 2.11.4 || --worksize 128 --lookup-gap 2 --thread-concurrency 3048 -g 2 --intensity 16 |- | 5750 || 179 || ? || 870 MHz || 1428 MHz || cgminer 2.11.3 || --intensity 16 -g 1 --thread-concurrency 4320 --lookup-gap 2 --worksize 256 GPU overclocked via MSI Afterburner, at stock ~143 kHash/s, Win7 x64 |- | 5770 || 167 || ? || 725 MHz || 1100 MHz || cgminer 2.6.1 || --shaders 800 --intensity 18 --worksize 256 --lookup-gap 2 --auto-gpu --auto-fan @ Debian Linux |- | 5770 || 210 || ? || 910 MHz || 1250 MHz || Reaper V13 Beta 4 x644 || 256Work, Agg 17, 4 GPU Threads, Win7 x64 |- | 5830 || 282 || ? || 850 MHz || 1250 MHz || cgminer 2.6.4 || GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT=100 GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1 fan=auto memclock=1250 engine=950 lookup-gap=2 threads=1 intensity=20 |- | 5830 || 290 || ? || 875 MHz || 1200 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta || Worksize 64, Aggression 18 |- | 5830 || 303 || ? || 917 MHz || 1250 MHz || cgminer 2.11.3 || Ubuntu Server 12.04 x64, driver 11.11, APP SDK 2.5, GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT=100 GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1 fan=auto memclock=1250 engine=917 lookup-gap=2 threads=1 intensity=20 shaders=1120 thread_concurrency=5600 |- | 5850 || 290 || ? || 790 MHz || 1100 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta 4 x86 || 256 Worksize, Aggression 15, gpu_thread_concurrency 6500, BAMT Linux x86, Catalyst 12.6, SDK 2.6 |- | 5850 || 312 || ? || 775 MHz || 1000 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta 4 x64 || 256 Worksize, Aggression 18, gpu_thread_concurrency 6500, Win7 x64, Catalyst 12.6, SDK 2.6 |- | 5850 || 383 || ? || 900 MHz || 1000 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta 4 x64 || 256 Worksize, Aggression 18, gpu_thread_concurrency 6500, Win7 x64, Catalyst 12.6, SDK 2.6 |- | 5850 || 396 || ? || 930 MHz || 1179 MHz || GUIMiner-scrypt alpha - latest version 04/13 || 128 Worksize, Intensity 19, gpu_thread_concurrency 5824, Win7 x64, Catalyst 13.1, SDK 2.5, ASUS EAH DIRECTCU, very stable at these settings for this card |- | 5850 || 400.9 || 170 || 944 MHz || 1180 MHz || cgminer-3.0.1-Win || cgminer --scrypt -o --worksize 256 --lookup-gap 2 --thread-concurrency 5760 -g 1 --intensity 19 (Stale .50-1%). Win7 x64, 13.5B2ccc, SDK 13.5B2 supplied, pekv2 |- | 5850 || 400.9 || 170 || 944 MHz || 1180 MHz || cgminer-3.0.1-Win || cgminer --scrypt -o --worksize 256 --lookup-gap 2 --thread-concurrency 5760 -g 1 --intensity 19 (Stale .50-1%). Win7 x64, 13.5B2ccc, SDK 13.5B2 supplied, pekv2 |- | 5870 || 226 || ? || 850 MHz || 1200 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta || -- |- | 5870 || 310 || ? || 920 MHz || 1250 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta || XFX board, 5 GPU Threads @ Aggression 18 |- | 5870 || 338 || ? || 725 MHz || 1200 MHz || cgminer 2.6.1 || --shaders 1600 --intensity 18 --worksize 256 --lookup-gap 2 --auto-fan --auto-gpu @ Debian Linux |- | 5870 || 400 || ? || 850 MHz || 1200 MHz|| cgminer 2.11.3 || cgminer --scrypt -o --shaders 1600 --intensity 18 --worksize 256 -g 1 --thread-concurrency 7168 |- | 5870 || 422 || ? || 925 MHz || 1225 MHz|| Reaper v13 Beta || intensity 18 worksize 256 thread-concurrency 7168 |- | 5870 || 435 || ? || 900 MHz || 1300 MHz || cgminer 2.11.3 via guiminer scrypt || sapphire card, 1 gpu thread, 7500 thread concurrency, agression 18, worksize 256, win 7 64-bit |- | 5870 || 440 || ? || 970 MHz || 1200 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta || Refference card, 5 GPU Threads @ Aggression 18 |- | 5970 || 750 || ? || 900 MHz || 1100 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta || 5 GPU Threads @ Aggression 17 |- | 5970 || 760 || ? || 800 MHz || 1000 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta || worksize 256 @ aggression 16 @ threads_per_gpu 1 @ sharethreads 10 @ lookup_gap 2 @ gpu_thread_concurrency 5632 |- | 5970 || 800 || ? || 844 MHz || 1250 MHz || cgminer 2.11.3 || Ubuntu Server 12.04 x64, driver 11.11, APP SDK 2.5, GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT=100 GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1 fan=auto memclock=1250 engine=944 lookup-gap=2 threads=1 intensity=20 shaders=1600 thread_concurrency=8000 worksize=128 |- | 6320 || 5 || ? || 600 MHz || 600 MHz || cgminer 2.11.3 || Intensity 9 |- | 6320 || 14 || ? || 600 MHz || 1333 MHz || cgminer 2.11.3 || I12, Worksize 64 (E-450 APU, Shared Memory) |- | 6450 || 16 || ? || 720 MHz || 1000 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta 4 || worksize 64, aggression max, threads_per_gpu 2, sharethreads 6, lookup_gap 2, gpu_thread_concurrency 640, |- | 6450 || 23-24 || ? || 625 MHz || 667 MHz || cgminer 2.11.3 || --intensity 9 --worksize 64 -g 1 (Proof: http://i.imgur.com/WMX3iI6.png ) |- | 6570 || 55 || ? || 650 MHz || 900 MHz || cgminer version 2.10.5 || @ 256 Worksize @ Aggression 16 @ gpu_thread_concurrency 5760 |- | 6570 || 84 || ? || stock || stock || GUIMiner scrypt 0.03, Reaper v13 beta 4 || Worksize: 256, Thread concurrency: 5760, Intensity: 16, Vectors: 1, GPU threads: 2 |- | 6670 || 127 || ? || 900 MHz || 1000 MHz || CGMiner-scrypt v3.0.1 || --thread-concurrency 2400 --intensity 18 --worksize 256 -g 1 --gpu-engine 900 --gpu-memclock 1000 |- | 6750 || 160 || ? || 735 MHz || 1150 MHz || GUIMiner-scrypt alpha v0.2 || @ 128 Worksize @ intensity 16 @ gpu_thread_concurrency 4096 @ i GPU thread @ 1 Vector |- | 6770 || 210 || ? || 950 MHz || 1300 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta || @ 256 Worksize @ Aggression 16 @ gpu_thread_concurrency 3100 |- | 6770 || 143 || ? || 800 MHz || 1100 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta 4 || @ 256 Worksize @ Aggression 11 @ gap 2 @ gpu_thread_concurrency 3096 // MSI Default Clock |- | 6770 || 200 || ? || 950 MHz || 1000 MHz || cgminer || export GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1 ; export GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT=100 ; --scrypt --worksize 256 --lookup-gap 2 --thread-concurrency 8192 -g 1 --intensity 18 ; Gentoo x64, driver 12.6, SDK 2.7 |- | 6850 || 216 || ? || 800 MHz || 1025 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta 4 x64 || 256 Worksize, Aggression 18, gpu_thread_concurrency 6144, Win7 x64, Catalyst 12.6, SDK 2.6 |- | 6850 || 260 - 313 || ? || 835 MHz || 1100 MHz || cgminer 2.11.4 || 256 Worksize, Aggression 18, gpu_thread_concurrency 6144, Win8 x64, Catalyst 13.1 |- | 6850 || 259 || ? || 925 MHz || 1025 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta || 2 GPU Threads @ 256 Worksize @ Aggression 17 |- | 6850 || 271 || ? || 945 MHz || 1005 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta || 2 GPU Threads @ 128 Worksize @ Aggression 17 |- | 6850 || 261 || 250W (load) || 920 MHz || 1100 MHz || cgminer 2.11.4 || -I 17 --worksize 128 --shaders 960 --thread-concurrency 6144 |- | 6850 x2 || 275 || 400W (Both cards) || 1050 MHz || 1050 MHz || cgminer 2.11.4 || --scrypt -I 17 --worksize 256 --shaders 960 --thread-concurrency 3840 --Vectors 2 --lookup-gap 2 -g 2 ; Windows 7 x64, Catalyst 13.1, SDK 2.7, HIS Radeon 6850, Air Cooled, Stable, Temperature 66-73°C Both cards, Proof http://imgur.com/dIsYQDN |- | 6870 || 320 || ? || 900 MHz || 800 MHz || cgminer || export GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1 ; export GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT=100 ; --scrypt --worksize 256 --lookup-gap 2 --thread-concurrency 8192 -g 1 --intensity 19 ; Gentoo x64, driver 12.6, SDK 2.7 |- | 6870 || 355 || ? || 1050 MHz || 1150 MHz || cgminer 2.7.5 || XFX Black Edition 113-687AZNB-10 Win 7 x64 Catalyst 12.4 SDK 2.7 75 C Fanspeed 70% VDDC 1.250 --thread-concurrency 6720 --gpu-threads 1 --intensity 18 --lookup-gap 2 --worksize 64 --no-submit-stale --auto-fan --temp-target 75 --gpu-engine 1050-1050 --gpu-memclock 1150 |- | 6930 || 392 || ? || 1000 MHz || 900 MHz || cgminer || export GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1 ; export GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT=100 ; --scrypt --worksize 256 --lookup-gap 2 --thread-concurrency 8192 -g 1 --intensity 18 ; Gentoo x64, driver 12.6, SDK 2.7 |- | 6950 || 398 || ? || 800 MHz || 1350 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta || Stock Shaders @ Aggression 18, gpu_thread_concurrency 5632 |- | 6950 || 420 || 220 || 840 MHz || 1325 MHz || cgminer 2.11.4 win7 || --worksize 256 --lookup-gap 2 --thread-concurrency 7040 -g 1 --intensity 19 |- | 6950 || 425 || ? || 860 MHz || 1450 MHz || cgminer 2.11.4 || stock shaders, thread_concurrency=8064, Intensity=18 , worksize was 256 by default, 4GB RAM, VisionTek 1GB 6950 |- | 6950 || 445 || ? || 890 MHz || 1300 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta 4 || Stock Shaders @ 256 Worksize, Aggression 19, gpu_thread_concurrency 8192 |- | 6950 || 450 || ? || 840 MHz || 1250 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta 1 || aggression 16 threads_per_gpu 2 sharethreads 10 lookup_gap 2 gpu_thread_concurrency 6144 /zhezhe |- | 6950 || 450 || 250 || 900 MHz || 1375 MHz || cgminer 2.11.4 win7 || --worksize 256 --lookup-gap 2 --gpu-engine 900 --gpu-memclock 1375 --thread-concurrency 7040 -g 1 --intensity 19 |- | 6950 || 484 || ? || 920 MHz || 1300 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta 4 || Shaders Unlocked (not 6970 bios), 256 Worksize, Aggression 18, threads_per_gpu 2, sharethreads 4, lookup_gap 2, gpu_thread_concurrency 6144, long_polling yes |- | 6950 || 508.5 || ? || 950 MHz || 1320 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta 4 || aggression 18 threads_per_gpu 2 (4 when cpu mining prevents loss of hashrate with all cpu cores fully loaded) worksize 256 sharethreads 4 lookup_gap 2 gpu_thread_concurrency 8144 Sapphire toxic 1536 SP |- | 6950 || 522 || ? || 955 MHz || 1270 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta 4 || Shaders Unlocked (not 6970 bios) @ 256 Worksize, Aggression 19, gpu_thread_concurrency 8192 |- | 6970 || 427 || ? || 900 MHz || 1375 MHz || cgminer v 2.11.4 || --scrypt --worksize 256 -g 2 -I 15 --lookup-gap 2 --gpu-engine 900 --gpu-memclock 1375 --shaders 1564 -- Card is a Gigabyte GV-R697OC-2GD, Temp: 67.0°C, Catalyst 13.1 Proof: http://img402.imageshack.us/img402/6034/13914411.jpg |- | 6970 || 480.3 ||? || 880MHz || 1450 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta 4 || worksize: 256, vectors: 1, aggression: 20, threads per gpu: 1, sharethreads: 32, lookup gap: 2, gpu thread concurrency: 16256, Win 7 x64, 13.1 drivers, Fan set at 90%, week average- steady around 478-482 throughout, temperature 70 degrees C, room ambient is 18 degrees C, |- | 6970 || 512 || ~245 || 945 MHz || 1525 MHz || CgMiner 2.11.4 || Win 7 x86 Catalyst 12.4 SDK 2.7 |- | 6990 || 800 - 900 || ~435 || 880 MHz || 5000 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta 4 || aggression 17 / threads_per_gpu 1 worksize 256 / sharethreads 24 / lookup_gap 2 / gpu_thread_concurrency 8144 (stale ~ 6,5%) (100% fan Arctic Cooling Accelero Twin Turbo 6990) |- | 6990x2 || 1580 - 1780 || ~880 || 880 MHz || 5000 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta 4 || aggression 17 / threads_per_gpu 1 worksize 256 / sharethreads 24 / lookup_gap 2 / gpu_thread_concurrency 8144 (stale ~ 4,5%) (100% fan Arctic Cooling Accelero Twin Turbo 6990) |- | 7660G || 49 || ? || 686 MHz || 686 MHz || cgminer 2.11.4 || --thread-concurrency 2096 -I 15 -g 1 -w 64 |- | 7750 || 98 || ? || 800 MHz || 800 MHz || cgminer || Intensity: 11 |- | 7750 || 141 || ~55 || 800 MHz || 1125 MHz || cgminer 2.11.3 || GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT=100 GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1 --scrypt --intensity 11 --shaders 512 --gpu-threads 2 --worksize 64, Kubuntu 12.04 amd64, Catalyst 13.1, default clocks, desktop fully usable. Higher or lower intensity is useless. Proof: http://i.imgur.com/V3zbcjU.png |- | 7750 x2 || 355 || ~110 || 1000 MHz || 1300 MHz || cgminer 2.11.3 || GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT=100 --scrypt --intensity 11 --shaders 512 --gpu-threads 2 --worksize 64, Win7 x64 amd A8 black edition, Catalyst 13.1, MSI AB O/C to 1000/1300, thanks to the guy above me for most of the settings |- | 7770 || ~150 || ? || 1000 MHz || 1125 MHz || cgminer 2.11.4 || --intensity 12 --temp-target 69 --auto-fan --auto-gpu |- | 7770 || 140 || ? || 1000 MHz || 1125 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta 4 || @ 256 Worksize @ Aggression 16 @ threads_per_gpu 1 @ sharethreads 2 @ lookup_gap 2 @ gpu_thread_concurrency 6144 // Default Clock |- | 7770 || 170 || 100 || 965 MHz || 1250 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta 4 || worksize 256 aggression 18 threads_per_gpu 1 sharethreads 24 lookup_gap 2 gpu_thread_concurrency 8000 |- | 7790 || 207 || 75 || 1000 MHz || 1600 MHz || cgminer 2.11.3 || Intensity 17 @ gpu_thread_concurrency 8000 |- | 7790 || 244 || 65 || 830 MHz || 1500 MHz || cgminer 2.11.3 || -I 17 --worksize 128 --thread-concurrency 8000 --gpu-engine 830 --gpu-memclock 1500 -G 1 |- | 7850 || 345 || ? || 950 MHz || 600 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta 4 || Intensity 19 (8192 threads) (Only stable/fast at intensity 11(4500)/12(5000)/19(8192)) |- | 7850 || 350 || ? || 1000 MHz || 1350 MHz || cgminer 2.10.5 || Intensity 13 (any higher gives lower hashrate) all other cgminer settings are default |- | 7850 || 350 || ? || 1000 MHz || 1300 MHz || cgminer 2.11.3 || Intensity 17, voltage 1.0v |- | 7850 || 382 || 130 || 1120 MHz || 1250 MHz || cgminer 2.11.4 || -I 17 --worksize 256 --thread-concurrency 8192 -v 1 --shaders 1024 (Win7 x64, Catalyst 13.1, Athlon64 X2 4000+ 2.1GHz, RAM 2Gb, HIS 7850 2Gb) |- | 7850 || 385 || ? || 1120 MHz || 1300 MHz || cgminer 2.11.4 || --intensity 19 --thread-concurrency 27164 (Win7 x64, Catalyst 13.1, A10-5800K 3.8GHz, RAM 8Gb, ASUS 7850 2Gb V2, use GPU_MAX_ALLOC_PERCENT 100 & GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS 1) |- | 7850 || 411 || ? || 1200 MHz || 1365 MHz || cgminer 2.11.3 || -I 19 --worksize 256 --thread-concurrency 16000 --gpu-engine 1200 --gpu-memclock 1365 -G 1 |- | 7870 || ~381kH/s || ? || 810 MHz || 1450 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta || (SAPPHIRE 7870 GHZ EDITION, Windows 7 x64, Catalyst 13.3 Beta) (GPU Temp 65C, FAN 61%) worksize 256, intensity 18, threads_per_gpu 1, sharethreads 20, lookup_gap: 2, thread_concurrency 15232 |- | 7870 Ghz || 394kH/s || ? || 925 MHz || 1375 MHz || cgminer 2.11.4 || TC 14208, WS 256, Intensity 19, G 1 |- | 7870 Ghz Interactive || ~385kH/s || ? || 1190 MHz || 1500 MHz || cgminer 2.11.4 || Intensity 12, , tc: 8192, g: 2, lg: 2, ws: 256 |- | 7870 Ghz Interactive || 400kH/s 350WU/m || ? || 1300 MHz || 1500 MHz || cgminer 2.11.3 || Intensity 12, voltage 1.219v, tc: 8192, g: 2, lg: 2, ws: 256 |- | 7870 Ghz Overnight || 425 || ? || 1000 MHz || 1500 MHz || cgminer 2.11.3 || Intensity 18, voltage 1.219v, tc: 15232, g: 1, lg: 2, ws: 256 |- | 7870 Ghz Overnight || 438 || ? || 1140 MHz || 1450 MHz || cgminer 2.11.4 || Intensity 19, tc: 14208, lg: 2, ws: 256 |- | 7870x2 XFX DD || 750 || 400 || 970 MHz || 1450 MHz || cgminer 2.11.4 || shaders 1280, intensity 17, worksize 256, g 1, lookup-gap 2, thread-concurrency 14208, gpu-engine 970, gpu-memclock 1450, auto-fan, win8 |- | 7950 || ~600 || ? || 1000 MHz || 1250 MHz || cgminer 2.11.4 || -I 20 --thread-concurrency 24768 --worksize 256 Win7, 13.3 beta drivers (Currently running avg : 1.2 Mh/s with 2x). |- | 7950 || ~610 || ? || 1000 MHz || 1500 MHz || cgminer || --shaders 1792 -I 20 -w 256 --lookup-gap 2 --thread-concurrency 24000 -g 1 Win7, 13.2 drivers (Currently running avg : 1.2 Mh/s with 2x). |- | 7950 || ~620 || ? || 1025 MHz || 1480 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta 4 || 256 Worksize, vectors 1, Aggression 18, threads_per_gpu 1, sharethreads 32, lookup_gap 2, gpu_thread_concurrency 24576. Win7, 13.2 drivers, 1100mV, 1025core, 1480mem (Currently running 1200+ kh/s with 2x). |- | 7950 || 631 || ? || 1100 MHz || 1500 MHz || cgminer 2.11.4 || --shaders 1792 -I 19 -w 256 --lookup-gap 2 --thread-concurrency 24000 -g 1 Windows 7, Catalyst 13.2, temps sitting at 77/78c with fan on 100% |- | 7950 || 655 || ? || 1075 MHz || 1650 MHz || cgminer 2.11.13 || --shaders 1792 --gpu-engine 1075 --gpu-memclock 1650 --temp-target 75 -I 20 -w 256 --lookup-gap 2 --thread-concurrency 21712 -g 1 Win8, 13.3 beta drivers |- | 7950 || 500 || ? || 900 MHz || 1200 MHz || cgminer 2.11.4 || --shaders 1792 --gpu-engine 900 --gpu-memclock 1200 --temp-target 80 -I 17 -w 256 --lookup-gap 2 --thread-concurrency 23040 -g 1 Ubuntu 12.04, AMD 13.1 / fglrx 9.012 drivers, higher settings result in temps above 80 C |- | 7950 || 550 || ? || 1000 MHz || 1450 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta 4 || @ 256 Worksize @ vectors 1 @ Aggression 20 @ threads_per_gpu 1 @ sharethreads 32 @ lookup_gap 2 @ gpu_thread_concurrency 24576 |- | 7950 || 617 || ? || 1050 MHz || 1575 MHz || reaper v13 beta 4 || Aggression 20, GPU Thread Concurrency: 24768, Vectors: 1, Lookup Gap: 2, Work Size: 256, Share Threads: 32, Threads Per GPU: 1, avg temp: 83 degrees C (air conditioned server room - ambient 18 degrees), 13.1 drivers, Win7 x64, fan speed set to 90%, is an XFX Black Edition (Factory OC'd- and then tweaked with MSI AfterBurner)- speed quoted is average over a week. |- | 7970 || 522 || 250w TDP || 950 MHz || 1700 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta 4 || @ 256 Worksize @ vectors 1 @ Aggression 13 @ threads_per_gpu 1 @ sharethreads 32 @ lookup_gap 2 @ gpu_thread_concurrency 24576 -- RAM OC'd to 1866MHz (Affect unknown), 13.2 drivers. A higher aggression results in lag and a lower rate. Full build: http://pcpartpicker.com/p/CLNL Would love to see the magic formula for 600KHash/s+ |- | 7970 || 525 || ? || 1050 MHz || 1900 MHz || cgminer 2.11.4 || -g 2 -I 18 -w 256 --gpu-powertune 20 --lookup-gap 2 --shaders 2048 --gpu-memclock 1900 --gpu-engine 1050. Card is XFX Radeon HD 7970 Double D 3GB DDR5 2XmDP HDMI |- | 7970 || 682 || 204W || 1000 MHz || 1600 MHz || cgminer 2.10.4 || --shaders 2048 --thread-concurrency 8192 -I 13 -g 2 -w 256 Card is a Gigabyte GV-R797OC-3GD, Catalyst 12.10. Wattage measured approx. with killawatt-ez. Operating temp is 72C. OC done with MSi Afterburner. GUI interaction/100% cpu lowers hashrate slightly. |- | 7970 || 580 || ? || 1170 MHz || 1600 MHz || Reaper v13 Beta 4 || @ 256 Worksize @ vectors 1 @ Aggression 13 @ threads_per_gpu 1 @ sharethreads 28 @ lookup_gap 2 @ gpu_thread_concurrency 24576, 13.1 drivers. -- Gigabyte GV-R797OC-3GD (GPU & RAM overclocked) |- | 7970 || 770 || ? || 1130 MHz || 1900 MHz || cgminer v 2.11.3 || --scrypt --gpu-engine 1130 --gpu-memclock 1900 --shaders 2048 --thread-concurrency 8192 -I 13 -g 2 -w 256 --lookup-gap 2 -- Diamond reference card, full watercooled block, running at 1.150V @ 43C. Proof: http://i.imgur.com/n5eZ03d.png |- | 7970 || 750 || ? || 1085 MHz || 1500 MHz || cgminer v 2.11.2 || --scrypt --worksize 256 -g 2 -I 13 --lookup-gap 2 --gpu-engine 1085 --gpu-memclock 1500 --shaders 2048 -- Card is a Gigabyte GV-R797OC-3GD, Temp: 70.0°C, 1.170V, Catalyst 13.1 |- | 7970x2 || 1415 || ? || 1035 MHz || 1650 MHz || cgminer v 2.11.4 || --scrypt --shaders 2048 --thread-concurrency 8192 -I 13 -g 2 -w 256 2 Gigabyte Windforce cards, air cooled. Top card 85C, bottom card 66C. Catalyst 13.1. Display Driver 9.12. Proof: http://i.imgur.com/lKHVJXN.png |- | 7990x2 || 2252 || ? || 1075 MHz || 1700 MHz || cgminer v 2.11.4 || --scrypt --intensity 13 --gpu-engine 1075 --gpu-memclock 1700 --thread-concurrency 14336 -- Cards Club3D CGAX-7999 , Temp: 66.0-84°C, Catalyst 13.1 Proof: https://imageshack.us/scaled/large/607/proof7990.png |- |} ==Laptop/Portable== Why you'd want to run this on a laptop is beyond me... {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Model !! kHash/s !! Watts !! Clock (MHz) !! Miner !! Command line arguments !! Operating system !! Notes |- | ATI 7520G || ~29-30 || ? || Core: 686 / Memory: 800 || cgminer 2.11.3 || --shaders 192 --intensity 9 --worksize 64 -g 1 --gpu-memclock 800 || Windows 7 64-bit || Temps 65-75c / Samsung NP355V5C-A05UK |- | ATI 7970m || 290-300 || ? || 850 || cgminer 2.11.4 || Intensity=18,shaders=1280,tc=8192,lookup-gap=2 || Windows 8 64-bit || Temps ~85-90c |- | ATI 7970m || 315-320 || ? || Core: 900 (OC from 850; stable) || GUIMiner Scrypt (cgminer 2.11.3) || Intensity=18,tc=8000,worksize=128 || Windows 8 64-bit || Temps 75-80c; Alienware M17xR4 |} ==Other== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Model !! kHash/s !! Watts !! Clock (MHz) !! Cores !! Miner !! Command line arguments !! Operating system !! Notes |- | PowerMac G5 DP 2.3 || 8.5 || 285 || 2300 || 2 || ssvb's cpuminer || -- || Gentoo Linux, 64-bit || CFLAGS="-O3 -mcpu=970 -fstrict-aliasing" |- | PlayStation3 FAT 80GB (FW 3.15) || 38 || 129 || 3200 || 1 (2 Hyper) + 6 SPU || ssvb's cpuminer || -- || Gentoo Linux, 32-bit || SPU code compiled with spu-elf-gcc 4.6.2 |- | ARM 1176JZ(F)-S || 0.19 || ? || 412 || 1 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.3 || -- || Darwin 10 || iPhone 3G |- | ARM 1176JZF-S || 0.5 || 3.5 || 1000 || 1 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.3 || -- || Raspbian || Raspberry Pi (Model B) |- | ARM Cortex-A8 || 0.62 || ? || 800 || 1 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.3 || -- || Ubuntu 10.10 || CFLAGS="-O3 -mfpu=neon" |- | ARM Cortex-A8 (L2=512KiB) || 0.99 || ? || 1000 || 1 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.3 || -- || Android 2.2 || Samsung GT-P1000 - CFLAGS="-O3 -mfpu=neon" |- | ARM Cortex-A9 || 2.39 || ? || 1200 || 2 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.3 || -- || Debian 7 armhf || Samsung Galaxy S II - CFLAGS="-O3 -mfpu=neon" |- | ARM Cortex-A9 (L2=1MiB) || 2.78 || ? || 1000 || 4 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.3 || --benchmark || Linaro Ubuntu LIB-12.09.6A || Freescale i.MX6 Quad on Sabre-Lite Board, CFLAGS="-O2" |- | ARM Cortex-A9 (L2=1MiB) || 3.52 || ? || 1000 || 4 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.3 || --benchmark || Linaro Ubuntu LIB-12.09.6A || Freescale i.MX6 Quad on Sabre-Lite Board, CFLAGS="-O3 -mfpu=neon", hot chip t>70C |- | ARM Cortex-A9 || 4.72 || 6 || 1400 || 4 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.3 || -- || Gentoo armhf || ODROID-X (undervolted) - CFLAGS="-O3 -mfpu=neon" |- | ARM Cortex-A15 || 3.81 || ? || 1700 || 2 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.3 || -- || Gentoo armhf || Samsung Chromebook XE303C12 - CFLAGS="-O3 -mfpu=neon" |- | ARM Cortex-A15 || 4.09 || 15 || 1700 || 2 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.3 || -- || ChrUbuntu 12.04 || Samsung Chromebook XE303C12 - CFLAGS="-O3 -mfpu=neon-vfpv4" |- | Qualcomm Krait || 4.03 || ? || 1500 || 2 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.3 || -- || Android 4.0.3 || HTC One X - CFLAGS="-O3 -mfpu=neon" |- | Qualcomm Krait APQ8064 || 7.2 || ? || 1500 || 4 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.3 || -- || Android 4.1.2 || Xiaomi Mi2, Neon, proof : http://i.imgur.com/GGFqCI0.png |- | Sun UltraSPARC-II || 0.17 || ? || 450 || 1 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.2 || -- || Solaris 10 || CFLAGS="-m64 -mcpu=v9 -xO5" |- | Fujitsu SPARC64-VII || 8.96 || ? || 2400 || 4 (8 SMT) || pooler's cpuminer 2.1.4 || -- || Solaris 10 || CFLAGS="-m64 -mcpu=v9 -xO5" |- | Oracle UltraSPARC T2 || 2.48 || 123 || 1415 || 8 (64 SMT) || pooler's cpuminer 2.1.4 || -- || Solaris 10 || CFLAGS="-m64 -mcpu=v9 -xO5" |- | Oracle UltraSPARC T4 || 11.87 || ? || 2850 || 8 (64 SMT) || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.3 || -- || Solaris 11 || CFLAGS="-xtarget=t4 -m64 -xO5" |- | IBM Power 7 || 2.05 || ? || 3100 || 8 || pooler's cpuminer 2.2.0 || -- || AIX 6.1 || CFLAGS="-maix64 -O3"; 2.05 kHash/s measured with 1 CPU core |- |} 9f94bc33f19a628789b0ee3c5bd1d34110622b51 0 65 173 172 2013-04-29T12:30:31Z Cyrus 1 1 revision local z = { error_categories = {}; error_ids = {}; message_tail = {}; } -- Include translation message hooks, ID and error handling configuration settings. -- Note that require has tested to be significantly faster than loadData for this -- usage. This might be a side effect of the unnecessary cloning described -- in bugzilla 47300. local cfg = require( 'Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration' ); -- Contains a list of all recognized parameters local whitelist = mw.loadData( 'Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist' ); -- Whether variable is set or not function is_set( var ) return not (var == nil or var == ''); end -- First set variable or nil if none function first_set(...) local list = {...}; for _, var in pairs(list) do if is_set( var ) then return var; end end end -- Whether needle is in haystack function inArray( needle, haystack ) if needle == nil then return false; end for n,v in ipairs( haystack ) do if v == needle then return n; end end return false; end -- Populates numbered arguments in a message string using an argument table. function substitute( msg, args ) return args and tostring( mw.message.newRawMessage( msg, args ) ) or msg; end -- Wraps a string using a message_list configuration taking one argument function wrap( key, str ) if not is_set( str ) then return ""; elseif inArray( key, { 'italic-title', 'trans-italic-title' } ) then str = safeforitalics( str ); end return substitute( cfg.messages[key], {str} ); end --[[ Argument wrapper. This function provides support for argument mapping defined in the configuration file so that multiple names can be transparently aliased to single internal variable. ]] function argument_wrapper( args ) local origin = {}; return setmetatable({ ORIGIN = function( self, k ) local dummy = self[k]; --force the variable to be loaded. return origin[k]; end }, { __index = function ( tbl, k ) if origin[k] ~= nil then return nil; end local args, list, v = args, cfg.aliases[k]; if list == nil then error( cfg.messages['unknown_argument_map'] ); elseif type( list ) == 'string' then v, origin[k] = args[list], list; else v, origin[k] = selectone( args, list, 'redundant_parameters' ); if origin[k] == nil then origin[k] = ''; --Empty string, not nil; end end if v == nil then v = cfg.defaults[k] or ""; origin[k] = ''; --Empty string, not nil; end tbl = rawset( tbl, k, v ); return v; end, }); end -- Checks that parameter name is valid using the whitelist function validate( name ) name = tostring( name ); -- Normal arguments if whitelist.basic_arguments[ name ] then return true; end -- Arguments with numbers in them name = name:gsub( "%d+", "#" ); if whitelist.numbered_arguments[ name ] then return true; end -- Not found, argument not supported. return false end -- Formats a comment for error trapping function errorcomment( content, hidden ) return wrap( hidden and 'hidden-error' or 'visible-error', content ); end --[[ Sets an error condition and returns the appropriate error message. The actual placement of the error message in the output is the responsibility of the calling function. ]] function seterror( error_id, arguments, raw, prefix, suffix ) local error_state = cfg.error_conditions[ error_id ]; prefix = prefix or ""; suffix = suffix or ""; if error_state == nil then error( cfg.messages['undefined_error'] ); elseif is_set( error_state.category ) then table.insert( z.error_categories, error_state.category ); end local message = substitute( error_state.message, arguments ); message = message .. " ([[" .. cfg.messages['help page link'] .. "#" .. error_state.anchor .. "|" .. cfg.messages['help page label'] .. "]])"; z.error_ids[ error_id ] = true; if inArray( error_id, { 'bare_url_missing_title', 'trans_missing_title' } ) and z.error_ids['citation_missing_title'] then return '', false; end message = table.concat({ prefix, message, suffix }); if raw == true then return message, error_state.hidden; end return errorcomment( message, error_state.hidden ); end -- Formats a wiki style external link function externallinkid(options) local url_string = options.id; if options.encode == true or options.encode == nil then url_string = mw.uri.encode( url_string ); end return mw.ustring.format( '[[%s|%s]]%s[%s%s%s %s]', options.link, options.label, options.separator or "&nbsp;", options.prefix, url_string, options.suffix or "", mw.text.nowiki(options.id) ); end -- Formats a wiki style internal link function internallinkid(options) return mw.ustring.format( '[[%s|%s]]%s[[%s%s%s|%s]]', options.link, options.label, options.separator or "&nbsp;", options.prefix, options.id, options.suffix or "", mw.text.nowiki(options.id) ); end -- Format an external link with error checking function externallink( URL, label, source ) local error_str = ""; if not is_set( label ) then label = URL; if is_set( source ) then error_str = seterror( 'bare_url_missing_title', { wrap( 'parameter', source ) }, false, " " ); else error( cfg.messages["bare_url_no_origin"] ); end end if not checkurl( URL ) then error_str = seterror( 'bad_url', {}, false, " " ) .. error_str; end return table.concat({ "[", URL, " ", safeforurl( label ), "]", error_str }); end -- Formats a link to Amazon function amazon(id, domain) if not is_set(domain) then domain = "com" elseif ( "jp" == domain or "uk" == domain ) then domain = "co." .. domain end local handler = cfg.id_handlers['ASIN']; return externallinkid({link = handler.link, label=handler.label , prefix="//www.amazon."..domain.."/dp/",id=id, encode=handler.encode, separator = handler.separator}) end -- Formats a DOI and checks for DOI errors. function doi(id, inactive) local cat = "" local handler = cfg.id_handlers['DOI']; local text; if is_set(inactive) then text = "[[" .. handler.link .. "|" .. handler.label .. "]]:" .. id; table.insert( z.error_categories, "Pages with DOIs inactive since " .. selectyear(inactive) ); inactive = " (" .. cfg.messages['inactive'] .. " " .. inactive .. ")" else text = externallinkid({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, prefix=handler.prefix,id=id,separator=handler.separator, encode=handler.encode}) inactive = "" end if ( string.sub(id,1,3) ~= "10." ) then cat = seterror( 'bad_doi' ); end return text .. inactive .. cat end -- Formats an OpenLibrary link, and checks for associated errors. function openlibrary(id) local code = id:sub(-1,-1) local handler = cfg.id_handlers['OL']; if ( code == "A" ) then return externallinkid({link=handler.link, label=handler.label, prefix="http://openlibrary.org/authors/OL",id=id, separator=handler.separator, encode = handler.encode}) elseif ( code == "M" ) then return externallinkid({link=handler.link, label=handler.label, prefix="http://openlibrary.org/books/OL",id=id, separator=handler.separator, encode = handler.encode}) elseif ( code == "W" ) then return externallinkid({link=handler.link, label=handler.label, prefix= "http://openlibrary.org/works/OL",id=id, separator=handler.separator, encode = handler.encode}) else return externallinkid({link=handler.link, label=handler.label, prefix= "http://openlibrary.org/OL",id=id, separator=handler.separator, encode = handler.encode}) .. ' ' .. seterror( 'bad_ol' ); end end --[[ Determines whether an URL string is valid At present the only check is whether the string appears to be prefixed with a URI scheme. It is not determined whether the URI scheme is valid or whether the URL is otherwise well formed. ]] function checkurl( url_str ) -- Protocol-relative or URL scheme return url_str:sub(1,2) == "//" or url_str:match( "^[^/]*:" ) ~= nil; end -- Removes irrelevant text and dashes from ISBN number -- Similar to that used for Special:BookSources function cleanisbn( isbn_str ) return isbn_str:gsub( "[^-0-9X]", "" ); end -- Determines whether an ISBN string is valid function checkisbn( isbn_str ) isbn_str = cleanisbn( isbn_str ):gsub( "-", "" ); local len = isbn_str:len(); if len ~= 10 and len ~= 13 then return false; end local temp = 0; if len == 10 then if isbn_str:match( "^%d*X?$" ) == nil then return false; end isbn_str = { isbn_str:byte(1, len) }; for i, v in ipairs( isbn_str ) do if v == string.byte( "X" ) then temp = temp + 10*( 11 - i ); else temp = temp + tonumber( string.char(v) )*(11-i); end end return temp % 11 == 0; else if isbn_str:match( "^%d*$" ) == nil then return false; end isbn_str = { isbn_str:byte(1, len) }; for i, v in ipairs( isbn_str ) do temp = temp + (3 - 2*(i % 2)) * tonumber( string.char(v) ); end return temp % 10 == 0; end end -- Gets the display text for a wikilink like [[A|B]] or [[B]] gives B function removewikilink( str ) return (str:gsub( "%[%[([^%[%]]*)%]%]", function(l) return l:gsub( "^[^|]*|(.*)$", "%1" ):gsub("^%s*(.-)%s*$", "%1"); end)); end -- Escape sequences for content that will be used for URL descriptions function safeforurl( str ) if str:match( "%[%[.-%]%]" ) ~= nil then table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror( 'wikilink_in_url', {}, true ) } ); end return str:gsub( '[%[%]\n]', { ['['] = '&#91;', [']'] = '&#93;', ['\n'] = ' ' } ); end -- Converts a hyphen to a dash function hyphentodash( str ) if not is_set(str) or str:match( "[%[%]{}<>]" ) ~= nil then return str; end return str:gsub( '-', '–' ); end -- Protects a string that will be wrapped in wiki italic markup '' ... '' function safeforitalics( str ) --[[ Note: We can not use <i> for italics, as the expected behavior for italics specified by ''...'' in the title is that they will be inverted (i.e. unitalicized) in the resulting references. In addition, <i> and '' tend to interact poorly under Mediawiki's HTML tidy. ]] if not is_set(str) then return str; else if str:sub(1,1) == "'" then str = "<span />" .. str; end if str:sub(-1,-1) == "'" then str = str .. "<span />"; end -- Remove newlines as they break italics. return str:gsub( '\n', ' ' ); end end --[[ Joins a sequence of strings together while checking for duplicate separation characters. ]] function safejoin( tbl, duplicate_char ) --[[ Note: we use string functions here, rather than ustring functions. This has considerably faster performance and should work correctly as long as the duplicate_char is strict ASCII. The strings in tbl may be ASCII or UTF8. ]] local str = ''; local comp = ''; local end_chr = ''; local trim; for _, value in ipairs( tbl ) do if value == nil then value = ''; end if str == '' then str = value; elseif value ~= '' then if value:sub(1,1) == '<' then -- Special case of values enclosed in spans and other markup. comp = value:gsub( "%b<>", "" ); else comp = value; end if comp:sub(1,1) == duplicate_char then trim = false; end_chr = str:sub(-1,-1); -- str = str .. "<HERE(enchr=" .. end_chr.. ")" if end_chr == duplicate_char then str = str:sub(1,-2); elseif end_chr == "'" then if str:sub(-3,-1) == duplicate_char .. "''" then str = str:sub(1, -4) .. "''"; elseif str:sub(-5,-1) == duplicate_char .. "]]''" then trim = true; elseif str:sub(-4,-1) == duplicate_char .. "]''" then trim = true; end elseif end_chr == "]" then if str:sub(-3,-1) == duplicate_char .. "]]" then trim = true; elseif str:sub(-2,-1) == duplicate_char .. "]" then trim = true; end elseif end_chr == " " then if str:sub(-2,-1) == duplicate_char .. " " then str = str:sub(1,-3); end end if trim then if value ~= comp then local dup2 = duplicate_char; if dup2:match( "%A" ) then dup2 = "%" .. dup2; end value = value:gsub( "(%b<>)" .. dup2, "%1", 1 ) else value = value:sub( 2, -1 ); end end end str = str .. value; end end return str; end --[[ Return the year portion of a date string, if possible. Returns empty string if the argument can not be interpreted as a year. ]] function selectyear( str ) -- Is the input a simple number? local num = tonumber( str ); if num ~= nil and num > 0 and num < 2100 and num == math.floor(num) then return str; else -- Use formatDate to interpret more complicated formats local lang = mw.getContentLanguage(); local good, result; good, result = pcall( lang.formatDate, lang, 'Y', str ) if good then return result; else -- Can't make sense of this input, return blank. return ""; end end end -- Attempts to convert names to initials. function reducetoinitials(first) local initials = {} for word in string.gmatch(first, "%S+") do table.insert(initials, string.sub(word,1,1)) -- Vancouver format does not include full stops. end return table.concat(initials) -- Vancouver format does not include spaces. end -- Formats a list of people (e.g. authors / editors) function listpeople(control, people) local sep = control.sep; local namesep = control.namesep local format = control.format local maximum = control.maximum local lastauthoramp = control.lastauthoramp; local text = {} local etal = false; if sep:sub(-1,-1) ~= " " then sep = sep .. " " end if maximum ~= nil and maximum < 1 then return "", 0; end for i,person in ipairs(people) do if is_set(person.last) then local mask = person.mask local one local sep_one = sep; if maximum ~= nil and i > maximum then etal = true; break; elseif (mask ~= nil) then local n = tonumber(mask) if (n ~= nil) then one = string.rep("&mdash;",n) else one = mask; sep_one = " "; end else one = person.last local first = person.first if is_set(first) then if ( "vanc" == format ) then first = reducetoinitials(first) end one = one .. namesep .. first end if is_set(person.link) then one = "[[" .. person.link .. "|" .. one .. "]]" end end table.insert( text, one ) table.insert( text, sep_one ) end end local count = #text / 2; if count > 0 then if count > 1 and is_set(lastauthoramp) and not etal then text[#text-2] = " & "; end text[#text] = nil; end local result = table.concat(text) -- construct list if etal then local etal_text = cfg.messages['et al']; result = result .. " " .. etal_text; end -- if necessary wrap result in <span> tag to format in Small Caps if ( "scap" == format ) then result = '<span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps">' .. result .. '</span>'; end return result, count end -- Generates a CITEREF anchor ID. function anchorid( options ) return "CITEREF" .. table.concat( options ); end -- Gets name list from the input arguments function extractnames(args, list_name) local names = {}; local i = 1; local last; while true do last = selectone( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'redundant_parameters', i ); if not is_set(last) then -- just in case someone passed in an empty parameter break; end names[i] = { last = last, first = selectone( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'redundant_parameters', i ), link = selectone( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Link'], 'redundant_parameters', i ), mask = selectone( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Mask'], 'redundant_parameters', i ) }; i = i + 1; end return names; end -- Populates ID table from arguments using configuration settings function extractids( args ) local id_list = {}; for k, v in pairs( cfg.id_handlers ) do v = selectone( args, v.parameters, 'redundant_parameters' ); if is_set(v) then id_list[k] = v; end end return id_list; end -- Takes a table of IDs and turns it into a table of formatted ID outputs. function buildidlist( id_list, options ) local new_list, handler = {}; function fallback(k) return { __index = function(t,i) return cfg.id_handlers[k][i] end } end; for k, v in pairs( id_list ) do -- fallback to read-only cfg handler = setmetatable( { ['id'] = v }, fallback(k) ); if handler.mode == 'external' then table.insert( new_list, {handler.label, externallinkid( handler ) } ); elseif handler.mode == 'internal' then table.insert( new_list, {handler.label, internallinkid( handler ) } ); elseif handler.mode ~= 'manual' then error( cfg.messages['unknown_ID_mode'] ); elseif k == 'DOI' then table.insert( new_list, {handler.label, doi( v, options.DoiBroken ) } ); elseif k == 'ASIN' then table.insert( new_list, {handler.label, amazon( v, options.ASINTLD ) } ); elseif k == 'OL' then table.insert( new_list, {handler.label, openlibrary( v ) } ); elseif k == 'ISBN' then local ISBN = internallinkid( handler ); if not checkisbn( v ) and not is_set(options.IgnoreISBN) then ISBN = ISBN .. seterror( 'bad_isbn', {}, false, " ", "" ); end table.insert( new_list, {handler.label, ISBN } ); else error( cfg.messages['unknown_manual_ID'] ); end end function comp( a, b ) return a[1] < b[1]; end table.sort( new_list, comp ); for k, v in ipairs( new_list ) do new_list[k] = v[2]; end return new_list; end -- Chooses one matching parameter from a list of parameters to consider -- Generates an error if more than one match is present. function selectone( args, possible, error_condition, index ) local value = nil; local selected = ''; local error_list = {}; if index ~= nil then index = tostring(index); end -- Handle special case of "#" replaced by empty string if index == '1' then for _, v in ipairs( possible ) do v = v:gsub( "#", "" ); if is_set(args[v]) then if value ~= nil and selected ~= v then table.insert( error_list, v ); else value = args[v]; selected = v; end end end end for _, v in ipairs( possible ) do if index ~= nil then v = v:gsub( "#", index ); end if is_set(args[v]) then if value ~= nil and selected ~= v then table.insert( error_list, v ); else value = args[v]; selected = v; end end end if #error_list > 0 then local error_str = ""; for _, k in ipairs( error_list ) do if error_str ~= "" then error_str = error_str .. cfg.messages['parameter-separator'] end error_str = error_str .. wrap( 'parameter', k ); end if #error_list > 1 then error_str = error_str .. cfg.messages['parameter-final-separator']; else error_str = error_str .. cfg.messages['parameter-pair-separator']; end error_str = error_str .. wrap( 'parameter', selected ); table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror( error_condition, {error_str}, true ) } ); end return value, selected; end -- COinS metadata (see <http://ocoins.info/>) allows automated tools to parse -- the citation information. function COinS(data) if 'table' ~= type(data) or nil == next(data) then return ''; end local ctx_ver = "Z39.88-2004"; -- treat table strictly as an array with only set values. local OCinSoutput = setmetatable( {}, { __newindex = function(self, key, value) if is_set(value) then rawset( self, #self+1, table.concat{ key, '=', mw.uri.encode( removewikilink( value ) ) } ); end end }); if is_set(data.Chapter) then OCinSoutput.rft_val_fmt = "info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:book"; OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "bookitem"; OCinSoutput["rft.btitle"] = data.Chapter; OCinSoutput["rft.atitle"] = data.Title; elseif is_set(data.Periodical) then OCinSoutput.rft_val_fmt = "info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal"; OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "article"; OCinSoutput["rft.jtitle"] = data.Periodical; OCinSoutput["rft.atitle"] = data.Title; else OCinSoutput.rft_val_fmt = "info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:book"; OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "book" OCinSoutput["rft.btitle"] = data.Title; end OCinSoutput["rft.place"] = data.PublicationPlace; OCinSoutput["rft.date"] = data.Date; OCinSoutput["rft.series"] = data.Series; OCinSoutput["rft.volume"] = data.Volume; OCinSoutput["rft.issue"] = data.Issue; OCinSoutput["rft.pages"] = data.Pages; OCinSoutput["rft.edition"] = data.Edition; OCinSoutput["rft.pub"] = data.PublisherName; for k, v in pairs( data.ID_list ) do local id, value = cfg.id_handlers[k].COinS; if k == 'ISBN' then value = cleanisbn( v ); else value = v; end if string.sub( id or "", 1, 4 ) == 'info' then OCinSoutput["rft_id"] = table.concat{ id, "/", v }; else OCinSoutput[ id ] = value; end end local last, first; for k, v in ipairs( data.Authors ) do last, first = v.last, v.first; if k == 1 then if is_set(last) then OCinSoutput["rft.aulast"] = last; end if is_set(first) then OCinSoutput["rft.aufirst"] = first; end end if is_set(last) and is_set(first) then OCinSoutput["rft.au"] = table.concat{ last, ", ", first }; elseif is_set(last) then OCinSoutput["rft.au"] = last; end end OCinSoutput.rft_id = data.URL; OCinSoutput.rfr_id = table.concat{ "info:sid/", mw.site.server:match( "[^/]*$" ), ":", data.RawPage }; OCinSoutput = setmetatable( OCinSoutput, nil ); -- sort with version string always first, and combine. table.sort( OCinSoutput ); table.insert( OCinSoutput, 1, "ctx_ver=" .. ctx_ver ); -- such as "Z39.88-2004" return table.concat(OCinSoutput, "&"); end --[[ This is the main function foing the majority of the citation formatting. ]] function citation0( config, args) --[[ Load Input Parameters The argment_wrapper facillitates the mapping of multiple aliases to single internal variable. ]] local A = argument_wrapper( args ); local i local PPrefix = A['PPrefix'] local PPPrefix = A['PPPrefix'] if is_set( A['NoPP'] ) then PPPrefix = "" PPrefix = "" end -- Pick out the relevant fields from the arguments. Different citation templates -- define different field names for the same underlying things. local Authors = A['Authors']; local a = extractnames( args, 'AuthorList' ); local Coauthors = A['Coauthors']; local Others = A['Others']; local Editors = A['Editors']; local e = extractnames( args, 'EditorList' ); local Year = A['Year']; local PublicationDate = A['PublicationDate']; local OrigYear = A['OrigYear']; local Date = A['Date']; local LayDate = A['LayDate']; ------------------------------------------------- Get title data local Title = A['Title']; local BookTitle = A['BookTitle']; local Conference = A['Conference']; local TransTitle = A['TransTitle']; local TitleNote = A['TitleNote']; local TitleLink = A['TitleLink']; local Chapter = A['Chapter']; local ChapterLink = A['ChapterLink']; local TransChapter = A['TransChapter']; local TitleType = A['TitleType']; local ArchiveURL = A['ArchiveURL']; local URL = A['URL'] local URLorigin = A:ORIGIN('URL'); local ChapterURL = A['ChapterURL']; local ChapterURLorigin = A:ORIGIN('ChapterURL'); local ConferenceURL = A['ConferenceURL']; local ConferenceURLorigin = A:ORIGIN('ConferenceURL'); local Periodical = A['Periodical']; if ( config.CitationClass == "encyclopaedia" ) then if not is_set(Chapter) then if not is_set(Title) then Title = Periodical; Periodical = ''; else Chapter = Title TransChapter = TransTitle Title = ''; TransTitle = ''; end end end local Series = A['Series']; local Volume = A['Volume']; local Issue = A['Issue']; local Position = ''; local Page, Pages, At, page_type; Page = A['Page']; Pages = hyphentodash( A['Pages'] ); At = A['At']; if is_set(Page) then if is_set(Pages) or is_set(At) then Page = Page .. " " .. seterror('extra_pages'); Pages = ''; At = ''; end elseif is_set(Pages) then if is_set(At) then Pages = Pages .. " " .. seterror('extra_pages'); At = ''; end end local Edition = A['Edition']; local PublicationPlace = A['PublicationPlace'] local Place = A['Place']; if not is_set(PublicationPlace) and is_set(Place) then PublicationPlace = Place; end if PublicationPlace == Place then Place = ''; end local PublisherName = A['PublisherName']; local SubscriptionRequired = A['SubscriptionRequired']; local Via = A['Via']; local AccessDate = A['AccessDate']; local ArchiveDate = A['ArchiveDate']; local Agency = A['Agency']; local DeadURL = A['DeadURL'] local Language = A['Language']; local Format = A['Format']; local Ref = A['Ref']; local DoiBroken = A['DoiBroken']; local ID = A['ID']; local ASINTLD = A['ASINTLD']; local IgnoreISBN = A['IgnoreISBN']; local ID_list = extractids( args ); local Quote = A['Quote']; local PostScript = A['PostScript']; local LayURL = A['LayURL']; local LaySource = A['LaySource']; local Transcript = A['Transcript']; local TranscriptURL = A['TranscriptURL'] local TranscriptURLorigin = A:ORIGIN('TranscriptURL'); local sepc = A['Separator']; local LastAuthorAmp = A['LastAuthorAmp']; local no_tracking_cats = A['NoTracking']; local this_page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle(); --Also used for COinS if not is_set(no_tracking_cats) then for k, v in pairs( cfg.uncategorized_namespaces ) do if this_page.nsText == v then no_tracking_cats = "true"; break; end end end if ( config.CitationClass == "journal" ) then if not is_set(URL) and is_set(ID_list['PMC']) then local Embargo = A['Embargo']; if is_set(Embargo) then local lang = mw.getContentLanguage(); local good1, result1, good2, result2; good1, result1 = pcall( lang.formatDate, lang, 'U', Embargo ); good2, result2 = pcall( lang.formatDate, lang, 'U' ); if good1 and good2 and tonumber( result1 ) < tonumber( result2 ) then URL = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC" .. ID_list['PMC']; URLorigin = cfg.id_handlers['PMC'].parameters[1]; end else URL = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC" .. ID_list['PMC']; URLorigin = cfg.id_handlers['PMC'].parameters[1]; end end end -- At this point fields may be nil if they weren't specified in the template use. We can use that fact. -- Account for the oddity that is {{cite conference}}, before generation of COinS data. if is_set(BookTitle) then Chapter = Title; ChapterLink = TitleLink; TransChapter = TransTitle; Title = BookTitle; TitleLink = ''; TransTitle = ''; end -- Account for the oddity that is {{cite episode}}, before generation of COinS data. if config.CitationClass == "episode" then local AirDate = A['AirDate']; local SeriesLink = A['SeriesLink']; local Season = A['Season']; local SeriesNumber = A['SeriesNumber']; local Network = A['Network']; local Station = A['Station']; local s, n = {}, {}; local Sep = (first_set(A["SeriesSeparator"], A["Separator"]) or "") .. " "; if is_set(Issue) then table.insert(s, cfg.messages["episode"] .. " " .. Issue); Issue = ''; end if is_set(Season) then table.insert(s, cfg.messages["season"] .. " " .. Season); end if is_set(SeriesNumber) then table.insert(s, cfg.messages["series"] .. " " .. SeriesNumber); end if is_set(Network) then table.insert(n, Network); end if is_set(Station) then table.insert(n, Station); end Date = Date or AirDate; Chapter = Title; ChapterLink = TitleLink; TransChapter = TransTitle; Title = Series; TitleLink = SeriesLink; TransTitle = ''; Series = table.concat(s, Sep); ID = table.concat(n, Sep); end -- COinS metadata (see <http://ocoins.info/>) for -- automated parsing of citation information. local OCinSoutput = COinS{ ['Periodical'] = Periodical, ['Chapter'] = Chapter, ['Title'] = Title, ['PublicationPlace'] = PublicationPlace, ['Date'] = first_set(Date, Year, PublicationDate), ['Series'] = Series, ['Volume'] = Volume, ['Issue'] = Issue, ['Pages'] = first_set(Page, Pages, At), ['Edition'] = Edition, ['PublisherName'] = PublisherName, ['URL'] = first_set( URL, ChapterURL ), ['Authors'] = a, ['ID_list'] = ID_list, ['RawPage'] = this_page.prefixedText, }; if is_set(Periodical) and not is_set(Chapter) and is_set(Title) then Chapter = Title; ChapterLink = TitleLink; TransChapter = TransTitle; Title = ''; TitleLink = ''; TransTitle = ''; end -- Now perform various field substitutions. -- We also add leading spaces and surrounding markup and punctuation to the -- various parts of the citation, but only when they are non-nil. if not is_set(Authors) then local Maximum = tonumber( A['DisplayAuthors'] ); -- Preserve old-style implicit et al. if not is_set(Maximum) and #a == 9 then Maximum = 8; table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror('implict_etal_author', {}, true ) } ); elseif not is_set(Maximum) then Maximum = #a + 1; end local control = { sep = A["AuthorSeparator"] .. " ", namesep = (first_set(A["AuthorNameSeparator"], A["NameSeparator"]) or "") .. " ", format = A["AuthorFormat"], maximum = Maximum, lastauthoramp = LastAuthorAmp }; -- If the coauthor field is also used, prevent ampersand and et al. formatting. if is_set(Coauthors) then control.lastauthoramp = nil; control.maximum = #a + 1; end Authors = listpeople(control, a) end local EditorCount if not is_set(Editors) then local Maximum = tonumber( A['DisplayEditors'] ); -- Preserve old-style implicit et al. if not is_set(Maximum) and #e == 4 then Maximum = 3; table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror('implict_etal_editor', {}, true) } ); elseif not is_set(Maximum) then Maximum = #e + 1; end local control = { sep = A["EditorSeparator"] .. " ", namesep = (first_set(A["EditorNameSeparator"], A["NameSeparator"]) or "") .. " ", format = A['EditorFormat'], maximum = Maximum, lastauthoramp = LastAuthorAmp }; Editors, EditorCount = listpeople(control, e); else EditorCount = 1; end if not is_set(Date) then Date = Year; if is_set(Date) then local Month = A['Month']; if is_set(Month) then Date = Month .. " " .. Date; local Day = A['Day'] if is_set(Day) then Date = Day .. " " .. Date end end end end if inArray(PublicationDate, {Date, Year}) then PublicationDate = ''; end if not is_set(Date) and is_set(PublicationDate) then Date = PublicationDate; PublicationDate = ''; end -- Captures the value for Date prior to adding parens or other textual transformations local DateIn = Date; if not is_set(URL) and not is_set(ChapterURL) and not is_set(ArchiveURL) and not is_set(ConferenceURL) and not is_set(TranscriptURL) then -- Test if cite web is called without giving a URL if ( config.CitationClass == "web" ) then table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror( 'cite_web_url', {}, true ) } ); end -- Test if accessdate is given without giving a URL if is_set(AccessDate) then table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror( 'accessdate_missing_url', {}, true ) } ); AccessDate = ''; end -- Test if format is given without giving a URL if is_set(Format) then Format = Format .. seterror( 'format_missing_url' ); end end -- Test if citation has no title if not is_set(Chapter) and not is_set(Title) and not is_set(Periodical) and not is_set(Conference) and not is_set(TransTitle) and not is_set(TransChapter) then table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror( 'citation_missing_title', {}, true ) } ); end Format = is_set(Format) and " (" .. Format .. ")" or ""; local OriginalURL = URL DeadURL = DeadURL:lower(); if ( ArchiveURL and "" < ArchiveURL ) then if ( DeadURL ~= "no" ) then URL = ArchiveURL end end -- Format chapter / article title if is_set(Chapter) and is_set(ChapterLink) then Chapter = "[[" .. ChapterLink .. "|" .. Chapter .. "]]"; end if is_set(Periodical) and is_set(Title) then Chapter = wrap( 'italic-title', Chapter ); TransChapter = wrap( 'trans-italic-title', TransChapter ); else Chapter = wrap( 'quoted-title', Chapter ); TransChapter = wrap( 'trans-quoted-title', TransChapter ); end local TransError = "" if is_set(TransChapter) then if not is_set(Chapter) then TransError = " " .. seterror( 'trans_missing_chapter' ); else TransChapter = " " .. TransChapter; end end Chapter = Chapter .. TransChapter; if is_set(Chapter) then if not is_set(ChapterLink) then if is_set(ChapterURL) then Chapter = externallink( ChapterURL, Chapter ) .. TransError; if not is_set(URL) then Chapter = Chapter .. Format; Format = ""; end elseif is_set(URL) then Chapter = externallink( URL, Chapter ) .. TransError .. Format; URL = ""; Format = ""; else Chapter = Chapter .. TransError; end elseif is_set(ChapterURL) then Chapter = Chapter .. " " .. externallink( ChapterURL, nil, ChapterURLorigin ) .. TransError; else Chapter = Chapter .. TransError; end Chapter = Chapter .. sepc .. " " -- with end-space elseif is_set(ChapterURL) then Chapter = " " .. externallink( ChapterURL, nil, ChapterURLorigin ) .. sepc .. " "; end -- Format main title. if is_set(TitleLink) and is_set(Title) then Title = "[[" .. TitleLink .. "|" .. Title .. "]]" end if is_set(Periodical) then Title = wrap( 'quoted-title', Title ); TransTitle = wrap( 'trans-quoted-title', TransTitle ); elseif inArray(config.CitationClass, {"web","news","pressrelease"}) and not is_set(Chapter) then Title = wrap( 'quoted-title', Title ); TransTitle = wrap( 'trans-quoted-title', TransTitle ); else Title = wrap( 'italic-title', Title ); TransTitle = wrap( 'trans-italic-title', TransTitle ); end TransError = ""; if is_set(TransTitle) then if not is_set(Title) then TransError = " " .. seterror( 'trans_missing_title' ); else TransTitle = " " .. TransTitle; end end Title = Title .. TransTitle; if is_set(Title) then if not is_set(TitleLink) and is_set(URL) then Title = externallink( URL, Title ) .. TransError .. Format URL = ""; Format = ""; else Title = Title .. TransError; end end if is_set(Place) then if sepc == '.' then Place = " " .. wrap( 'written', Place ) .. sepc .. " "; else Place = " " .. substitute( cfg.messages['written']:lower(), {Place} ) .. sepc .. " "; end end if is_set(Conference) then if is_set(ConferenceURL) then Conference = externallink( ConferenceURL, Conference ); end Conference = " " .. Conference elseif is_set(ConferenceURL) then Conference = " " .. externallink( ConferenceURL, nil, ConferenceURLorigin ); end if not is_set(Position) then local Minutes = A['Minutes']; if is_set(Minutes) then Position = " " .. Minutes .. " " .. cfg.messages['minutes']; else local Time = A['Time']; if is_set(Time) then local TimeCaption = A['TimeCaption'] if not is_set(TimeCaption) then TimeCaption = cfg.messages['event']; if sepc ~= '.' then TimeCaption = TimeCaption:lower(); end end Position = " " .. TimeCaption .. " " .. Time; end end else Position = " " .. Position; At = ''; end if not is_set(Page) then if is_set(Pages) then if is_set(Periodical) and not inArray(config.CitationClass, {"encyclopaedia","web","book","news"}) then Pages = ": " .. Pages; elseif tonumber(Pages) ~= nil then Pages = sepc .." " .. PPrefix .. Pages; else Pages = sepc .." " .. PPPrefix .. Pages; end end else if is_set(Periodical) and not inArray(config.CitationClass, {"encyclopaedia","web","book","news"}) then Page = ": " .. Page; else Page = sepc .." " .. PPrefix .. Page; end end At = is_set(At) and (sepc .. " " .. At) or ""; Others = is_set(Others) and (sepc .. " " .. Others) or ""; TitleType = is_set(TitleType) and (" (" .. TitleType .. ")") or ""; TitleNote = is_set(TitleNote) and (sepc .. " " .. TitleNote) or ""; Language = is_set(Language) and (" " .. wrap( 'language', Language )) or ""; Edition = is_set(Edition) and (" " .. wrap( 'edition', Edition )) or ""; Issue = is_set(Issue) and (" (" .. Issue .. ")") or ""; Series = is_set(Series) and (sepc .. " " .. Series) or ""; OrigYear = is_set(OrigYear) and (" [" .. OrigYear .. "]") or ""; Agency = is_set(Agency) and (sepc .. " " .. Agency) or ""; if is_set(Volume) then if ( mw.ustring.len(Volume) > 4 ) then Volume = sepc .." " .. Volume; else Volume = " <b>" .. hyphentodash(Volume) .. "</b>"; end end ------------------------------------ totally unrelated data if is_set(Via) then Via = " " .. wrap( 'via', Via ); end if is_set(AccessDate) then local retrv_text = " " .. cfg.messages['retrieved'] if (sepc ~= ".") then retrv_text = retrv_text:lower() end AccessDate = '<span class="reference-accessdate">' .. sepc .. substitute( retrv_text, {AccessDate} ) .. '</span>' end if is_set(SubscriptionRequired) then SubscriptionRequired = sepc .. " " .. cfg.messages['subscription']; end if is_set(ID) then ID = sepc .." ".. ID; end ID_list = buildidlist( ID_list, {DoiBroken = DoiBroken, ASINTLD = ASINTLD, IgnoreISBN = IgnoreISBN} ); if is_set(URL) then URL = " " .. externallink( URL, nil, URLorigin ); end if is_set(Quote) then if Quote:sub(1,1) == '"' and Quote:sub(-1,-1) == '"' then Quote = Quote:sub(2,-2); end Quote = sepc .." " .. wrap( 'quoted-text', Quote ); PostScript = ""; elseif PostScript:lower() == "none" then PostScript = ""; end local Archived if is_set(ArchiveURL) then if not is_set(ArchiveDate) then ArchiveDate = seterror('archive_missing_date'); end if "no" == DeadURL then local arch_text = cfg.messages['archived']; if sepc ~= "." then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end Archived = sepc .. " " .. substitute( cfg.messages['archived-not-dead'], { externallink( ArchiveURL, arch_text ), ArchiveDate } ); if not is_set(OriginalURL) then Archived = Archived .. " " .. seterror('archive_missing_url'); end elseif is_set(OriginalURL) then local arch_text = cfg.messages['archived-dead']; if sepc ~= "." then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end Archived = sepc .. " " .. substitute( arch_text, { externallink( OriginalURL, cfg.messages['original'] ), ArchiveDate } ); else local arch_text = cfg.messages['archived-missing']; if sepc ~= "." then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end Archived = sepc .. " " .. substitute( arch_text, { seterror('archive_missing_url'), ArchiveDate } ); end else Archived = "" end local Lay if is_set(LayURL) then if is_set(LayDate) then LayDate = " (" .. LayDate .. ")" end if is_set(LaySource) then LaySource = " &ndash; ''" .. safeforitalics(LaySource) .. "''"; else LaySource = ""; end if sepc == '.' then Lay = sepc .. " " .. externallink( LayURL, cfg.messages['lay summary'] ) .. LaySource .. LayDate else Lay = sepc .. " " .. externallink( LayURL, cfg.messages['lay summary']:lower() ) .. LaySource .. LayDate end else Lay = ""; end if is_set(Transcript) then if is_set(TranscriptURL) then Transcript = externallink( TranscriptURL, Transcript ); end elseif is_set(TranscriptURL) then Transcript = externallink( TranscriptURL, nil, TranscriptURLorigin ); end local Publisher; if is_set(Periodical) and not inArray(config.CitationClass, {"encyclopaedia","web","pressrelease"}) then if is_set(PublisherName) then if is_set(PublicationPlace) then Publisher = PublicationPlace .. ": " .. PublisherName; else Publisher = PublisherName; end elseif is_set(PublicationPlace) then Publisher= PublicationPlace; else Publisher = ""; end if is_set(PublicationDate) then if is_set(Publisher) then Publisher = Publisher .. ", " .. wrap( 'published', PublicationDate ); else Publisher = PublicationDate; end end if is_set(Publisher) then Publisher = " (" .. Publisher .. ")"; end else if is_set(PublicationDate) then PublicationDate = " (" .. wrap( 'published', PublicationDate ) .. ")"; end if is_set(PublisherName) then if is_set(PublicationPlace) then Publisher = sepc .. " " .. PublicationPlace .. ": " .. PublisherName .. PublicationDate; else Publisher = sepc .. " " .. PublisherName .. PublicationDate; end elseif is_set(PublicationPlace) then Publisher= sepc .. " " .. PublicationPlace .. PublicationDate; else Publisher = PublicationDate; end end -- Several of the above rely upon detecting this as nil, so do it last. if is_set(Periodical) then if is_set(Title) or is_set(TitleNote) then Periodical = sepc .. " " .. wrap( 'italic-title', Periodical ) else Periodical = wrap( 'italic-title', Periodical ) end end -- Piece all bits together at last. Here, all should be non-nil. -- We build things this way because it is more efficient in LUA -- not to keep reassigning to the same string variable over and over. local tcommon if inArray(config.CitationClass, {"journal","citation"}) and is_set(Periodical) then if is_set(Others) then Others = Others .. sepc .. " " end tcommon = safejoin( {Others, Title, TitleNote, Conference, Periodical, Format, TitleType, Series, Language, Edition, Publisher, Agency, Volume, Issue, Position}, sepc ); else tcommon = safejoin( {Title, TitleNote, Conference, Periodical, Format, TitleType, Series, Language, Volume, Issue, Others, Edition, Publisher, Agency, Position}, sepc ); end if #ID_list > 0 then ID_list = safejoin( { sepc .. " ", table.concat( ID_list, sepc .. " " ), ID }, sepc ); else ID_list = ID; end local idcommon = safejoin( { ID_list, URL, Archived, AccessDate, Via, SubscriptionRequired, Lay, Quote }, sepc ); local text; local pgtext = Page .. Pages .. At; if is_set(Authors) then if is_set(Coauthors) then Authors = Authors .. A['AuthorSeparator'] .. " " .. Coauthors end if is_set(Date) then Date = " ("..Date..")" .. OrigYear .. sepc .. " " elseif string.sub(Authors,-1,-1) == sepc then Authors = Authors .. " " else Authors = Authors .. sepc .. " " end if is_set(Editors) then local in_text = " " .. cfg.messages['in'] .. " " if (sepc ~= '.') then in_text = in_text:lower() end if (string.sub(Editors,-1,-1) == sepc) then Editors = in_text .. Editors .. " " else Editors = in_text .. Editors .. sepc .. " " end end text = safejoin( {Authors, Date, Chapter, Place, Editors, tcommon }, sepc ); text = safejoin( {text, pgtext, idcommon}, sepc ); elseif is_set(Editors) then if is_set(Date) then if EditorCount <= 1 then Editors = Editors .. ", " .. cfg.messages['editor']; else Editors = Editors .. ", " .. cfg.messages['editors']; end Date = " (" .. Date ..")" .. OrigYear .. sepc .. " " else if EditorCount <= 1 then Editors = Editors .. " (" .. cfg.messages['editor'] .. ")" .. sepc .. " " else Editors = Editors .. " (" .. cfg.messages['editors'] .. ")" .. sepc .. " " end end text = safejoin( {Editors, Date, Chapter, Place, tcommon}, sepc ); text = safejoin( {text, pgtext, idcommon}, sepc ); else if is_set(Date) then if ( string.sub(tcommon,-1,-1) ~= sepc ) then Date = sepc .." " .. Date .. OrigYear else Date = " " .. Date .. OrigYear end end if config.CitationClass=="journal" and is_set(Periodical) then text = safejoin( {Chapter, Place, tcommon}, sepc ); text = safejoin( {text, pgtext, Date, idcommon}, sepc ); else text = safejoin( {Chapter, Place, tcommon, Date}, sepc ); text = safejoin( {text, pgtext, idcommon}, sepc ); end end if is_set(PostScript) and PostScript ~= sepc then text = safejoin( {text, sepc}, sepc ); --Deals with italics, spaces, etc. text = text:sub(1,-2); --Remove final seperator end text = safejoin( {text, PostScript}, sepc ); -- Now enclose the whole thing in a <span/> element if not is_set(Year) then if is_set(DateIn) then Year = selectyear( DateIn ); elseif is_set(PublicationDate) then Year = selectyear( PublicationDate ); end end local options = {}; if is_set(config.CitationClass) and config.CitationClass ~= "citation" then options.class = "citation " .. config.CitationClass; else options.class = "citation"; end if is_set(Ref) and Ref:lower() ~= "none" then local id = Ref if ( "harv" == Ref ) then local names = {} --table of last names & year if is_set(Authors) then for i,v in ipairs(a) do names[i] = v.last if i == 4 then break end end elseif is_set(Editors) then for i,v in ipairs(e) do names[i] = v.last if i == 4 then break end end end names[ #names + 1 ] = Year; id = anchorid(names) end options.id = id; end if string.len(text:gsub("<span[^>/]*>.-</span>", ""):gsub("%b<>","")) <= 2 then z.error_categories = {}; text = seterror('empty_citation'); z.message_tail = {}; end if is_set(options.id) then text = '<span id="' .. mw.uri.anchorEncode(options.id) ..'" class="' .. mw.text.nowiki(options.class) .. '">' .. text .. "</span>"; else text = '<span class="' .. mw.text.nowiki(options.class) .. '">' .. text .. "</span>"; end local empty_span = '<span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span>'; -- Note: Using display: none on then COinS span breaks some clients. local OCinS = '<span title="' .. OCinSoutput .. '" class="Z3988">' .. empty_span .. '</span>'; text = text .. OCinS; if #z.message_tail ~= 0 then text = text .. " "; for i,v in ipairs( z.message_tail ) do if is_set(v[1]) then if i == #z.message_tail then text = text .. errorcomment( v[1], v[2] ); else text = text .. errorcomment( v[1] .. "; ", v[2] ); end end end end no_tracking_cats = no_tracking_cats:lower(); if inArray(no_tracking_cats, {"", "no", "false", "n"}) then for _, v in ipairs( z.error_categories ) do text = text .. '[[Category:' .. v ..']]'; end end return text end -- This is used by templates such as {{cite book}} to create the actual citation text. function z.citation(frame) local pframe = frame:getParent() local args = {}; local suggestions = {}; local error_text, error_state; local config = {}; for k, v in pairs( frame.args ) do config[k] = v; args[k] = v; end for k, v in pairs( pframe.args ) do if v ~= '' then if not validate( k ) then error_text = ""; if type( k ) ~= 'string' then -- Exclude empty numbered parameters if v:match("%S+") ~= nil then error_text, error_state = seterror( 'text_ignored', {v}, true ); end elseif validate( k:lower() ) then error_text, error_state = seterror( 'parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, k:lower()}, true ); else if #suggestions == 0 then suggestions = mw.loadData( 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' ); end if suggestions[ k:lower() ] ~= nil then error_text, error_state = seterror( 'parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, suggestions[ k:lower() ]}, true ); else error_text, error_state = seterror( 'parameter_ignored', {k}, true ); end end if error_text ~= '' then table.insert( z.message_tail, {error_text, error_state} ); end end args[k] = v; elseif args[k] ~= nil or (k == 'postscript') then args[k] = v; end end return citation0( config, args) end return z 793c121927029fae6502bfa4c3d9c9ad9e97a117 172 2013-04-25T20:04:54Z Dragons flight 0 oops local z = { error_categories = {}; error_ids = {}; message_tail = {}; } -- Include translation message hooks, ID and error handling configuration settings. -- Note that require has tested to be significantly faster than loadData for this -- usage. This might be a side effect of the unnecessary cloning described -- in bugzilla 47300. local cfg = require( 'Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration' ); -- Contains a list of all recognized parameters local whitelist = mw.loadData( 'Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist' ); -- Whether variable is set or not function is_set( var ) return not (var == nil or var == ''); end -- First set variable or nil if none function first_set(...) local list = {...}; for _, var in pairs(list) do if is_set( var ) then return var; end end end -- Whether needle is in haystack function inArray( needle, haystack ) if needle == nil then return false; end for n,v in ipairs( haystack ) do if v == needle then return n; end end return false; end -- Populates numbered arguments in a message string using an argument table. function substitute( msg, args ) return args and tostring( mw.message.newRawMessage( msg, args ) ) or msg; end -- Wraps a string using a message_list configuration taking one argument function wrap( key, str ) if not is_set( str ) then return ""; elseif inArray( key, { 'italic-title', 'trans-italic-title' } ) then str = safeforitalics( str ); end return substitute( cfg.messages[key], {str} ); end --[[ Argument wrapper. This function provides support for argument mapping defined in the configuration file so that multiple names can be transparently aliased to single internal variable. ]] function argument_wrapper( args ) local origin = {}; return setmetatable({ ORIGIN = function( self, k ) local dummy = self[k]; --force the variable to be loaded. return origin[k]; end }, { __index = function ( tbl, k ) if origin[k] ~= nil then return nil; end local args, list, v = args, cfg.aliases[k]; if list == nil then error( cfg.messages['unknown_argument_map'] ); elseif type( list ) == 'string' then v, origin[k] = args[list], list; else v, origin[k] = selectone( args, list, 'redundant_parameters' ); if origin[k] == nil then origin[k] = ''; --Empty string, not nil; end end if v == nil then v = cfg.defaults[k] or ""; origin[k] = ''; --Empty string, not nil; end tbl = rawset( tbl, k, v ); return v; end, }); end -- Checks that parameter name is valid using the whitelist function validate( name ) name = tostring( name ); -- Normal arguments if whitelist.basic_arguments[ name ] then return true; end -- Arguments with numbers in them name = name:gsub( "%d+", "#" ); if whitelist.numbered_arguments[ name ] then return true; end -- Not found, argument not supported. return false end -- Formats a comment for error trapping function errorcomment( content, hidden ) return wrap( hidden and 'hidden-error' or 'visible-error', content ); end --[[ Sets an error condition and returns the appropriate error message. The actual placement of the error message in the output is the responsibility of the calling function. ]] function seterror( error_id, arguments, raw, prefix, suffix ) local error_state = cfg.error_conditions[ error_id ]; prefix = prefix or ""; suffix = suffix or ""; if error_state == nil then error( cfg.messages['undefined_error'] ); elseif is_set( error_state.category ) then table.insert( z.error_categories, error_state.category ); end local message = substitute( error_state.message, arguments ); message = message .. " ([[" .. cfg.messages['help page link'] .. "#" .. error_state.anchor .. "|" .. cfg.messages['help page label'] .. "]])"; z.error_ids[ error_id ] = true; if inArray( error_id, { 'bare_url_missing_title', 'trans_missing_title' } ) and z.error_ids['citation_missing_title'] then return '', false; end message = table.concat({ prefix, message, suffix }); if raw == true then return message, error_state.hidden; end return errorcomment( message, error_state.hidden ); end -- Formats a wiki style external link function externallinkid(options) local url_string = options.id; if options.encode == true or options.encode == nil then url_string = mw.uri.encode( url_string ); end return mw.ustring.format( '[[%s|%s]]%s[%s%s%s %s]', options.link, options.label, options.separator or "&nbsp;", options.prefix, url_string, options.suffix or "", mw.text.nowiki(options.id) ); end -- Formats a wiki style internal link function internallinkid(options) return mw.ustring.format( '[[%s|%s]]%s[[%s%s%s|%s]]', options.link, options.label, options.separator or "&nbsp;", options.prefix, options.id, options.suffix or "", mw.text.nowiki(options.id) ); end -- Format an external link with error checking function externallink( URL, label, source ) local error_str = ""; if not is_set( label ) then label = URL; if is_set( source ) then error_str = seterror( 'bare_url_missing_title', { wrap( 'parameter', source ) }, false, " " ); else error( cfg.messages["bare_url_no_origin"] ); end end if not checkurl( URL ) then error_str = seterror( 'bad_url', {}, false, " " ) .. error_str; end return table.concat({ "[", URL, " ", safeforurl( label ), "]", error_str }); end -- Formats a link to Amazon function amazon(id, domain) if not is_set(domain) then domain = "com" elseif ( "jp" == domain or "uk" == domain ) then domain = "co." .. domain end local handler = cfg.id_handlers['ASIN']; return externallinkid({link = handler.link, label=handler.label , prefix="//www.amazon."..domain.."/dp/",id=id, encode=handler.encode, separator = handler.separator}) end -- Formats a DOI and checks for DOI errors. function doi(id, inactive) local cat = "" local handler = cfg.id_handlers['DOI']; local text; if is_set(inactive) then text = "[[" .. handler.link .. "|" .. handler.label .. "]]:" .. id; table.insert( z.error_categories, "Pages with DOIs inactive since " .. selectyear(inactive) ); inactive = " (" .. cfg.messages['inactive'] .. " " .. inactive .. ")" else text = externallinkid({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, prefix=handler.prefix,id=id,separator=handler.separator, encode=handler.encode}) inactive = "" end if ( string.sub(id,1,3) ~= "10." ) then cat = seterror( 'bad_doi' ); end return text .. inactive .. cat end -- Formats an OpenLibrary link, and checks for associated errors. function openlibrary(id) local code = id:sub(-1,-1) local handler = cfg.id_handlers['OL']; if ( code == "A" ) then return externallinkid({link=handler.link, label=handler.label, prefix="http://openlibrary.org/authors/OL",id=id, separator=handler.separator, encode = handler.encode}) elseif ( code == "M" ) then return externallinkid({link=handler.link, label=handler.label, prefix="http://openlibrary.org/books/OL",id=id, separator=handler.separator, encode = handler.encode}) elseif ( code == "W" ) then return externallinkid({link=handler.link, label=handler.label, prefix= "http://openlibrary.org/works/OL",id=id, separator=handler.separator, encode = handler.encode}) else return externallinkid({link=handler.link, label=handler.label, prefix= "http://openlibrary.org/OL",id=id, separator=handler.separator, encode = handler.encode}) .. ' ' .. seterror( 'bad_ol' ); end end --[[ Determines whether an URL string is valid At present the only check is whether the string appears to be prefixed with a URI scheme. It is not determined whether the URI scheme is valid or whether the URL is otherwise well formed. ]] function checkurl( url_str ) -- Protocol-relative or URL scheme return url_str:sub(1,2) == "//" or url_str:match( "^[^/]*:" ) ~= nil; end -- Removes irrelevant text and dashes from ISBN number -- Similar to that used for Special:BookSources function cleanisbn( isbn_str ) return isbn_str:gsub( "[^-0-9X]", "" ); end -- Determines whether an ISBN string is valid function checkisbn( isbn_str ) isbn_str = cleanisbn( isbn_str ):gsub( "-", "" ); local len = isbn_str:len(); if len ~= 10 and len ~= 13 then return false; end local temp = 0; if len == 10 then if isbn_str:match( "^%d*X?$" ) == nil then return false; end isbn_str = { isbn_str:byte(1, len) }; for i, v in ipairs( isbn_str ) do if v == string.byte( "X" ) then temp = temp + 10*( 11 - i ); else temp = temp + tonumber( string.char(v) )*(11-i); end end return temp % 11 == 0; else if isbn_str:match( "^%d*$" ) == nil then return false; end isbn_str = { isbn_str:byte(1, len) }; for i, v in ipairs( isbn_str ) do temp = temp + (3 - 2*(i % 2)) * tonumber( string.char(v) ); end return temp % 10 == 0; end end -- Gets the display text for a wikilink like [[A|B]] or [[B]] gives B function removewikilink( str ) return (str:gsub( "%[%[([^%[%]]*)%]%]", function(l) return l:gsub( "^[^|]*|(.*)$", "%1" ):gsub("^%s*(.-)%s*$", "%1"); end)); end -- Escape sequences for content that will be used for URL descriptions function safeforurl( str ) if str:match( "%[%[.-%]%]" ) ~= nil then table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror( 'wikilink_in_url', {}, true ) } ); end return str:gsub( '[%[%]\n]', { ['['] = '&#91;', [']'] = '&#93;', ['\n'] = ' ' } ); end -- Converts a hyphen to a dash function hyphentodash( str ) if not is_set(str) or str:match( "[%[%]{}<>]" ) ~= nil then return str; end return str:gsub( '-', '–' ); end -- Protects a string that will be wrapped in wiki italic markup '' ... '' function safeforitalics( str ) --[[ Note: We can not use <i> for italics, as the expected behavior for italics specified by ''...'' in the title is that they will be inverted (i.e. unitalicized) in the resulting references. In addition, <i> and '' tend to interact poorly under Mediawiki's HTML tidy. ]] if not is_set(str) then return str; else if str:sub(1,1) == "'" then str = "<span />" .. str; end if str:sub(-1,-1) == "'" then str = str .. "<span />"; end -- Remove newlines as they break italics. return str:gsub( '\n', ' ' ); end end --[[ Joins a sequence of strings together while checking for duplicate separation characters. ]] function safejoin( tbl, duplicate_char ) --[[ Note: we use string functions here, rather than ustring functions. This has considerably faster performance and should work correctly as long as the duplicate_char is strict ASCII. The strings in tbl may be ASCII or UTF8. ]] local str = ''; local comp = ''; local end_chr = ''; local trim; for _, value in ipairs( tbl ) do if value == nil then value = ''; end if str == '' then str = value; elseif value ~= '' then if value:sub(1,1) == '<' then -- Special case of values enclosed in spans and other markup. comp = value:gsub( "%b<>", "" ); else comp = value; end if comp:sub(1,1) == duplicate_char then trim = false; end_chr = str:sub(-1,-1); -- str = str .. "<HERE(enchr=" .. end_chr.. ")" if end_chr == duplicate_char then str = str:sub(1,-2); elseif end_chr == "'" then if str:sub(-3,-1) == duplicate_char .. "''" then str = str:sub(1, -4) .. "''"; elseif str:sub(-5,-1) == duplicate_char .. "]]''" then trim = true; elseif str:sub(-4,-1) == duplicate_char .. "]''" then trim = true; end elseif end_chr == "]" then if str:sub(-3,-1) == duplicate_char .. "]]" then trim = true; elseif str:sub(-2,-1) == duplicate_char .. "]" then trim = true; end elseif end_chr == " " then if str:sub(-2,-1) == duplicate_char .. " " then str = str:sub(1,-3); end end if trim then if value ~= comp then local dup2 = duplicate_char; if dup2:match( "%A" ) then dup2 = "%" .. dup2; end value = value:gsub( "(%b<>)" .. dup2, "%1", 1 ) else value = value:sub( 2, -1 ); end end end str = str .. value; end end return str; end --[[ Return the year portion of a date string, if possible. Returns empty string if the argument can not be interpreted as a year. ]] function selectyear( str ) -- Is the input a simple number? local num = tonumber( str ); if num ~= nil and num > 0 and num < 2100 and num == math.floor(num) then return str; else -- Use formatDate to interpret more complicated formats local lang = mw.getContentLanguage(); local good, result; good, result = pcall( lang.formatDate, lang, 'Y', str ) if good then return result; else -- Can't make sense of this input, return blank. return ""; end end end -- Attempts to convert names to initials. function reducetoinitials(first) local initials = {} for word in string.gmatch(first, "%S+") do table.insert(initials, string.sub(word,1,1)) -- Vancouver format does not include full stops. end return table.concat(initials) -- Vancouver format does not include spaces. end -- Formats a list of people (e.g. authors / editors) function listpeople(control, people) local sep = control.sep; local namesep = control.namesep local format = control.format local maximum = control.maximum local lastauthoramp = control.lastauthoramp; local text = {} local etal = false; if sep:sub(-1,-1) ~= " " then sep = sep .. " " end if maximum ~= nil and maximum < 1 then return "", 0; end for i,person in ipairs(people) do if is_set(person.last) then local mask = person.mask local one local sep_one = sep; if maximum ~= nil and i > maximum then etal = true; break; elseif (mask ~= nil) then local n = tonumber(mask) if (n ~= nil) then one = string.rep("&mdash;",n) else one = mask; sep_one = " "; end else one = person.last local first = person.first if is_set(first) then if ( "vanc" == format ) then first = reducetoinitials(first) end one = one .. namesep .. first end if is_set(person.link) then one = "[[" .. person.link .. "|" .. one .. "]]" end end table.insert( text, one ) table.insert( text, sep_one ) end end local count = #text / 2; if count > 0 then if count > 1 and is_set(lastauthoramp) and not etal then text[#text-2] = " & "; end text[#text] = nil; end local result = table.concat(text) -- construct list if etal then local etal_text = cfg.messages['et al']; result = result .. " " .. etal_text; end -- if necessary wrap result in <span> tag to format in Small Caps if ( "scap" == format ) then result = '<span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps">' .. result .. '</span>'; end return result, count end -- Generates a CITEREF anchor ID. function anchorid( options ) return "CITEREF" .. table.concat( options ); end -- Gets name list from the input arguments function extractnames(args, list_name) local names = {}; local i = 1; local last; while true do last = selectone( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'redundant_parameters', i ); if not is_set(last) then -- just in case someone passed in an empty parameter break; end names[i] = { last = last, first = selectone( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'redundant_parameters', i ), link = selectone( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Link'], 'redundant_parameters', i ), mask = selectone( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Mask'], 'redundant_parameters', i ) }; i = i + 1; end return names; end -- Populates ID table from arguments using configuration settings function extractids( args ) local id_list = {}; for k, v in pairs( cfg.id_handlers ) do v = selectone( args, v.parameters, 'redundant_parameters' ); if is_set(v) then id_list[k] = v; end end return id_list; end -- Takes a table of IDs and turns it into a table of formatted ID outputs. function buildidlist( id_list, options ) local new_list, handler = {}; function fallback(k) return { __index = function(t,i) return cfg.id_handlers[k][i] end } end; for k, v in pairs( id_list ) do -- fallback to read-only cfg handler = setmetatable( { ['id'] = v }, fallback(k) ); if handler.mode == 'external' then table.insert( new_list, {handler.label, externallinkid( handler ) } ); elseif handler.mode == 'internal' then table.insert( new_list, {handler.label, internallinkid( handler ) } ); elseif handler.mode ~= 'manual' then error( cfg.messages['unknown_ID_mode'] ); elseif k == 'DOI' then table.insert( new_list, {handler.label, doi( v, options.DoiBroken ) } ); elseif k == 'ASIN' then table.insert( new_list, {handler.label, amazon( v, options.ASINTLD ) } ); elseif k == 'OL' then table.insert( new_list, {handler.label, openlibrary( v ) } ); elseif k == 'ISBN' then local ISBN = internallinkid( handler ); if not checkisbn( v ) and not is_set(options.IgnoreISBN) then ISBN = ISBN .. seterror( 'bad_isbn', {}, false, " ", "" ); end table.insert( new_list, {handler.label, ISBN } ); else error( cfg.messages['unknown_manual_ID'] ); end end function comp( a, b ) return a[1] < b[1]; end table.sort( new_list, comp ); for k, v in ipairs( new_list ) do new_list[k] = v[2]; end return new_list; end -- Chooses one matching parameter from a list of parameters to consider -- Generates an error if more than one match is present. function selectone( args, possible, error_condition, index ) local value = nil; local selected = ''; local error_list = {}; if index ~= nil then index = tostring(index); end -- Handle special case of "#" replaced by empty string if index == '1' then for _, v in ipairs( possible ) do v = v:gsub( "#", "" ); if is_set(args[v]) then if value ~= nil and selected ~= v then table.insert( error_list, v ); else value = args[v]; selected = v; end end end end for _, v in ipairs( possible ) do if index ~= nil then v = v:gsub( "#", index ); end if is_set(args[v]) then if value ~= nil and selected ~= v then table.insert( error_list, v ); else value = args[v]; selected = v; end end end if #error_list > 0 then local error_str = ""; for _, k in ipairs( error_list ) do if error_str ~= "" then error_str = error_str .. cfg.messages['parameter-separator'] end error_str = error_str .. wrap( 'parameter', k ); end if #error_list > 1 then error_str = error_str .. cfg.messages['parameter-final-separator']; else error_str = error_str .. cfg.messages['parameter-pair-separator']; end error_str = error_str .. wrap( 'parameter', selected ); table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror( error_condition, {error_str}, true ) } ); end return value, selected; end -- COinS metadata (see <http://ocoins.info/>) allows automated tools to parse -- the citation information. function COinS(data) if 'table' ~= type(data) or nil == next(data) then return ''; end local ctx_ver = "Z39.88-2004"; -- treat table strictly as an array with only set values. local OCinSoutput = setmetatable( {}, { __newindex = function(self, key, value) if is_set(value) then rawset( self, #self+1, table.concat{ key, '=', mw.uri.encode( removewikilink( value ) ) } ); end end }); if is_set(data.Chapter) then OCinSoutput.rft_val_fmt = "info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:book"; OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "bookitem"; OCinSoutput["rft.btitle"] = data.Chapter; OCinSoutput["rft.atitle"] = data.Title; elseif is_set(data.Periodical) then OCinSoutput.rft_val_fmt = "info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal"; OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "article"; OCinSoutput["rft.jtitle"] = data.Periodical; OCinSoutput["rft.atitle"] = data.Title; else OCinSoutput.rft_val_fmt = "info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:book"; OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "book" OCinSoutput["rft.btitle"] = data.Title; end OCinSoutput["rft.place"] = data.PublicationPlace; OCinSoutput["rft.date"] = data.Date; OCinSoutput["rft.series"] = data.Series; OCinSoutput["rft.volume"] = data.Volume; OCinSoutput["rft.issue"] = data.Issue; OCinSoutput["rft.pages"] = data.Pages; OCinSoutput["rft.edition"] = data.Edition; OCinSoutput["rft.pub"] = data.PublisherName; for k, v in pairs( data.ID_list ) do local id, value = cfg.id_handlers[k].COinS; if k == 'ISBN' then value = cleanisbn( v ); else value = v; end if string.sub( id or "", 1, 4 ) == 'info' then OCinSoutput["rft_id"] = table.concat{ id, "/", v }; else OCinSoutput[ id ] = value; end end local last, first; for k, v in ipairs( data.Authors ) do last, first = v.last, v.first; if k == 1 then if is_set(last) then OCinSoutput["rft.aulast"] = last; end if is_set(first) then OCinSoutput["rft.aufirst"] = first; end end if is_set(last) and is_set(first) then OCinSoutput["rft.au"] = table.concat{ last, ", ", first }; elseif is_set(last) then OCinSoutput["rft.au"] = last; end end OCinSoutput.rft_id = data.URL; OCinSoutput.rfr_id = table.concat{ "info:sid/", mw.site.server:match( "[^/]*$" ), ":", data.RawPage }; OCinSoutput = setmetatable( OCinSoutput, nil ); -- sort with version string always first, and combine. table.sort( OCinSoutput ); table.insert( OCinSoutput, 1, "ctx_ver=" .. ctx_ver ); -- such as "Z39.88-2004" return table.concat(OCinSoutput, "&"); end --[[ This is the main function foing the majority of the citation formatting. ]] function citation0( config, args) --[[ Load Input Parameters The argment_wrapper facillitates the mapping of multiple aliases to single internal variable. ]] local A = argument_wrapper( args ); local i local PPrefix = A['PPrefix'] local PPPrefix = A['PPPrefix'] if is_set( A['NoPP'] ) then PPPrefix = "" PPrefix = "" end -- Pick out the relevant fields from the arguments. Different citation templates -- define different field names for the same underlying things. local Authors = A['Authors']; local a = extractnames( args, 'AuthorList' ); local Coauthors = A['Coauthors']; local Others = A['Others']; local Editors = A['Editors']; local e = extractnames( args, 'EditorList' ); local Year = A['Year']; local PublicationDate = A['PublicationDate']; local OrigYear = A['OrigYear']; local Date = A['Date']; local LayDate = A['LayDate']; ------------------------------------------------- Get title data local Title = A['Title']; local BookTitle = A['BookTitle']; local Conference = A['Conference']; local TransTitle = A['TransTitle']; local TitleNote = A['TitleNote']; local TitleLink = A['TitleLink']; local Chapter = A['Chapter']; local ChapterLink = A['ChapterLink']; local TransChapter = A['TransChapter']; local TitleType = A['TitleType']; local ArchiveURL = A['ArchiveURL']; local URL = A['URL'] local URLorigin = A:ORIGIN('URL'); local ChapterURL = A['ChapterURL']; local ChapterURLorigin = A:ORIGIN('ChapterURL'); local ConferenceURL = A['ConferenceURL']; local ConferenceURLorigin = A:ORIGIN('ConferenceURL'); local Periodical = A['Periodical']; if ( config.CitationClass == "encyclopaedia" ) then if not is_set(Chapter) then if not is_set(Title) then Title = Periodical; Periodical = ''; else Chapter = Title TransChapter = TransTitle Title = ''; TransTitle = ''; end end end local Series = A['Series']; local Volume = A['Volume']; local Issue = A['Issue']; local Position = ''; local Page, Pages, At, page_type; Page = A['Page']; Pages = hyphentodash( A['Pages'] ); At = A['At']; if is_set(Page) then if is_set(Pages) or is_set(At) then Page = Page .. " " .. seterror('extra_pages'); Pages = ''; At = ''; end elseif is_set(Pages) then if is_set(At) then Pages = Pages .. " " .. seterror('extra_pages'); At = ''; end end local Edition = A['Edition']; local PublicationPlace = A['PublicationPlace'] local Place = A['Place']; if not is_set(PublicationPlace) and is_set(Place) then PublicationPlace = Place; end if PublicationPlace == Place then Place = ''; end local PublisherName = A['PublisherName']; local SubscriptionRequired = A['SubscriptionRequired']; local Via = A['Via']; local AccessDate = A['AccessDate']; local ArchiveDate = A['ArchiveDate']; local Agency = A['Agency']; local DeadURL = A['DeadURL'] local Language = A['Language']; local Format = A['Format']; local Ref = A['Ref']; local DoiBroken = A['DoiBroken']; local ID = A['ID']; local ASINTLD = A['ASINTLD']; local IgnoreISBN = A['IgnoreISBN']; local ID_list = extractids( args ); local Quote = A['Quote']; local PostScript = A['PostScript']; local LayURL = A['LayURL']; local LaySource = A['LaySource']; local Transcript = A['Transcript']; local TranscriptURL = A['TranscriptURL'] local TranscriptURLorigin = A:ORIGIN('TranscriptURL'); local sepc = A['Separator']; local LastAuthorAmp = A['LastAuthorAmp']; local no_tracking_cats = A['NoTracking']; local this_page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle(); --Also used for COinS if not is_set(no_tracking_cats) then for k, v in pairs( cfg.uncategorized_namespaces ) do if this_page.nsText == v then no_tracking_cats = "true"; break; end end end if ( config.CitationClass == "journal" ) then if not is_set(URL) and is_set(ID_list['PMC']) then local Embargo = A['Embargo']; if is_set(Embargo) then local lang = mw.getContentLanguage(); local good1, result1, good2, result2; good1, result1 = pcall( lang.formatDate, lang, 'U', Embargo ); good2, result2 = pcall( lang.formatDate, lang, 'U' ); if good1 and good2 and tonumber( result1 ) < tonumber( result2 ) then URL = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC" .. ID_list['PMC']; URLorigin = cfg.id_handlers['PMC'].parameters[1]; end else URL = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC" .. ID_list['PMC']; URLorigin = cfg.id_handlers['PMC'].parameters[1]; end end end -- At this point fields may be nil if they weren't specified in the template use. We can use that fact. -- Account for the oddity that is {{cite conference}}, before generation of COinS data. if is_set(BookTitle) then Chapter = Title; ChapterLink = TitleLink; TransChapter = TransTitle; Title = BookTitle; TitleLink = ''; TransTitle = ''; end -- Account for the oddity that is {{cite episode}}, before generation of COinS data. if config.CitationClass == "episode" then local AirDate = A['AirDate']; local SeriesLink = A['SeriesLink']; local Season = A['Season']; local SeriesNumber = A['SeriesNumber']; local Network = A['Network']; local Station = A['Station']; local s, n = {}, {}; local Sep = (first_set(A["SeriesSeparator"], A["Separator"]) or "") .. " "; if is_set(Issue) then table.insert(s, cfg.messages["episode"] .. " " .. Issue); Issue = ''; end if is_set(Season) then table.insert(s, cfg.messages["season"] .. " " .. Season); end if is_set(SeriesNumber) then table.insert(s, cfg.messages["series"] .. " " .. SeriesNumber); end if is_set(Network) then table.insert(n, Network); end if is_set(Station) then table.insert(n, Station); end Date = Date or AirDate; Chapter = Title; ChapterLink = TitleLink; TransChapter = TransTitle; Title = Series; TitleLink = SeriesLink; TransTitle = ''; Series = table.concat(s, Sep); ID = table.concat(n, Sep); end -- COinS metadata (see <http://ocoins.info/>) for -- automated parsing of citation information. local OCinSoutput = COinS{ ['Periodical'] = Periodical, ['Chapter'] = Chapter, ['Title'] = Title, ['PublicationPlace'] = PublicationPlace, ['Date'] = first_set(Date, Year, PublicationDate), ['Series'] = Series, ['Volume'] = Volume, ['Issue'] = Issue, ['Pages'] = first_set(Page, Pages, At), ['Edition'] = Edition, ['PublisherName'] = PublisherName, ['URL'] = first_set( URL, ChapterURL ), ['Authors'] = a, ['ID_list'] = ID_list, ['RawPage'] = this_page.prefixedText, }; if is_set(Periodical) and not is_set(Chapter) and is_set(Title) then Chapter = Title; ChapterLink = TitleLink; TransChapter = TransTitle; Title = ''; TitleLink = ''; TransTitle = ''; end -- Now perform various field substitutions. -- We also add leading spaces and surrounding markup and punctuation to the -- various parts of the citation, but only when they are non-nil. if not is_set(Authors) then local Maximum = tonumber( A['DisplayAuthors'] ); -- Preserve old-style implicit et al. if not is_set(Maximum) and #a == 9 then Maximum = 8; table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror('implict_etal_author', {}, true ) } ); elseif not is_set(Maximum) then Maximum = #a + 1; end local control = { sep = A["AuthorSeparator"] .. " ", namesep = (first_set(A["AuthorNameSeparator"], A["NameSeparator"]) or "") .. " ", format = A["AuthorFormat"], maximum = Maximum, lastauthoramp = LastAuthorAmp }; -- If the coauthor field is also used, prevent ampersand and et al. formatting. if is_set(Coauthors) then control.lastauthoramp = nil; control.maximum = #a + 1; end Authors = listpeople(control, a) end local EditorCount if not is_set(Editors) then local Maximum = tonumber( A['DisplayEditors'] ); -- Preserve old-style implicit et al. if not is_set(Maximum) and #e == 4 then Maximum = 3; table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror('implict_etal_editor', {}, true) } ); elseif not is_set(Maximum) then Maximum = #e + 1; end local control = { sep = A["EditorSeparator"] .. " ", namesep = (first_set(A["EditorNameSeparator"], A["NameSeparator"]) or "") .. " ", format = A['EditorFormat'], maximum = Maximum, lastauthoramp = LastAuthorAmp }; Editors, EditorCount = listpeople(control, e); else EditorCount = 1; end if not is_set(Date) then Date = Year; if is_set(Date) then local Month = A['Month']; if is_set(Month) then Date = Month .. " " .. Date; local Day = A['Day'] if is_set(Day) then Date = Day .. " " .. Date end end end end if inArray(PublicationDate, {Date, Year}) then PublicationDate = ''; end if not is_set(Date) and is_set(PublicationDate) then Date = PublicationDate; PublicationDate = ''; end -- Captures the value for Date prior to adding parens or other textual transformations local DateIn = Date; if not is_set(URL) and not is_set(ChapterURL) and not is_set(ArchiveURL) and not is_set(ConferenceURL) and not is_set(TranscriptURL) then -- Test if cite web is called without giving a URL if ( config.CitationClass == "web" ) then table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror( 'cite_web_url', {}, true ) } ); end -- Test if accessdate is given without giving a URL if is_set(AccessDate) then table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror( 'accessdate_missing_url', {}, true ) } ); AccessDate = ''; end -- Test if format is given without giving a URL if is_set(Format) then Format = Format .. seterror( 'format_missing_url' ); end end -- Test if citation has no title if not is_set(Chapter) and not is_set(Title) and not is_set(Periodical) and not is_set(Conference) and not is_set(TransTitle) and not is_set(TransChapter) then table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror( 'citation_missing_title', {}, true ) } ); end Format = is_set(Format) and " (" .. Format .. ")" or ""; local OriginalURL = URL DeadURL = DeadURL:lower(); if ( ArchiveURL and "" < ArchiveURL ) then if ( DeadURL ~= "no" ) then URL = ArchiveURL end end -- Format chapter / article title if is_set(Chapter) and is_set(ChapterLink) then Chapter = "[[" .. ChapterLink .. "|" .. Chapter .. "]]"; end if is_set(Periodical) and is_set(Title) then Chapter = wrap( 'italic-title', Chapter ); TransChapter = wrap( 'trans-italic-title', TransChapter ); else Chapter = wrap( 'quoted-title', Chapter ); TransChapter = wrap( 'trans-quoted-title', TransChapter ); end local TransError = "" if is_set(TransChapter) then if not is_set(Chapter) then TransError = " " .. seterror( 'trans_missing_chapter' ); else TransChapter = " " .. TransChapter; end end Chapter = Chapter .. TransChapter; if is_set(Chapter) then if not is_set(ChapterLink) then if is_set(ChapterURL) then Chapter = externallink( ChapterURL, Chapter ) .. TransError; if not is_set(URL) then Chapter = Chapter .. Format; Format = ""; end elseif is_set(URL) then Chapter = externallink( URL, Chapter ) .. TransError .. Format; URL = ""; Format = ""; else Chapter = Chapter .. TransError; end elseif is_set(ChapterURL) then Chapter = Chapter .. " " .. externallink( ChapterURL, nil, ChapterURLorigin ) .. TransError; else Chapter = Chapter .. TransError; end Chapter = Chapter .. sepc .. " " -- with end-space elseif is_set(ChapterURL) then Chapter = " " .. externallink( ChapterURL, nil, ChapterURLorigin ) .. sepc .. " "; end -- Format main title. if is_set(TitleLink) and is_set(Title) then Title = "[[" .. TitleLink .. "|" .. Title .. "]]" end if is_set(Periodical) then Title = wrap( 'quoted-title', Title ); TransTitle = wrap( 'trans-quoted-title', TransTitle ); elseif inArray(config.CitationClass, {"web","news","pressrelease"}) and not is_set(Chapter) then Title = wrap( 'quoted-title', Title ); TransTitle = wrap( 'trans-quoted-title', TransTitle ); else Title = wrap( 'italic-title', Title ); TransTitle = wrap( 'trans-italic-title', TransTitle ); end TransError = ""; if is_set(TransTitle) then if not is_set(Title) then TransError = " " .. seterror( 'trans_missing_title' ); else TransTitle = " " .. TransTitle; end end Title = Title .. TransTitle; if is_set(Title) then if not is_set(TitleLink) and is_set(URL) then Title = externallink( URL, Title ) .. TransError .. Format URL = ""; Format = ""; else Title = Title .. TransError; end end if is_set(Place) then if sepc == '.' then Place = " " .. wrap( 'written', Place ) .. sepc .. " "; else Place = " " .. substitute( cfg.messages['written']:lower(), {Place} ) .. sepc .. " "; end end if is_set(Conference) then if is_set(ConferenceURL) then Conference = externallink( ConferenceURL, Conference ); end Conference = " " .. Conference elseif is_set(ConferenceURL) then Conference = " " .. externallink( ConferenceURL, nil, ConferenceURLorigin ); end if not is_set(Position) then local Minutes = A['Minutes']; if is_set(Minutes) then Position = " " .. Minutes .. " " .. cfg.messages['minutes']; else local Time = A['Time']; if is_set(Time) then local TimeCaption = A['TimeCaption'] if not is_set(TimeCaption) then TimeCaption = cfg.messages['event']; if sepc ~= '.' then TimeCaption = TimeCaption:lower(); end end Position = " " .. TimeCaption .. " " .. Time; end end else Position = " " .. Position; At = ''; end if not is_set(Page) then if is_set(Pages) then if is_set(Periodical) and not inArray(config.CitationClass, {"encyclopaedia","web","book","news"}) then Pages = ": " .. Pages; elseif tonumber(Pages) ~= nil then Pages = sepc .." " .. PPrefix .. Pages; else Pages = sepc .." " .. PPPrefix .. Pages; end end else if is_set(Periodical) and not inArray(config.CitationClass, {"encyclopaedia","web","book","news"}) then Page = ": " .. Page; else Page = sepc .." " .. PPrefix .. Page; end end At = is_set(At) and (sepc .. " " .. At) or ""; Others = is_set(Others) and (sepc .. " " .. Others) or ""; TitleType = is_set(TitleType) and (" (" .. TitleType .. ")") or ""; TitleNote = is_set(TitleNote) and (sepc .. " " .. TitleNote) or ""; Language = is_set(Language) and (" " .. wrap( 'language', Language )) or ""; Edition = is_set(Edition) and (" " .. wrap( 'edition', Edition )) or ""; Issue = is_set(Issue) and (" (" .. Issue .. ")") or ""; Series = is_set(Series) and (sepc .. " " .. Series) or ""; OrigYear = is_set(OrigYear) and (" [" .. OrigYear .. "]") or ""; Agency = is_set(Agency) and (sepc .. " " .. Agency) or ""; if is_set(Volume) then if ( mw.ustring.len(Volume) > 4 ) then Volume = sepc .." " .. Volume; else Volume = " <b>" .. hyphentodash(Volume) .. "</b>"; end end ------------------------------------ totally unrelated data if is_set(Via) then Via = " " .. wrap( 'via', Via ); end if is_set(AccessDate) then local retrv_text = " " .. cfg.messages['retrieved'] if (sepc ~= ".") then retrv_text = retrv_text:lower() end AccessDate = '<span class="reference-accessdate">' .. sepc .. substitute( retrv_text, {AccessDate} ) .. '</span>' end if is_set(SubscriptionRequired) then SubscriptionRequired = sepc .. " " .. cfg.messages['subscription']; end if is_set(ID) then ID = sepc .." ".. ID; end ID_list = buildidlist( ID_list, {DoiBroken = DoiBroken, ASINTLD = ASINTLD, IgnoreISBN = IgnoreISBN} ); if is_set(URL) then URL = " " .. externallink( URL, nil, URLorigin ); end if is_set(Quote) then if Quote:sub(1,1) == '"' and Quote:sub(-1,-1) == '"' then Quote = Quote:sub(2,-2); end Quote = sepc .." " .. wrap( 'quoted-text', Quote ); PostScript = ""; elseif PostScript:lower() == "none" then PostScript = ""; end local Archived if is_set(ArchiveURL) then if not is_set(ArchiveDate) then ArchiveDate = seterror('archive_missing_date'); end if "no" == DeadURL then local arch_text = cfg.messages['archived']; if sepc ~= "." then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end Archived = sepc .. " " .. substitute( cfg.messages['archived-not-dead'], { externallink( ArchiveURL, arch_text ), ArchiveDate } ); if not is_set(OriginalURL) then Archived = Archived .. " " .. seterror('archive_missing_url'); end elseif is_set(OriginalURL) then local arch_text = cfg.messages['archived-dead']; if sepc ~= "." then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end Archived = sepc .. " " .. substitute( arch_text, { externallink( OriginalURL, cfg.messages['original'] ), ArchiveDate } ); else local arch_text = cfg.messages['archived-missing']; if sepc ~= "." then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end Archived = sepc .. " " .. substitute( arch_text, { seterror('archive_missing_url'), ArchiveDate } ); end else Archived = "" end local Lay if is_set(LayURL) then if is_set(LayDate) then LayDate = " (" .. LayDate .. ")" end if is_set(LaySource) then LaySource = " &ndash; ''" .. safeforitalics(LaySource) .. "''"; else LaySource = ""; end if sepc == '.' then Lay = sepc .. " " .. externallink( LayURL, cfg.messages['lay summary'] ) .. LaySource .. LayDate else Lay = sepc .. " " .. externallink( LayURL, cfg.messages['lay summary']:lower() ) .. LaySource .. LayDate end else Lay = ""; end if is_set(Transcript) then if is_set(TranscriptURL) then Transcript = externallink( TranscriptURL, Transcript ); end elseif is_set(TranscriptURL) then Transcript = externallink( TranscriptURL, nil, TranscriptURLorigin ); end local Publisher; if is_set(Periodical) and not inArray(config.CitationClass, {"encyclopaedia","web","pressrelease"}) then if is_set(PublisherName) then if is_set(PublicationPlace) then Publisher = PublicationPlace .. ": " .. PublisherName; else Publisher = PublisherName; end elseif is_set(PublicationPlace) then Publisher= PublicationPlace; else Publisher = ""; end if is_set(PublicationDate) then if is_set(Publisher) then Publisher = Publisher .. ", " .. wrap( 'published', PublicationDate ); else Publisher = PublicationDate; end end if is_set(Publisher) then Publisher = " (" .. Publisher .. ")"; end else if is_set(PublicationDate) then PublicationDate = " (" .. wrap( 'published', PublicationDate ) .. ")"; end if is_set(PublisherName) then if is_set(PublicationPlace) then Publisher = sepc .. " " .. PublicationPlace .. ": " .. PublisherName .. PublicationDate; else Publisher = sepc .. " " .. PublisherName .. PublicationDate; end elseif is_set(PublicationPlace) then Publisher= sepc .. " " .. PublicationPlace .. PublicationDate; else Publisher = PublicationDate; end end -- Several of the above rely upon detecting this as nil, so do it last. if is_set(Periodical) then if is_set(Title) or is_set(TitleNote) then Periodical = sepc .. " " .. wrap( 'italic-title', Periodical ) else Periodical = wrap( 'italic-title', Periodical ) end end -- Piece all bits together at last. Here, all should be non-nil. -- We build things this way because it is more efficient in LUA -- not to keep reassigning to the same string variable over and over. local tcommon if inArray(config.CitationClass, {"journal","citation"}) and is_set(Periodical) then if is_set(Others) then Others = Others .. sepc .. " " end tcommon = safejoin( {Others, Title, TitleNote, Conference, Periodical, Format, TitleType, Series, Language, Edition, Publisher, Agency, Volume, Issue, Position}, sepc ); else tcommon = safejoin( {Title, TitleNote, Conference, Periodical, Format, TitleType, Series, Language, Volume, Issue, Others, Edition, Publisher, Agency, Position}, sepc ); end if #ID_list > 0 then ID_list = safejoin( { sepc .. " ", table.concat( ID_list, sepc .. " " ), ID }, sepc ); else ID_list = ID; end local idcommon = safejoin( { ID_list, URL, Archived, AccessDate, Via, SubscriptionRequired, Lay, Quote }, sepc ); local text; local pgtext = Page .. Pages .. At; if is_set(Authors) then if is_set(Coauthors) then Authors = Authors .. A['AuthorSeparator'] .. " " .. Coauthors end if is_set(Date) then Date = " ("..Date..")" .. OrigYear .. sepc .. " " elseif string.sub(Authors,-1,-1) == sepc then Authors = Authors .. " " else Authors = Authors .. sepc .. " " end if is_set(Editors) then local in_text = " " .. cfg.messages['in'] .. " " if (sepc ~= '.') then in_text = in_text:lower() end if (string.sub(Editors,-1,-1) == sepc) then Editors = in_text .. Editors .. " " else Editors = in_text .. Editors .. sepc .. " " end end text = safejoin( {Authors, Date, Chapter, Place, Editors, tcommon }, sepc ); text = safejoin( {text, pgtext, idcommon}, sepc ); elseif is_set(Editors) then if is_set(Date) then if EditorCount <= 1 then Editors = Editors .. ", " .. cfg.messages['editor']; else Editors = Editors .. ", " .. cfg.messages['editors']; end Date = " (" .. Date ..")" .. OrigYear .. sepc .. " " else if EditorCount <= 1 then Editors = Editors .. " (" .. cfg.messages['editor'] .. ")" .. sepc .. " " else Editors = Editors .. " (" .. cfg.messages['editors'] .. ")" .. sepc .. " " end end text = safejoin( {Editors, Date, Chapter, Place, tcommon}, sepc ); text = safejoin( {text, pgtext, idcommon}, sepc ); else if is_set(Date) then if ( string.sub(tcommon,-1,-1) ~= sepc ) then Date = sepc .." " .. Date .. OrigYear else Date = " " .. Date .. OrigYear end end if config.CitationClass=="journal" and is_set(Periodical) then text = safejoin( {Chapter, Place, tcommon}, sepc ); text = safejoin( {text, pgtext, Date, idcommon}, sepc ); else text = safejoin( {Chapter, Place, tcommon, Date}, sepc ); text = safejoin( {text, pgtext, idcommon}, sepc ); end end if is_set(PostScript) and PostScript ~= sepc then text = safejoin( {text, sepc}, sepc ); --Deals with italics, spaces, etc. text = text:sub(1,-2); --Remove final seperator end text = safejoin( {text, PostScript}, sepc ); -- Now enclose the whole thing in a <span/> element if not is_set(Year) then if is_set(DateIn) then Year = selectyear( DateIn ); elseif is_set(PublicationDate) then Year = selectyear( PublicationDate ); end end local options = {}; if is_set(config.CitationClass) and config.CitationClass ~= "citation" then options.class = "citation " .. config.CitationClass; else options.class = "citation"; end if is_set(Ref) and Ref:lower() ~= "none" then local id = Ref if ( "harv" == Ref ) then local names = {} --table of last names & year if is_set(Authors) then for i,v in ipairs(a) do names[i] = v.last if i == 4 then break end end elseif is_set(Editors) then for i,v in ipairs(e) do names[i] = v.last if i == 4 then break end end end names[ #names + 1 ] = Year; id = anchorid(names) end options.id = id; end if string.len(text:gsub("<span[^>/]*>.-</span>", ""):gsub("%b<>","")) <= 2 then z.error_categories = {}; text = seterror('empty_citation'); z.message_tail = {}; end if is_set(options.id) then text = '<span id="' .. mw.uri.anchorEncode(options.id) ..'" class="' .. mw.text.nowiki(options.class) .. '">' .. text .. "</span>"; else text = '<span class="' .. mw.text.nowiki(options.class) .. '">' .. text .. "</span>"; end local empty_span = '<span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span>'; -- Note: Using display: none on then COinS span breaks some clients. local OCinS = '<span title="' .. OCinSoutput .. '" class="Z3988">' .. empty_span .. '</span>'; text = text .. OCinS; if #z.message_tail ~= 0 then text = text .. " "; for i,v in ipairs( z.message_tail ) do if is_set(v[1]) then if i == #z.message_tail then text = text .. errorcomment( v[1], v[2] ); else text = text .. errorcomment( v[1] .. "; ", v[2] ); end end end end no_tracking_cats = no_tracking_cats:lower(); if inArray(no_tracking_cats, {"", "no", "false", "n"}) then for _, v in ipairs( z.error_categories ) do text = text .. '[[Category:' .. v ..']]'; end end return text end -- This is used by templates such as {{cite book}} to create the actual citation text. function z.citation(frame) local pframe = frame:getParent() local args = {}; local suggestions = {}; local error_text, error_state; local config = {}; for k, v in pairs( frame.args ) do config[k] = v; args[k] = v; end for k, v in pairs( pframe.args ) do if v ~= '' then if not validate( k ) then error_text = ""; if type( k ) ~= 'string' then -- Exclude empty numbered parameters if v:match("%S+") ~= nil then error_text, error_state = seterror( 'text_ignored', {v}, true ); end elseif validate( k:lower() ) then error_text, error_state = seterror( 'parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, k:lower()}, true ); else if #suggestions == 0 then suggestions = mw.loadData( 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' ); end if suggestions[ k:lower() ] ~= nil then error_text, error_state = seterror( 'parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, suggestions[ k:lower() ]}, true ); else error_text, error_state = seterror( 'parameter_ignored', {k}, true ); end end if error_text ~= '' then table.insert( z.message_tail, {error_text, error_state} ); end end args[k] = v; elseif args[k] ~= nil or (k == 'postscript') then args[k] = v; end end return citation0( config, args) end return z 793c121927029fae6502bfa4c3d9c9ad9e97a117 0 66 175 174 2013-04-29T12:30:31Z Cyrus 1 1 revision citation_config = {}; --[[ List of namespaces that should not be included in citation error categories. Same as setting notracking = true by default Note: Namespace names should use underscores instead of spaces. ]] citation_config.uncategorized_namespaces = { 'User', 'User_talk', 'Wikipedia_talk' }; --[[ Translation table The following contains fixed text that may be output as part of a citation. This is separated from the main body to aid in future translations of this module. ]] citation_config.messages = { ['published'] = 'published $1', ['lay summary'] = 'Lay summary', ['retrieved'] = 'Retrieved $1', ['inactive'] = 'inactive', ['archived-dead'] = 'Archived from $1 on $2', ['archived-not-dead'] = '$1 from the original on $2', ['archived-missing'] = 'Archived from the original$1 on $2', ['archived'] = 'Archived', ['original'] = 'the original', ['editor'] = 'ed.', ['editors'] = 'eds.', ['edition'] = '($1 ed.)', ['episode'] = 'episode', ['season'] = 'season', ['series'] = 'series', ['written'] = 'Written at $1', ['in'] = 'In', ['et al'] = 'et al.', ['subscription'] = '<span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:90%; color:#555">(subscription required)</span>', ['language'] = '(in $1)', ['via'] = " &mdash; via $1", ['event'] = 'Event occurs at', ['minutes'] = 'minutes in', ['quoted-title'] = '"$1"', ['italic-title'] = "''$1''", ['trans-quoted-title'] = "&#91;$1&#93;", ['trans-italic-title'] = "&#91;''$1''&#93;", ['quoted-text'] = '"$1"', ['parameter'] = '<code>&#124;$1=</code>', ['parameter-separator'] = ', ', ['parameter-final-separator'] = ', and ', ['parameter-pair-separator'] = ' and ', -- Error output ['hidden-error'] = '<span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">$1</span>', ['visible-error'] = '<span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">$1</span>', -- Determines the location of the help page ['help page link'] = 'Help:CS1 errors', ['help page label'] = 'help', -- Internal errors (should only occur if configuration is bad) ['undefined_error'] = 'Called with an undefined error condition', ['unknown_manual_ID'] = 'Unrecognized manual ID mode', ['unknown_ID_mode'] = 'Unrecognized ID mode', ['unknown_argument_map'] = 'Argument map not defined for this variable', ['bare_url_no_origin'] = 'Bare url found but origin indicator is nil or empty', } -- Aliases table for commonly passed parameters citation_config.aliases = { ['AccessDate'] = 'accessdate', ['Agency'] = 'agency', ['AirDate'] = 'airdate', ['ArchiveDate'] = {'archive-date', 'archivedate' }, ['ArchiveURL'] = {'archive-url', 'archiveurl' }, ['ASINTLD'] = {'ASIN-TLD', 'asin-tld'}, ['At'] = 'at', ['Authors'] = 'authors', ['AuthorFormat'] = {"author-format", "authorformat" }, ['AuthorSeparator'] = 'author-separator', ['AuthorNameSeparator'] = 'author-name-separator', ['BookTitle'] = 'booktitle', ['Chapter'] = {'chapter', 'contribution', 'entry', 'article' }, ['ChapterLink'] = 'chapterlink', ['ChapterURL'] = {'chapter-url', 'chapterurl', 'contribution-url', 'contributionurl' }, ['Coauthors'] = {'coauthors', 'coauthor' }, ['Conference'] = 'conference', ['ConferenceURL'] = {'conference-url', 'conferenceurl' }, ['Date'] = 'date', ['Day'] = 'day', ['DeadURL'] = 'deadurl', ['DisplayAuthors'] = {"display-authors", "displayauthors"}, ['DisplayEditors'] = {"display-editors", "displayeditors"}, ['DoiBroken'] = {'doi_inactivedate', 'doi_brokendate', 'DoiBroken'}, ['Edition'] = 'edition', ['Editors'] = 'editors', ['EditorFormat'] = {"editor-format", "editorformat" }, ['EditorSeparator'] = 'editor-separator', ['EditorNameSeparator'] = 'editor-name-separator', ['Embargo'] = {'Embargo', 'embargo'}, ['Format'] = 'format', ['ID'] = {'id', 'ID', 'docket'}, ['IgnoreISBN'] = {'ignore-isbn-error', 'ignoreisbnerror'}, ['Issue'] = {'issue', 'number'}, ['Language'] = {'language', 'in'}, ['LastAuthorAmp'] = 'lastauthoramp', ['LayDate'] = 'laydate', ['LaySource'] = 'laysource', ['LayURL'] = {'layurl', 'laysummary'}, ['Minutes'] = 'minutes', ['Month'] = 'month', ['NameSeparator'] = 'name-separator', ['Network'] = 'network', ['NoPP'] = 'nopp', ['NoTracking'] = {"template doc demo", 'nocat', 'notracking', "no-tracking"}, ['OrigYear'] = 'origyear', ['Others'] = 'others', ['Page'] = {'p', 'page'}, ['Pages'] = {'pp', 'pages'}, ['Periodical'] = {'journal', 'newspaper', 'magazine', 'work', 'website', 'periodical', 'encyclopedia', 'encyclopaedia', 'dictionary'}, ['Place'] = {'place', 'location'}, ['PPrefix'] = 'PPrefix', ['PPPrefix'] = 'PPPrefix', ['PostScript'] = 'postscript', ['PublicationDate'] = {'publicationdate', 'publication-date' }, ['PublicationPlace'] = {'publication-place', 'publicationplace' }, ['PublisherName'] = 'publisher', ['Quote'] = {'quote', 'quotation'}, ['Ref'] = {'ref', 'Ref'}, ['Season'] = 'season', ['Separator'] = 'separator', ['Series'] = {'series', 'version'}, ['SeriesSeparator'] = 'series-separator', ['SeriesLink'] = 'serieslink', ['SeriesNumber'] = {'seriesnumber', 'seriesno'}, ['Station'] = 'station', ['SubscriptionRequired'] = 'subscription', ['Time'] = 'time', ['TimeCaption'] = 'timecaption', ['Title'] = 'title', ['TitleLink'] = {'titlelink', 'episodelink' }, ['TitleNote'] = 'department', ['TitleType'] = 'type', ['TransChapter'] = {'trans-chapter', 'trans_chapter' }, ['Transcript'] = 'transcript', ['TranscriptURL'] = {'transcript-url', 'transcripturl'}, ['TransTitle'] = {'trans-title', 'trans_title' }, ['URL'] = {'url', 'URL'}, ['Via'] = 'via', ['Volume'] = 'volume', ['Year'] = 'year', ['AuthorList-First'] = {"author#-first", "author-first#", "first#", "given#"}, ['AuthorList-Last'] = {"author#-last", "author-last#", "last#", "surname#", "Author#", "author#", "authors#"}, ['AuthorList-Link'] = {"author#-link", "author-link#", "author#link", "authorlink#"}, ['AuthorList-Mask'] = {"author#-mask", "author-mask#", "author#mask", "authormask#"}, ['EditorList-First'] = {"editor#-first", "editor-first#", "EditorGiven#"}, ['EditorList-Last'] = {"editor#-last", "editor-last#", "EditorSurname#", "Editor#", "editor#", "editors#"}, ['EditorList-Link'] = {"editor#-link", "editor-link#", "editor#link", "editorlink#"}, ['EditorList-Mask'] = {"editor#-mask", "editor-mask#", "editor#mask", "editormask#"}, } -- Default parameter values citation_config.defaults = { ['DeadURL'] = 'yes', ['PostScript'] = '.', ['Separator'] = '.', ['AuthorSeparator'] = ';', ['EditorSeparator'] = ';', ['NameSeparator'] = ',', ['PPrefix'] = "p.&nbsp;", ['PPPrefix'] = "pp.&nbsp;", } --[[ Error condition table The following contains a list of IDs for various error conditions defined in the code. For each ID, we specify a text message to display, an error category to include, and whether the error message should be wrapped as a hidden comment. Anchor changes require identical changes to matching anchor in Help:CS1 errors ]] citation_config.error_conditions = { accessdate_missing_url = { message = '<code>&#124;accessdate=</code> requires <code>&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'accessdate_missing_url', category = 'Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL', hidden = true }, archive_missing_date = { message = '<code>&#124;archiveurl=</code> requires <code>&#124;archivedate=</code>', anchor = 'archive_missing_date', category = 'Pages with archiveurl citation errors‎', hidden = false }, archive_missing_url = { message = '<code>&#124;archiveurl=</code> requires <code>&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'archive_missing_url', category = 'Pages with archiveurl citation errors‎', hidden = false }, bad_doi = { message = 'Check <code>&#124;doi=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_doi', category = 'Pages with DOI errors', hidden = false }, bad_isbn = { message = 'Check <code>&#124;isbn=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_isbn', category = 'Pages with ISBN errors', hidden = false }, bad_ol = { message = 'Check <code>&#124;ol=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_ol', category = 'Pages with OL errors', hidden = false }, bad_url = { message = 'Check <code>&#124;url=</code> scheme', anchor = 'bad_url', category = 'Pages with URL errors', hidden = false }, bare_url_missing_title = { message = '$1 missing title', anchor = 'bare_url_missing_title', category = 'Pages with citations having bare URLs‎', hidden = false }, citation_missing_title = { message = 'Missing or empty <code>&#124;title=</code>', anchor = 'citation_missing_title', category = 'Pages with citations lacking titles‎', hidden = false }, cite_web_url = { message = 'Missing or empty <code>&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'cite_web_url', category = 'Pages using web citations with no URL‎', hidden = true }, empty_citation = { message = 'Empty citation‎', anchor = 'empty_citation', category = 'Pages with empty citations‎', hidden = false }, extra_pages = { message = 'Extra <code>&#124;pages=</code> or <code>&#124;at=</code>', anchor = 'extra_pages', category = 'Pages with citations using conflicting page specifications‎', hidden = false }, format_missing_url = { message = '<code>&#124;format=</code> requires <code>&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'format_missing_url', category = 'Pages using citations with format and no URL‎', hidden = true }, implict_etal_author = { message = '<code>&#124;displayauthors=</code> suggested', anchor = 'displayauthors', category = 'Pages using citations with old-style implicit et al.‎', hidden = true }, implict_etal_editor = { message = '<code>&#124;displayeditors=</code> suggested', anchor = 'displayeditors', category = 'Pages using citations with old-style implicit et al.‎', hidden = true }, parameter_ignored = { message = 'Unknown parameter <code>&#124;$1=</code> ignored', anchor = 'parameter_ignored', category = 'Pages with citations using unsupported parameters', hidden = false }, parameter_ignored_suggest = { message = 'Unknown parameter <code>&#124;$1=</code> ignored (<code>&#124;$2=</code> suggested)', anchor = 'parameter_ignored_suggest', category = 'Pages with citations using unsupported parameters', hidden = false }, redundant_parameters = { message = 'More than one of $1 specified', anchor = 'redundant_parameters', category = 'Pages with citations having redundant parameters', hidden = false }, text_ignored = { message = 'Text "$1" ignored', anchor = 'text_ignored', category = 'Pages with citations using unnamed parameters', hidden = false }, trans_missing_chapter = { message = '<code>&#124;trans-chapter=</code> requires <code>&#124;chapter=</code>', anchor = 'trans_missing_chapter', category = 'Pages with citations using translated terms without the original', hidden = false }, trans_missing_title = { message = '<code>&#124;trans-title=</code> requires <code>&#124;title=</code>', anchor = 'trans_missing_title', category = 'Pages with citations using translated terms without the original', hidden = false }, wikilink_in_url = { message = 'Wikilink embedded in URL title', anchor = 'wikilink_in_url', category = 'Pages with citations having wikilinks embedded in URL titles', hidden = false }, } citation_config.id_handlers = { ['ASIN'] = { parameters = { 'asin', 'ASIN' }, link = 'Amazon Standard Identification Number', label = 'ASIN', mode = 'manual', COinS = 'info:asin', separator = '&nbsp;', encode = false; }, ['DOI'] = { parameters = { 'doi', 'DOI' }, link = 'Digital object identifier', label = 'doi', mode = 'manual', prefix = 'http://dx.doi.org/', COinS = 'info:doi', separator = ':', encode = true, }, ['OL'] = { parameters = { 'ol', 'OL' }, link = 'Open Library', label = 'OL', mode = 'manual', COinS = 'info:olnum', separator = '&nbsp;', endode = true, }, ['ARXIV'] = { parameters = {'arxiv', 'ARXIV'}, link = 'arXiv', label = 'arXiv', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://arxiv.org/abs/', encode = false, COinS = 'info:arxiv', separator = ':', }, ['BIBCODE'] = { parameters = {'bibcode', 'BIBCODE'}, link = 'Bibcode', label = 'Bibcode', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/', encode = false, COinS = 'info:bibcode', separator = ':', }, ['ISBN'] = { parameters = {'isbn', 'ISBN', 'isbn13', 'ISBN13'}, link = 'International Standard Book Number', label = 'ISBN', mode = 'manual', prefix = 'Special:BookSources/', COinS = 'rft.isbn', separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ISSN'] = { parameters = {'issn', 'ISSN'}, link = 'International Standard Serial Number', label = 'ISSN', mode = 'external', prefix = '//www.worldcat.org/issn/', COinS = 'rft.issn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['JFM'] = { parameters = {'jfm', 'JFM'}, link = 'Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik', label = 'JFM', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/search/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'rft.jfm', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['JSTOR'] = { parameters = {'jstor', 'JSTOR'}, link = 'JSTOR', label = 'JSTOR', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://www.jstor.org/stable/', COinS = 'rft.jstor', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['LCCN'] = { parameters = {'LCCN', 'lccn'}, link = 'Library of Congress Control Number', label = 'LCCN', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://lccn.loc.gov/', COinS = 'rft.lccn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['MR'] = { parameters = {'MR', 'mr'}, link = 'Mathematical Reviews', label = 'MR', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=', COinS = 'rft.mr', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['OCLC'] = { parameters = {'OCLC', 'oclc'}, link = 'OCLC', label = 'OCLC', mode = 'external', prefix = '//www.worldcat.org/oclc/', COinS = 'info:oclcnum', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['OSTI'] = { parameters = {'OSTI', 'osti'}, link = 'Office of Scientific and Technical Information', label = 'OSTI', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=', COinS = 'info:osti', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['PMC'] = { parameters = {'PMC', 'pmc'}, link = 'PubMed Central', label = 'PMC', mode = 'external', prefix = '//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC', suffix = " ", COinS = 'info:pmc', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['PMID'] = { parameters = {'PMID', 'pmid'}, link = 'PubMed Identifier', label = 'PMID', mode = 'external', prefix = '//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/', COinS = 'info:pmid', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['RFC'] = { parameters = {'RFC', 'rfc'}, link = 'Request for Comments', label = 'RFC', mode = 'external', prefix = '//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc', COinS = 'info:rfc', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['SSRN'] = { parameters = {'SSRN', 'ssrn'}, link = 'Social Science Research Network', label = 'SSRN', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://ssrn.com/abstract=', COinS = 'info:ssrn', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ZBL'] = { parameters = {'ZBL', 'zbl'}, link = 'Zentralblatt MATH', label = 'Zbl', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/search/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'info:zbl', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', } } return citation_config; 317d8e1d47764008d678859726dbb7561c411a85 174 2013-04-25T18:42:42Z Dragons flight 0 name changes, additional translations, and tweaks to bare url error citation_config = {}; --[[ List of namespaces that should not be included in citation error categories. Same as setting notracking = true by default Note: Namespace names should use underscores instead of spaces. ]] citation_config.uncategorized_namespaces = { 'User', 'User_talk', 'Wikipedia_talk' }; --[[ Translation table The following contains fixed text that may be output as part of a citation. This is separated from the main body to aid in future translations of this module. ]] citation_config.messages = { ['published'] = 'published $1', ['lay summary'] = 'Lay summary', ['retrieved'] = 'Retrieved $1', ['inactive'] = 'inactive', ['archived-dead'] = 'Archived from $1 on $2', ['archived-not-dead'] = '$1 from the original on $2', ['archived-missing'] = 'Archived from the original$1 on $2', ['archived'] = 'Archived', ['original'] = 'the original', ['editor'] = 'ed.', ['editors'] = 'eds.', ['edition'] = '($1 ed.)', ['episode'] = 'episode', ['season'] = 'season', ['series'] = 'series', ['written'] = 'Written at $1', ['in'] = 'In', ['et al'] = 'et al.', ['subscription'] = '<span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:90%; color:#555">(subscription required)</span>', ['language'] = '(in $1)', ['via'] = " &mdash; via $1", ['event'] = 'Event occurs at', ['minutes'] = 'minutes in', ['quoted-title'] = '"$1"', ['italic-title'] = "''$1''", ['trans-quoted-title'] = "&#91;$1&#93;", ['trans-italic-title'] = "&#91;''$1''&#93;", ['quoted-text'] = '"$1"', ['parameter'] = '<code>&#124;$1=</code>', ['parameter-separator'] = ', ', ['parameter-final-separator'] = ', and ', ['parameter-pair-separator'] = ' and ', -- Error output ['hidden-error'] = '<span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">$1</span>', ['visible-error'] = '<span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">$1</span>', -- Determines the location of the help page ['help page link'] = 'Help:CS1 errors', ['help page label'] = 'help', -- Internal errors (should only occur if configuration is bad) ['undefined_error'] = 'Called with an undefined error condition', ['unknown_manual_ID'] = 'Unrecognized manual ID mode', ['unknown_ID_mode'] = 'Unrecognized ID mode', ['unknown_argument_map'] = 'Argument map not defined for this variable', ['bare_url_no_origin'] = 'Bare url found but origin indicator is nil or empty', } -- Aliases table for commonly passed parameters citation_config.aliases = { ['AccessDate'] = 'accessdate', ['Agency'] = 'agency', ['AirDate'] = 'airdate', ['ArchiveDate'] = {'archive-date', 'archivedate' }, ['ArchiveURL'] = {'archive-url', 'archiveurl' }, ['ASINTLD'] = {'ASIN-TLD', 'asin-tld'}, ['At'] = 'at', ['Authors'] = 'authors', ['AuthorFormat'] = {"author-format", "authorformat" }, ['AuthorSeparator'] = 'author-separator', ['AuthorNameSeparator'] = 'author-name-separator', ['BookTitle'] = 'booktitle', ['Chapter'] = {'chapter', 'contribution', 'entry', 'article' }, ['ChapterLink'] = 'chapterlink', ['ChapterURL'] = {'chapter-url', 'chapterurl', 'contribution-url', 'contributionurl' }, ['Coauthors'] = {'coauthors', 'coauthor' }, ['Conference'] = 'conference', ['ConferenceURL'] = {'conference-url', 'conferenceurl' }, ['Date'] = 'date', ['Day'] = 'day', ['DeadURL'] = 'deadurl', ['DisplayAuthors'] = {"display-authors", "displayauthors"}, ['DisplayEditors'] = {"display-editors", "displayeditors"}, ['DoiBroken'] = {'doi_inactivedate', 'doi_brokendate', 'DoiBroken'}, ['Edition'] = 'edition', ['Editors'] = 'editors', ['EditorFormat'] = {"editor-format", "editorformat" }, ['EditorSeparator'] = 'editor-separator', ['EditorNameSeparator'] = 'editor-name-separator', ['Embargo'] = {'Embargo', 'embargo'}, ['Format'] = 'format', ['ID'] = {'id', 'ID', 'docket'}, ['IgnoreISBN'] = {'ignore-isbn-error', 'ignoreisbnerror'}, ['Issue'] = {'issue', 'number'}, ['Language'] = {'language', 'in'}, ['LastAuthorAmp'] = 'lastauthoramp', ['LayDate'] = 'laydate', ['LaySource'] = 'laysource', ['LayURL'] = {'layurl', 'laysummary'}, ['Minutes'] = 'minutes', ['Month'] = 'month', ['NameSeparator'] = 'name-separator', ['Network'] = 'network', ['NoPP'] = 'nopp', ['NoTracking'] = {"template doc demo", 'nocat', 'notracking', "no-tracking"}, ['OrigYear'] = 'origyear', ['Others'] = 'others', ['Page'] = {'p', 'page'}, ['Pages'] = {'pp', 'pages'}, ['Periodical'] = {'journal', 'newspaper', 'magazine', 'work', 'website', 'periodical', 'encyclopedia', 'encyclopaedia', 'dictionary'}, ['Place'] = {'place', 'location'}, ['PPrefix'] = 'PPrefix', ['PPPrefix'] = 'PPPrefix', ['PostScript'] = 'postscript', ['PublicationDate'] = {'publicationdate', 'publication-date' }, ['PublicationPlace'] = {'publication-place', 'publicationplace' }, ['PublisherName'] = 'publisher', ['Quote'] = {'quote', 'quotation'}, ['Ref'] = {'ref', 'Ref'}, ['Season'] = 'season', ['Separator'] = 'separator', ['Series'] = {'series', 'version'}, ['SeriesSeparator'] = 'series-separator', ['SeriesLink'] = 'serieslink', ['SeriesNumber'] = {'seriesnumber', 'seriesno'}, ['Station'] = 'station', ['SubscriptionRequired'] = 'subscription', ['Time'] = 'time', ['TimeCaption'] = 'timecaption', ['Title'] = 'title', ['TitleLink'] = {'titlelink', 'episodelink' }, ['TitleNote'] = 'department', ['TitleType'] = 'type', ['TransChapter'] = {'trans-chapter', 'trans_chapter' }, ['Transcript'] = 'transcript', ['TranscriptURL'] = {'transcript-url', 'transcripturl'}, ['TransTitle'] = {'trans-title', 'trans_title' }, ['URL'] = {'url', 'URL'}, ['Via'] = 'via', ['Volume'] = 'volume', ['Year'] = 'year', ['AuthorList-First'] = {"author#-first", "author-first#", "first#", "given#"}, ['AuthorList-Last'] = {"author#-last", "author-last#", "last#", "surname#", "Author#", "author#", "authors#"}, ['AuthorList-Link'] = {"author#-link", "author-link#", "author#link", "authorlink#"}, ['AuthorList-Mask'] = {"author#-mask", "author-mask#", "author#mask", "authormask#"}, ['EditorList-First'] = {"editor#-first", "editor-first#", "EditorGiven#"}, ['EditorList-Last'] = {"editor#-last", "editor-last#", "EditorSurname#", "Editor#", "editor#", "editors#"}, ['EditorList-Link'] = {"editor#-link", "editor-link#", "editor#link", "editorlink#"}, ['EditorList-Mask'] = {"editor#-mask", "editor-mask#", "editor#mask", "editormask#"}, } -- Default parameter values citation_config.defaults = { ['DeadURL'] = 'yes', ['PostScript'] = '.', ['Separator'] = '.', ['AuthorSeparator'] = ';', ['EditorSeparator'] = ';', ['NameSeparator'] = ',', ['PPrefix'] = "p.&nbsp;", ['PPPrefix'] = "pp.&nbsp;", } --[[ Error condition table The following contains a list of IDs for various error conditions defined in the code. For each ID, we specify a text message to display, an error category to include, and whether the error message should be wrapped as a hidden comment. Anchor changes require identical changes to matching anchor in Help:CS1 errors ]] citation_config.error_conditions = { accessdate_missing_url = { message = '<code>&#124;accessdate=</code> requires <code>&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'accessdate_missing_url', category = 'Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL', hidden = true }, archive_missing_date = { message = '<code>&#124;archiveurl=</code> requires <code>&#124;archivedate=</code>', anchor = 'archive_missing_date', category = 'Pages with archiveurl citation errors‎', hidden = false }, archive_missing_url = { message = '<code>&#124;archiveurl=</code> requires <code>&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'archive_missing_url', category = 'Pages with archiveurl citation errors‎', hidden = false }, bad_doi = { message = 'Check <code>&#124;doi=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_doi', category = 'Pages with DOI errors', hidden = false }, bad_isbn = { message = 'Check <code>&#124;isbn=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_isbn', category = 'Pages with ISBN errors', hidden = false }, bad_ol = { message = 'Check <code>&#124;ol=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_ol', category = 'Pages with OL errors', hidden = false }, bad_url = { message = 'Check <code>&#124;url=</code> scheme', anchor = 'bad_url', category = 'Pages with URL errors', hidden = false }, bare_url_missing_title = { message = '$1 missing title', anchor = 'bare_url_missing_title', category = 'Pages with citations having bare URLs‎', hidden = false }, citation_missing_title = { message = 'Missing or empty <code>&#124;title=</code>', anchor = 'citation_missing_title', category = 'Pages with citations lacking titles‎', hidden = false }, cite_web_url = { message = 'Missing or empty <code>&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'cite_web_url', category = 'Pages using web citations with no URL‎', hidden = true }, empty_citation = { message = 'Empty citation‎', anchor = 'empty_citation', category = 'Pages with empty citations‎', hidden = false }, extra_pages = { message = 'Extra <code>&#124;pages=</code> or <code>&#124;at=</code>', anchor = 'extra_pages', category = 'Pages with citations using conflicting page specifications‎', hidden = false }, format_missing_url = { message = '<code>&#124;format=</code> requires <code>&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'format_missing_url', category = 'Pages using citations with format and no URL‎', hidden = true }, implict_etal_author = { message = '<code>&#124;displayauthors=</code> suggested', anchor = 'displayauthors', category = 'Pages using citations with old-style implicit et al.‎', hidden = true }, implict_etal_editor = { message = '<code>&#124;displayeditors=</code> suggested', anchor = 'displayeditors', category = 'Pages using citations with old-style implicit et al.‎', hidden = true }, parameter_ignored = { message = 'Unknown parameter <code>&#124;$1=</code> ignored', anchor = 'parameter_ignored', category = 'Pages with citations using unsupported parameters', hidden = false }, parameter_ignored_suggest = { message = 'Unknown parameter <code>&#124;$1=</code> ignored (<code>&#124;$2=</code> suggested)', anchor = 'parameter_ignored_suggest', category = 'Pages with citations using unsupported parameters', hidden = false }, redundant_parameters = { message = 'More than one of $1 specified', anchor = 'redundant_parameters', category = 'Pages with citations having redundant parameters', hidden = false }, text_ignored = { message = 'Text "$1" ignored', anchor = 'text_ignored', category = 'Pages with citations using unnamed parameters', hidden = false }, trans_missing_chapter = { message = '<code>&#124;trans-chapter=</code> requires <code>&#124;chapter=</code>', anchor = 'trans_missing_chapter', category = 'Pages with citations using translated terms without the original', hidden = false }, trans_missing_title = { message = '<code>&#124;trans-title=</code> requires <code>&#124;title=</code>', anchor = 'trans_missing_title', category = 'Pages with citations using translated terms without the original', hidden = false }, wikilink_in_url = { message = 'Wikilink embedded in URL title', anchor = 'wikilink_in_url', category = 'Pages with citations having wikilinks embedded in URL titles', hidden = false }, } citation_config.id_handlers = { ['ASIN'] = { parameters = { 'asin', 'ASIN' }, link = 'Amazon Standard Identification Number', label = 'ASIN', mode = 'manual', COinS = 'info:asin', separator = '&nbsp;', encode = false; }, ['DOI'] = { parameters = { 'doi', 'DOI' }, link = 'Digital object identifier', label = 'doi', mode = 'manual', prefix = 'http://dx.doi.org/', COinS = 'info:doi', separator = ':', encode = true, }, ['OL'] = { parameters = { 'ol', 'OL' }, link = 'Open Library', label = 'OL', mode = 'manual', COinS = 'info:olnum', separator = '&nbsp;', endode = true, }, ['ARXIV'] = { parameters = {'arxiv', 'ARXIV'}, link = 'arXiv', label = 'arXiv', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://arxiv.org/abs/', encode = false, COinS = 'info:arxiv', separator = ':', }, ['BIBCODE'] = { parameters = {'bibcode', 'BIBCODE'}, link = 'Bibcode', label = 'Bibcode', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/', encode = false, COinS = 'info:bibcode', separator = ':', }, ['ISBN'] = { parameters = {'isbn', 'ISBN', 'isbn13', 'ISBN13'}, link = 'International Standard Book Number', label = 'ISBN', mode = 'manual', prefix = 'Special:BookSources/', COinS = 'rft.isbn', separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ISSN'] = { parameters = {'issn', 'ISSN'}, link = 'International Standard Serial Number', label = 'ISSN', mode = 'external', prefix = '//www.worldcat.org/issn/', COinS = 'rft.issn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['JFM'] = { parameters = {'jfm', 'JFM'}, link = 'Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik', label = 'JFM', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/search/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'rft.jfm', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['JSTOR'] = { parameters = {'jstor', 'JSTOR'}, link = 'JSTOR', label = 'JSTOR', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://www.jstor.org/stable/', COinS = 'rft.jstor', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['LCCN'] = { parameters = {'LCCN', 'lccn'}, link = 'Library of Congress Control Number', label = 'LCCN', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://lccn.loc.gov/', COinS = 'rft.lccn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['MR'] = { parameters = {'MR', 'mr'}, link = 'Mathematical Reviews', label = 'MR', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=', COinS = 'rft.mr', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['OCLC'] = { parameters = {'OCLC', 'oclc'}, link = 'OCLC', label = 'OCLC', mode = 'external', prefix = '//www.worldcat.org/oclc/', COinS = 'info:oclcnum', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['OSTI'] = { parameters = {'OSTI', 'osti'}, link = 'Office of Scientific and Technical Information', label = 'OSTI', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=', COinS = 'info:osti', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['PMC'] = { parameters = {'PMC', 'pmc'}, link = 'PubMed Central', label = 'PMC', mode = 'external', prefix = '//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC', suffix = " ", COinS = 'info:pmc', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['PMID'] = { parameters = {'PMID', 'pmid'}, link = 'PubMed Identifier', label = 'PMID', mode = 'external', prefix = '//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/', COinS = 'info:pmid', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['RFC'] = { parameters = {'RFC', 'rfc'}, link = 'Request for Comments', label = 'RFC', mode = 'external', prefix = '//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc', COinS = 'info:rfc', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['SSRN'] = { parameters = {'SSRN', 'ssrn'}, link = 'Social Science Research Network', label = 'SSRN', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://ssrn.com/abstract=', COinS = 'info:ssrn', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ZBL'] = { parameters = {'ZBL', 'zbl'}, link = 'Zentralblatt MATH', label = 'Zbl', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/search/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'info:zbl', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', } } return citation_config; 317d8e1d47764008d678859726dbb7561c411a85 0 67 177 176 2013-04-29T12:30:31Z Cyrus 1 1 revision whitelist = { basic_arguments = { ['accessdate'] = true, ['agency'] = true, ['airdate'] = true, ['archivedate'] = true, ['archive-date'] = true, ['archiveurl'] = true, ['archive-url'] = true, ['article'] = true, ['arxiv'] = true, ['ARXIV'] = true, ['asin'] = true, ['ASIN'] = true, ['asin-tld'] = true, ['ASIN-TLD'] = true, ['at'] = true, ['author'] = true, ['Author'] = true, ['author-first'] = true, ['authorformat'] = true, ['author-format'] = true, ['author-last'] = true, ['authorlink'] = true, ['author-link'] = true, ['authormask'] = true, ['author-mask'] = true, ['author-name-separator'] = true, ['authors'] = true, ['author-separator'] = true, ['bibcode'] = true, ['BIBCODE'] = true, ['booktitle'] = true, ['chapter'] = true, ['chapterlink'] = true, ['chapterurl'] = true, ['chapter-url'] = true, ['coauthor'] = true, ['coauthors'] = true, ['conference'] = true, ['conferenceurl'] = true, ['conference-url'] = true, ['contribution'] = true, ['contributionurl'] = true, ['contribution-url'] = true, ['date'] = true, ['day'] = true, ['deadurl'] = true, ['department'] = true, ['dictionary'] = true, ['displayauthors'] = true, ['display-authors'] = true, ['displayeditors'] = true, ['display-editors'] = true, ['docket'] = true, ['doi'] = true, ['DOI'] = true, ['DoiBroken'] = true, ['doi_brokendate'] = true, ['doi_inactivedate'] = true, ['edition'] = true, ['editor'] = true, ['Editor'] = true, ['editor-first'] = true, ['editorformat'] = true, ['editor-format'] = true, ['EditorGiven'] = true, ['editor-last'] = true, ['editorlink'] = true, ['editor-link'] = true, ['editormask'] = true, ['editor-mask'] = true, ['editor-name-separator'] = true, ['editors'] = true, ['editor-separator'] = true, ['EditorSurname'] = true, ['embargo'] = true, ['Embargo'] = true, ['encyclopaedia'] = true, ['encyclopedia'] = true, ['entry'] = true, ['episodelink'] = true, ['first'] = true, ['format'] = true, ['given'] = true, ['id'] = true, ['ID'] = true, ['ignoreisbnerror'] = true, ['ignore-isbn-error'] = true, ['in'] = true, ['isbn'] = true, ['ISBN'] = true, ['isbn13'] = true, ['ISBN13'] = true, ['issn'] = true, ['ISSN'] = true, ['issue'] = true, ['jfm'] = true, ['JFM'] = true, ['journal'] = true, ['jstor'] = true, ['JSTOR'] = true, ['language'] = true, ['last'] = true, ['lastauthoramp'] = true, ['laydate'] = true, ['laysource'] = true, ['laysummary'] = true, ['layurl'] = true, ['lccn'] = true, ['LCCN'] = true, ['location'] = true, ['magazine'] = true, ['minutes'] = true, ['month'] = true, ['mr'] = true, ['MR'] = true, ['name-separator'] = true, ['network'] = true, ['newspaper'] = true, ['nocat'] = true, ['nopp'] = true, ['notracking'] = true, ['no-tracking'] = true, ['number'] = true, ['oclc'] = true, ['OCLC'] = true, ['ol'] = true, ['OL'] = true, ['origyear'] = true, ['osti'] = true, ['OSTI'] = true, ['others'] = true, ['p'] = true, ['page'] = true, ['pages'] = true, ['periodical'] = true, ['place'] = true, ['pmc'] = true, ['PMC'] = true, ['pmid'] = true, ['PMID'] = true, ['postscript'] = true, ['pp'] = true, ['PPPrefix'] = true, ['PPrefix'] = true, ['publicationdate'] = true, ['publication-date'] = true, ['publicationplace'] = true, ['publication-place'] = true, ['publisher'] = true, ['quotation'] = true, ['quote'] = true, ['ref'] = true, ['Ref'] = true, ['rfc'] = true, ['RFC'] = true, ['season'] = true, ['separator'] = true, ['series'] = true, ['serieslink'] = true, ['seriesno'] = true, ['seriesnumber'] = true, ['series-separator'] = true, ['ssrn'] = true, ['SSRN'] = true, ['station'] = true, ['subscription'] = true, ['surname'] = true, ['template doc demo'] = true, ['time'] = true, ['timecaption'] = true, ['title'] = true, ['titlelink'] = true, ['trans_chapter'] = true, ['trans-chapter'] = true, ['transcript'] = true, ['transcripturl'] = true, ['transcript-url'] = true, ['trans_title'] = true, ['trans-title'] = true, ['type'] = true, ['url'] = true, ['URL'] = true, ['version'] = true, ['via'] = true, ['volume'] = true, ['website'] = true, ['work'] = true, ['year'] = true, ['zbl'] = true, ['ZBL'] = true, }, numbered_arguments = { ['author#'] = true, ['Author#'] = true, ['author-first#'] = true, ['author#-first'] = true, ['author-last#'] = true, ['author#-last'] = true, ['author-link#'] = true, ['author#link'] = true, ['author#-link'] = true, ['authorlink#'] = true, ['author-mask#'] = true, ['author#mask'] = true, ['author#-mask'] = true, ['authormask#'] = true, ['authors#'] = true, ['editor#'] = true, ['Editor#'] = true, ['editor-first#'] = true, ['editor#-first'] = true, ['EditorGiven#'] = true, ['editor-last#'] = true, ['editor#-last'] = true, ['editor-link#'] = true, ['editor#link'] = true, ['editor#-link'] = true, ['editorlink#'] = true, ['editor-mask#'] = true, ['editor#mask'] = true, ['editor#-mask'] = true, ['editormask#'] = true, ['editors#'] = true, ['EditorSurname#'] = true, ['first#'] = true, ['given#'] = true, ['last#'] = true, ['surname#'] = true, }, }; return whitelist; 0be6ff802f2e15d0a808b93956ba38784e3d50f7 176 2013-04-25T18:42:43Z Dragons flight 0 adds layurl synonym whitelist = { basic_arguments = { ['accessdate'] = true, ['agency'] = true, ['airdate'] = true, ['archivedate'] = true, ['archive-date'] = true, ['archiveurl'] = true, ['archive-url'] = true, ['article'] = true, ['arxiv'] = true, ['ARXIV'] = true, ['asin'] = true, ['ASIN'] = true, ['asin-tld'] = true, ['ASIN-TLD'] = true, ['at'] = true, ['author'] = true, ['Author'] = true, ['author-first'] = true, ['authorformat'] = true, ['author-format'] = true, ['author-last'] = true, ['authorlink'] = true, ['author-link'] = true, ['authormask'] = true, ['author-mask'] = true, ['author-name-separator'] = true, ['authors'] = true, ['author-separator'] = true, ['bibcode'] = true, ['BIBCODE'] = true, ['booktitle'] = true, ['chapter'] = true, ['chapterlink'] = true, ['chapterurl'] = true, ['chapter-url'] = true, ['coauthor'] = true, ['coauthors'] = true, ['conference'] = true, ['conferenceurl'] = true, ['conference-url'] = true, ['contribution'] = true, ['contributionurl'] = true, ['contribution-url'] = true, ['date'] = true, ['day'] = true, ['deadurl'] = true, ['department'] = true, ['dictionary'] = true, ['displayauthors'] = true, ['display-authors'] = true, ['displayeditors'] = true, ['display-editors'] = true, ['docket'] = true, ['doi'] = true, ['DOI'] = true, ['DoiBroken'] = true, ['doi_brokendate'] = true, ['doi_inactivedate'] = true, ['edition'] = true, ['editor'] = true, ['Editor'] = true, ['editor-first'] = true, ['editorformat'] = true, ['editor-format'] = true, ['EditorGiven'] = true, ['editor-last'] = true, ['editorlink'] = true, ['editor-link'] = true, ['editormask'] = true, ['editor-mask'] = true, ['editor-name-separator'] = true, ['editors'] = true, ['editor-separator'] = true, ['EditorSurname'] = true, ['embargo'] = true, ['Embargo'] = true, ['encyclopaedia'] = true, ['encyclopedia'] = true, ['entry'] = true, ['episodelink'] = true, ['first'] = true, ['format'] = true, ['given'] = true, ['id'] = true, ['ID'] = true, ['ignoreisbnerror'] = true, ['ignore-isbn-error'] = true, ['in'] = true, ['isbn'] = true, ['ISBN'] = true, ['isbn13'] = true, ['ISBN13'] = true, ['issn'] = true, ['ISSN'] = true, ['issue'] = true, ['jfm'] = true, ['JFM'] = true, ['journal'] = true, ['jstor'] = true, ['JSTOR'] = true, ['language'] = true, ['last'] = true, ['lastauthoramp'] = true, ['laydate'] = true, ['laysource'] = true, ['laysummary'] = true, ['layurl'] = true, ['lccn'] = true, ['LCCN'] = true, ['location'] = true, ['magazine'] = true, ['minutes'] = true, ['month'] = true, ['mr'] = true, ['MR'] = true, ['name-separator'] = true, ['network'] = true, ['newspaper'] = true, ['nocat'] = true, ['nopp'] = true, ['notracking'] = true, ['no-tracking'] = true, ['number'] = true, ['oclc'] = true, ['OCLC'] = true, ['ol'] = true, ['OL'] = true, ['origyear'] = true, ['osti'] = true, ['OSTI'] = true, ['others'] = true, ['p'] = true, ['page'] = true, ['pages'] = true, ['periodical'] = true, ['place'] = true, ['pmc'] = true, ['PMC'] = true, ['pmid'] = true, ['PMID'] = true, ['postscript'] = true, ['pp'] = true, ['PPPrefix'] = true, ['PPrefix'] = true, ['publicationdate'] = true, ['publication-date'] = true, ['publicationplace'] = true, ['publication-place'] = true, ['publisher'] = true, ['quotation'] = true, ['quote'] = true, ['ref'] = true, ['Ref'] = true, ['rfc'] = true, ['RFC'] = true, ['season'] = true, ['separator'] = true, ['series'] = true, ['serieslink'] = true, ['seriesno'] = true, ['seriesnumber'] = true, ['series-separator'] = true, ['ssrn'] = true, ['SSRN'] = true, ['station'] = true, ['subscription'] = true, ['surname'] = true, ['template doc demo'] = true, ['time'] = true, ['timecaption'] = true, ['title'] = true, ['titlelink'] = true, ['trans_chapter'] = true, ['trans-chapter'] = true, ['transcript'] = true, ['transcripturl'] = true, ['transcript-url'] = true, ['trans_title'] = true, ['trans-title'] = true, ['type'] = true, ['url'] = true, ['URL'] = true, ['version'] = true, ['via'] = true, ['volume'] = true, ['website'] = true, ['work'] = true, ['year'] = true, ['zbl'] = true, ['ZBL'] = true, }, numbered_arguments = { ['author#'] = true, ['Author#'] = true, ['author-first#'] = true, ['author#-first'] = true, ['author-last#'] = true, ['author#-last'] = true, ['author-link#'] = true, ['author#link'] = true, ['author#-link'] = true, ['authorlink#'] = true, ['author-mask#'] = true, ['author#mask'] = true, ['author#-mask'] = true, ['authormask#'] = true, ['authors#'] = true, ['editor#'] = true, ['Editor#'] = true, ['editor-first#'] = true, ['editor#-first'] = true, ['EditorGiven#'] = true, ['editor-last#'] = true, ['editor#-last'] = true, ['editor-link#'] = true, ['editor#link'] = true, ['editor#-link'] = true, ['editorlink#'] = true, ['editor-mask#'] = true, ['editor#mask'] = true, ['editor#-mask'] = true, ['editormask#'] = true, ['editors#'] = true, ['EditorSurname#'] = true, ['first#'] = true, ['given#'] = true, ['last#'] = true, ['surname#'] = true, }, }; return whitelist; 0be6ff802f2e15d0a808b93956ba38784e3d50f7 0 68 179 178 2013-04-29T12:30:31Z Cyrus 1 1 revision -- This module implements {{error}}. local p = {} local HtmlBuilder = require('Module:HtmlBuilder') local function _error(args) local message = args.message or args[1] or error('no message specified', 2) message = tostring(message) local tag = mw.ustring.lower(tostring(args.tag)) -- Work out what html tag we should use. if not (tag == 'p' or tag == 'span' or tag == 'div') then tag = 'strong' end -- Generate the html. local root = HtmlBuilder.create(tag) root .addClass('error') .wikitext(message) return tostring(root) end function p.error(frame) local args if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then -- We're being called via #invoke. The args are passed through to the module -- from the template page, so use the args that were passed into the template. args = frame.args else -- We're being called from another module or from the debug console, so assume -- the args are passed in directly. args = frame end -- if the message parameter is present but blank, change it to nil so that Lua will -- consider it false. if args.message == "" then args.message = nil end return _error(args) end return p 61b738106a17f448ef8f440b8c9e278d3283d1c0 178 2013-04-04T13:33:47Z Mr. Stradivarius 0 Protected Module:Error: [[WP:High-risk templates|Highly visible template or Lua module]] ([Edit=Block all non-admin users] (indefinite) [Move=Block all non-admin users] (indefinite)) -- This module implements {{error}}. local p = {} local HtmlBuilder = require('Module:HtmlBuilder') local function _error(args) local message = args.message or args[1] or error('no message specified', 2) message = tostring(message) local tag = mw.ustring.lower(tostring(args.tag)) -- Work out what html tag we should use. if not (tag == 'p' or tag == 'span' or tag == 'div') then tag = 'strong' end -- Generate the html. local root = HtmlBuilder.create(tag) root .addClass('error') .wikitext(message) return tostring(root) end function p.error(frame) local args if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then -- We're being called via #invoke. The args are passed through to the module -- from the template page, so use the args that were passed into the template. args = frame.args else -- We're being called from another module or from the debug console, so assume -- the args are passed in directly. args = frame end -- if the message parameter is present but blank, change it to nil so that Lua will -- consider it false. if args.message == "" then args.message = nil end return _error(args) end return p 61b738106a17f448ef8f440b8c9e278d3283d1c0 0 145 332 331 2013-04-29T15:31:02Z Cyrus 1 1 revision f = { args_default = { bracket_left = "", bracket_right = "", bracket_year_left = "", bracket_year_right = "", postscript = "", page = "", pages = "", location = "", page_sep = ", p.&nbsp;", pages_sep = ", pp.&nbsp;", ref = "", P1 = "", P2 = "", P3 = "", P4 = "", P5 = "" } }; function trim( str ) if str == nil then return nil; end return str:match( "^%s*(.-)%s*$"); end function core( args ) local result; if args.P5 ~= "" then result = args.P1 .. ' et al. ' .. args.bracket_year_left .. args.P5 .. args.bracket_year_right; elseif args.P4 ~= "" then result = args.P1 .. ', ' .. args.P2 .. ' &amp; ' .. args.P3 .. ' ' .. args.bracket_year_left .. args.P4 .. args.bracket_year_right; elseif args.P3 ~= "" then result = args.P1 .. ' &amp; ' .. args.P2 .. ' ' .. args.bracket_year_left .. args.P3 .. args.bracket_year_right; else result = trim( args.P1 .. ' ' .. args.bracket_year_left .. args.P2 .. args.bracket_year_right ) end if args.ref ~= 'none' then if args.ref ~= "" then result = "[[#" .. args.ref .. "|" .. result .. "]]"; else result = "[[#CITEREF" .. args.P1 .. args.P2 .. args.P3 .. args.P4 .. args.P5 .. "|" .. result .. "]]"; end end if args.page ~= "" then result = result .. args.page_sep .. args.page; elseif args.pages ~= "" then result = result .. args.pages_sep .. args.pages; end if args.location ~= "" then result = result .. ", " .. args.location; end result = args.bracket_left .. result .. args.bracket_right .. args.postscript; return result; end function f.harvard_core( frame ) local args = {}; local pframe = frame:getParent(); args.bracket_left = pframe.args.BracketLeft or ""; args.bracket_right = pframe.args.BracketRight or ""; args.bracket_year_left = pframe.args.BracketYearLeft or ""; args.bracket_year_right = pframe.args.BracketYearRight or ""; args.postscript = pframe.args.Postscript or ""; args.page = pframe.args.Page or ""; args.pages = pframe.args.Pages or ""; args.location = pframe.args.Location or ""; args.page_sep = pframe.args.PageSep or ""; args.pages_sep = pframe.args.PagesSep or ""; args.ref = pframe.args.REF or "{{{REF}}}"; args.P1 = trim( pframe.args.P1 ) or ""; args.P2 = trim( pframe.args.P2 ) or ""; args.P3 = trim( pframe.args.P3 ) or ""; args.P4 = trim( pframe.args.P4 ) or ""; args.P5 = trim( pframe.args.P5 ) or ""; return core( args ); end function f.harvard_citation( frame ) local args = f.args_default; pframe = frame:getParent(); args.bracket_left = "("; args.bracket_right = ")"; args.page = pframe.args.p or pframe.args.page or ""; args.pages = pframe.args.pp or pframe.args.pages or ""; args.location = pframe.args.loc or ""; args.ref = pframe.args.ref or pframe.args.Ref or ""; args.P1 = trim( pframe.args[1] ) or ""; args.P2 = trim( pframe.args[2] ) or ""; args.P3 = trim( pframe.args[3] ) or ""; args.P4 = trim( pframe.args[4] ) or ""; args.P5 = trim( pframe.args[5] ) or ""; return core( args ); end function f.harvard_citation_no_bracket( frame ) local args = f.args_default; pframe = frame:getParent(); args.page = pframe.args.p or pframe.args.page or ""; args.pages = pframe.args.pp or pframe.args.pages or ""; args.location = pframe.args.loc or ""; args.ref = pframe.args.ref or pframe.args.Ref or ""; args.P1 = trim( pframe.args[1] ) or ""; args.P2 = trim( pframe.args[2] ) or ""; args.P3 = trim( pframe.args[3] ) or ""; args.P4 = trim( pframe.args[4] ) or ""; args.P5 = trim( pframe.args[5] ) or ""; return core( args ); end function f.sfn( frame ) local args = f.args_default; pframe = frame:getParent(); args.postscript = pframe.args.postscript or pframe.args.ps or "."; args.page = pframe.args.p or pframe.args.page or ""; args.pages = pframe.args.pp or pframe.args.pages or ""; args.location = pframe.args.loc or ""; args.ref = pframe.args.ref or pframe.args.Ref or ""; args.P1 = trim( pframe.args[1] ) or ""; args.P2 = trim( pframe.args[2] ) or ""; args.P3 = trim( pframe.args[3] ) or ""; args.P4 = trim( pframe.args[4] ) or ""; args.P5 = trim( pframe.args[5] ) or ""; local result = core( args ); local name = "FOOTNOTE" .. args.P1 .. args.P2 .. args.P3 .. args.P4 .. args.P5 .. args.page .. args.pages .. args.location; result = frame:extensionTag{ name = "ref", args = {name=name}, content=result }; return result; end return f; 3b8ffc45a5d5ce2cbd9d2d444301a68ecfc7dd13 331 2013-04-28T10:17:31Z Dragons flight 0 fix parameter name f = { args_default = { bracket_left = "", bracket_right = "", bracket_year_left = "", bracket_year_right = "", postscript = "", page = "", pages = "", location = "", page_sep = ", p.&nbsp;", pages_sep = ", pp.&nbsp;", ref = "", P1 = "", P2 = "", P3 = "", P4 = "", P5 = "" } }; function trim( str ) if str == nil then return nil; end return str:match( "^%s*(.-)%s*$"); end function core( args ) local result; if args.P5 ~= "" then result = args.P1 .. ' et al. ' .. args.bracket_year_left .. args.P5 .. args.bracket_year_right; elseif args.P4 ~= "" then result = args.P1 .. ', ' .. args.P2 .. ' &amp; ' .. args.P3 .. ' ' .. args.bracket_year_left .. args.P4 .. args.bracket_year_right; elseif args.P3 ~= "" then result = args.P1 .. ' &amp; ' .. args.P2 .. ' ' .. args.bracket_year_left .. args.P3 .. args.bracket_year_right; else result = trim( args.P1 .. ' ' .. args.bracket_year_left .. args.P2 .. args.bracket_year_right ) end if args.ref ~= 'none' then if args.ref ~= "" then result = "[[#" .. args.ref .. "|" .. result .. "]]"; else result = "[[#CITEREF" .. args.P1 .. args.P2 .. args.P3 .. args.P4 .. args.P5 .. "|" .. result .. "]]"; end end if args.page ~= "" then result = result .. args.page_sep .. args.page; elseif args.pages ~= "" then result = result .. args.pages_sep .. args.pages; end if args.location ~= "" then result = result .. ", " .. args.location; end result = args.bracket_left .. result .. args.bracket_right .. args.postscript; return result; end function f.harvard_core( frame ) local args = {}; local pframe = frame:getParent(); args.bracket_left = pframe.args.BracketLeft or ""; args.bracket_right = pframe.args.BracketRight or ""; args.bracket_year_left = pframe.args.BracketYearLeft or ""; args.bracket_year_right = pframe.args.BracketYearRight or ""; args.postscript = pframe.args.Postscript or ""; args.page = pframe.args.Page or ""; args.pages = pframe.args.Pages or ""; args.location = pframe.args.Location or ""; args.page_sep = pframe.args.PageSep or ""; args.pages_sep = pframe.args.PagesSep or ""; args.ref = pframe.args.REF or "{{{REF}}}"; args.P1 = trim( pframe.args.P1 ) or ""; args.P2 = trim( pframe.args.P2 ) or ""; args.P3 = trim( pframe.args.P3 ) or ""; args.P4 = trim( pframe.args.P4 ) or ""; args.P5 = trim( pframe.args.P5 ) or ""; return core( args ); end function f.harvard_citation( frame ) local args = f.args_default; pframe = frame:getParent(); args.bracket_left = "("; args.bracket_right = ")"; args.page = pframe.args.p or pframe.args.page or ""; args.pages = pframe.args.pp or pframe.args.pages or ""; args.location = pframe.args.loc or ""; args.ref = pframe.args.ref or pframe.args.Ref or ""; args.P1 = trim( pframe.args[1] ) or ""; args.P2 = trim( pframe.args[2] ) or ""; args.P3 = trim( pframe.args[3] ) or ""; args.P4 = trim( pframe.args[4] ) or ""; args.P5 = trim( pframe.args[5] ) or ""; return core( args ); end function f.harvard_citation_no_bracket( frame ) local args = f.args_default; pframe = frame:getParent(); args.page = pframe.args.p or pframe.args.page or ""; args.pages = pframe.args.pp or pframe.args.pages or ""; args.location = pframe.args.loc or ""; args.ref = pframe.args.ref or pframe.args.Ref or ""; args.P1 = trim( pframe.args[1] ) or ""; args.P2 = trim( pframe.args[2] ) or ""; args.P3 = trim( pframe.args[3] ) or ""; args.P4 = trim( pframe.args[4] ) or ""; args.P5 = trim( pframe.args[5] ) or ""; return core( args ); end function f.sfn( frame ) local args = f.args_default; pframe = frame:getParent(); args.postscript = pframe.args.postscript or pframe.args.ps or "."; args.page = pframe.args.p or pframe.args.page or ""; args.pages = pframe.args.pp or pframe.args.pages or ""; args.location = pframe.args.loc or ""; args.ref = pframe.args.ref or pframe.args.Ref or ""; args.P1 = trim( pframe.args[1] ) or ""; args.P2 = trim( pframe.args[2] ) or ""; args.P3 = trim( pframe.args[3] ) or ""; args.P4 = trim( pframe.args[4] ) or ""; args.P5 = trim( pframe.args[5] ) or ""; local result = core( args ); local name = "FOOTNOTE" .. args.P1 .. args.P2 .. args.P3 .. args.P4 .. args.P5 .. args.page .. args.pages .. args.location; result = frame:extensionTag{ name = "ref", args = {name=name}, content=result }; return result; end return f; 3b8ffc45a5d5ce2cbd9d2d444301a68ecfc7dd13 0 69 181 180 2013-04-29T12:30:31Z Cyrus 1 1 revision -- Experimental module for building complex HTML (e.g. infoboxes, navboxes) using a fluent interface local HtmlBuilder = {} local metatable = {} metatable.__index = function(t, key) local ret = rawget(t, key) if ret then return ret end ret = metatable[key] if type(ret) == 'function' then return function(...) return ret(t, ...) end else return ret end end metatable.__tostring = function(t) local ret = {} t._build(ret) return table.concat(ret, '') end metatable._build = function(t, ret) if t.tagName then table.insert(ret, '<' .. t.tagName) for i, attr in ipairs(t.attributes) do table.insert(ret, ' ' .. attr.name .. '="' .. attr.val .. '"') end if #t.styles > 0 then table.insert(ret, ' style="') for i, prop in ipairs(t.styles) do if type(prop) == 'string' then -- added with cssText() table.insert(ret, prop .. ';') else -- added with css() table.insert(ret, prop.name .. ':' .. prop.val .. ';') end end table.insert(ret, '"') end table.insert(ret, '>') end for i, node in ipairs(t.nodes) do if node then if type(node) == 'table' then node._build(ret) else table.insert(ret, tostring(node)) end end end if t.tagName and not t.unclosed then table.insert(ret, '</' .. t.tagName .. '>') end end metatable.node = function(t, builder) if builder then table.insert(t.nodes, builder) end return t end metatable.wikitext = function(t, ...) local vals = {...} for i = 1, #vals do if vals[i] then table.insert(t.nodes, vals[i]) end end return t end metatable.newline = function(t) table.insert(t.nodes, '\n') return t end metatable.tag = function(t, tagName, args) args = args or {} args.parent = t local builder = HtmlBuilder.create(tagName, args) table.insert(t.nodes, builder) return builder end function getAttr(t, name) for i, attr in ipairs(t.attributes) do if attr.name == name then return attr end end end metatable.attr = function(t, name, val) -- if caller sets the style attribute explicitly, then replace all styles previously added with css() and cssText() if name == 'style' then t.styles = {val} return t end local attr = getAttr(t, name) if attr then attr.val = val else table.insert(t.attributes, {name = name, val = val}) end return t end metatable.addClass = function(t, class) if class then local attr = getAttr(t, 'class') if attr then attr.val = attr.val .. ' ' .. class else t.attr('class', class) end end return t end metatable.css = function(t, name, val) if type(val) == 'string' or type(val) == 'number' then for i, prop in ipairs(t.styles) do if prop.name == name then prop.val = val return t end end table.insert(t.styles, {name = name, val = val}) end return t end metatable.cssText = function(t, css) if css then table.insert(t.styles, css) end return t end metatable.done = function(t) return t.parent or t end metatable.allDone = function(t) while t.parent do t = t.parent end return t end function HtmlBuilder.create(tagName, args) args = args or {} local builder = {} setmetatable(builder, metatable) builder.nodes = {} builder.attributes = {} builder.styles = {} builder.tagName = tagName builder.parent = args.parent builder.unclosed = args.unclosed or false return builder end return HtmlBuilder 4cad7fef8e2185725bf0a12368d7647738877cba 180 2013-03-26T02:46:07Z Dragons flight 0 Changed protection level of Module:HtmlBuilder: [[WP:High-risk templates|Highly visible template or Lua module]] ([Edit=Block all non-admin users] (indefinite) [Move=Block all non-admin users] (indefinite)) -- Experimental module for building complex HTML (e.g. infoboxes, navboxes) using a fluent interface local HtmlBuilder = {} local metatable = {} metatable.__index = function(t, key) local ret = rawget(t, key) if ret then return ret end ret = metatable[key] if type(ret) == 'function' then return function(...) return ret(t, ...) end else return ret end end metatable.__tostring = function(t) local ret = {} t._build(ret) return table.concat(ret, '') end metatable._build = function(t, ret) if t.tagName then table.insert(ret, '<' .. t.tagName) for i, attr in ipairs(t.attributes) do table.insert(ret, ' ' .. attr.name .. '="' .. attr.val .. '"') end if #t.styles > 0 then table.insert(ret, ' style="') for i, prop in ipairs(t.styles) do if type(prop) == 'string' then -- added with cssText() table.insert(ret, prop .. ';') else -- added with css() table.insert(ret, prop.name .. ':' .. prop.val .. ';') end end table.insert(ret, '"') end table.insert(ret, '>') end for i, node in ipairs(t.nodes) do if node then if type(node) == 'table' then node._build(ret) else table.insert(ret, tostring(node)) end end end if t.tagName and not t.unclosed then table.insert(ret, '</' .. t.tagName .. '>') end end metatable.node = function(t, builder) if builder then table.insert(t.nodes, builder) end return t end metatable.wikitext = function(t, ...) local vals = {...} for i = 1, #vals do if vals[i] then table.insert(t.nodes, vals[i]) end end return t end metatable.newline = function(t) table.insert(t.nodes, '\n') return t end metatable.tag = function(t, tagName, args) args = args or {} args.parent = t local builder = HtmlBuilder.create(tagName, args) table.insert(t.nodes, builder) return builder end function getAttr(t, name) for i, attr in ipairs(t.attributes) do if attr.name == name then return attr end end end metatable.attr = function(t, name, val) -- if caller sets the style attribute explicitly, then replace all styles previously added with css() and cssText() if name == 'style' then t.styles = {val} return t end local attr = getAttr(t, name) if attr then attr.val = val else table.insert(t.attributes, {name = name, val = val}) end return t end metatable.addClass = function(t, class) if class then local attr = getAttr(t, 'class') if attr then attr.val = attr.val .. ' ' .. class else t.attr('class', class) end end return t end metatable.css = function(t, name, val) if type(val) == 'string' or type(val) == 'number' then for i, prop in ipairs(t.styles) do if prop.name == name then prop.val = val return t end end table.insert(t.styles, {name = name, val = val}) end return t end metatable.cssText = function(t, css) if css then table.insert(t.styles, css) end return t end metatable.done = function(t) return t.parent or t end metatable.allDone = function(t) while t.parent do t = t.parent end return t end function HtmlBuilder.create(tagName, args) args = args or {} local builder = {} setmetatable(builder, metatable) builder.nodes = {} builder.attributes = {} builder.styles = {} builder.tagName = tagName builder.parent = args.parent builder.unclosed = args.unclosed or false return builder end return HtmlBuilder 4cad7fef8e2185725bf0a12368d7647738877cba 0 173 388 387 2013-04-29T15:31:06Z Cyrus 1 1 revision local p = {} local HtmlBuilder = require('Module:HtmlBuilder') function trim(s) return mw.ustring.match( s, "^%s*(.-)%s*$" ) end function error(s) local span = HtmlBuilder.create('span') span .addClass('error') .css('float', 'left') .css('white-space', 'nowrap') .wikitext('Error: ' .. s) return tostring(span) end function getTitle( pageName ) pageName = trim( pageName ); local page_title, talk_page_title; if mw.ustring.sub(pageName, 1, 1) == ':' then page_title = mw.title.new( mw.ustring.sub(pageName, 2) ); else page_title = mw.title.new( pageName, 'Template' ); end if page_title then talk_page_title = page_title.talkPageTitle; else talk_page_title = nil; end return page_title, talk_page_title; end function _navbar( args ) if not args[1] then return error('No name provided') end local good, title, talk_title; good, title, talk_title = pcall( getTitle, args[1] ); if not good then return error('Expensive parser function limit exceeded'); end if not title then return error('Page does not exist') end local mainpage = title.fullText; local talkpage = talk_title and talk_title.fullText or '' local editurl = title:fullUrl( 'action=edit' ); local viewLink, talkLink, editLink = 'view', 'talk', 'edit' if args.mini then viewLink, talkLink, editLink = 'v', 't', 'e' end local div = HtmlBuilder.create( 'div' ) div .addClass( 'noprint' ) .addClass( 'plainlinks' ) .addClass( 'hlist' ) .addClass( 'navbar') .cssText( args.style ) if args.mini then div.addClass('mini') end if not (args.mini or args.plain) then div .tag( 'span' ) .css( 'word-spacing', 0 ) .cssText( args.fontstyle ) .wikitext( args.text or 'This box:' ) .wikitext( ' ' ) end if args.brackets then div .tag('span') .css('margin-right', '-0.125em') .cssText( args.fontstyle ) .wikitext( '&#91;' ) .newline(); end local ul = div.tag('ul'); ul .tag( 'li' ) .addClass( 'nv-view' ) .wikitext( '[[' .. mainpage .. '|' ) .tag( 'span ' ) .attr( 'title', 'View this template' ) .cssText( args.fontstyle or '' ) .wikitext( viewLink ) .done() .wikitext( ']]' ) .done() .tag( 'li' ) .addClass( 'nv-talk' ) .wikitext( '[[' .. talkpage .. '|' ) .tag( 'span ' ) .attr( 'title', 'Discuss this template' ) .cssText( args.fontstyle or '' ) .wikitext( talkLink ) .done() .wikitext( ']]' ); if not args.noedit then ul .tag( 'li' ) .addClass( 'nv-edit' ) .wikitext( '[' .. editurl .. ' ' ) .tag( 'span ' ) .attr( 'title', 'Edit this template' ) .cssText( args.fontstyle or '' ) .wikitext( editLink ) .done() .wikitext( ']' ); end if args.brackets then div .tag('span') .css('margin-left', '-0.125em') .cssText( args.fontstyle or '' ) .wikitext( '&#93;' ) .newline(); end return tostring(div) end function p.navbar(frame) local origArgs -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args else origArgs = frame end -- ParserFunctions considers the empty string to be false, so to preserve the previous -- behavior of {{navbar}}, change any empty arguments to nil, so Lua will consider -- them false too. args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do if v ~= '' then args[k] = v end end return _navbar(args) end return p 924e9b311289b0949df21e826b581d4df207d4d5 387 2013-04-02T05:53:01Z Dragons flight 0 also trap talk title local p = {} local HtmlBuilder = require('Module:HtmlBuilder') function trim(s) return mw.ustring.match( s, "^%s*(.-)%s*$" ) end function error(s) local span = HtmlBuilder.create('span') span .addClass('error') .css('float', 'left') .css('white-space', 'nowrap') .wikitext('Error: ' .. s) return tostring(span) end function getTitle( pageName ) pageName = trim( pageName ); local page_title, talk_page_title; if mw.ustring.sub(pageName, 1, 1) == ':' then page_title = mw.title.new( mw.ustring.sub(pageName, 2) ); else page_title = mw.title.new( pageName, 'Template' ); end if page_title then talk_page_title = page_title.talkPageTitle; else talk_page_title = nil; end return page_title, talk_page_title; end function _navbar( args ) if not args[1] then return error('No name provided') end local good, title, talk_title; good, title, talk_title = pcall( getTitle, args[1] ); if not good then return error('Expensive parser function limit exceeded'); end if not title then return error('Page does not exist') end local mainpage = title.fullText; local talkpage = talk_title and talk_title.fullText or '' local editurl = title:fullUrl( 'action=edit' ); local viewLink, talkLink, editLink = 'view', 'talk', 'edit' if args.mini then viewLink, talkLink, editLink = 'v', 't', 'e' end local div = HtmlBuilder.create( 'div' ) div .addClass( 'noprint' ) .addClass( 'plainlinks' ) .addClass( 'hlist' ) .addClass( 'navbar') .cssText( args.style ) if args.mini then div.addClass('mini') end if not (args.mini or args.plain) then div .tag( 'span' ) .css( 'word-spacing', 0 ) .cssText( args.fontstyle ) .wikitext( args.text or 'This box:' ) .wikitext( ' ' ) end if args.brackets then div .tag('span') .css('margin-right', '-0.125em') .cssText( args.fontstyle ) .wikitext( '&#91;' ) .newline(); end local ul = div.tag('ul'); ul .tag( 'li' ) .addClass( 'nv-view' ) .wikitext( '[[' .. mainpage .. '|' ) .tag( 'span ' ) .attr( 'title', 'View this template' ) .cssText( args.fontstyle or '' ) .wikitext( viewLink ) .done() .wikitext( ']]' ) .done() .tag( 'li' ) .addClass( 'nv-talk' ) .wikitext( '[[' .. talkpage .. '|' ) .tag( 'span ' ) .attr( 'title', 'Discuss this template' ) .cssText( args.fontstyle or '' ) .wikitext( talkLink ) .done() .wikitext( ']]' ); if not args.noedit then ul .tag( 'li' ) .addClass( 'nv-edit' ) .wikitext( '[' .. editurl .. ' ' ) .tag( 'span ' ) .attr( 'title', 'Edit this template' ) .cssText( args.fontstyle or '' ) .wikitext( editLink ) .done() .wikitext( ']' ); end if args.brackets then div .tag('span') .css('margin-left', '-0.125em') .cssText( args.fontstyle or '' ) .wikitext( '&#93;' ) .newline(); end return tostring(div) end function p.navbar(frame) local origArgs -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args else origArgs = frame end -- ParserFunctions considers the empty string to be false, so to preserve the previous -- behavior of {{navbar}}, change any empty arguments to nil, so Lua will consider -- them false too. args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do if v ~= '' then args[k] = v end end return _navbar(args) end return p 924e9b311289b0949df21e826b581d4df207d4d5 0 174 390 389 2013-04-29T15:31:07Z Cyrus 1 1 revision -- -- This module will implement {{Navbox}} -- local p = {} local HtmlBuilder = require('Module:HtmlBuilder') local Navbar = require('Module:Navbar') local args local frame local tableRowAdded = false local border local listnums = {} function trim(s) return (mw.ustring.gsub(s, "^%s*(.-)%s*$", "%1")) end function addTableRow(tbl) -- If any other rows have already been added, then we add a 2px gutter row. if tableRowAdded then tbl .tag('tr') .css('height', '2px') .tag('td') end tableRowAdded = true return tbl.tag('tr') end -- -- Title row -- function renderTitleRow(tbl) if not args.title then return end local titleRow = addTableRow(tbl) if args.titlegroup then titleRow .tag('th') .attr('scope', 'row') .addClass('navbox-group') .addClass(args.titlegroupclass) .cssText(args.basestyle) .cssText(args.groupstyle) .cssText(args.titlegroupstyle) .wikitext(args.titlegroup) end local titleCell = titleRow.tag('th').attr('scope', 'col') if args.titlegroup then titleCell .css('border-left', '2px solid #fdfdfd') .css('width', '100%') end local titleColspan = 2 if args.imageleft then titleColspan = titleColspan + 1 end if args.image then titleColspan = titleColspan + 1 end if args.titlegroup then titleColspan = titleColspan - 1 end titleCell .cssText(args.basestyle) .cssText(args.titlestyle) .addClass('navbox-title') .attr('colspan', titleColspan) renderNavBar(titleCell) titleCell .tag('div') .addClass(args.titleclass) .css('font-size', '110%') .newline() .wikitext(args.title) end function renderNavBar(titleCell) -- Depending on the presence of the navbar and/or show/hide link, we may need to add a spacer div on the left -- or right to keep the title centered. local spacerSide = nil if args.navbar == 'off' then -- No navbar, and client wants no spacer, i.e. wants the title to be shifted to the left. If there's -- also no show/hide link, then we need a spacer on the right to achieve the left shift. if args.state == 'plain' then spacerSide = 'right' end elseif args.navbar == 'plain' or args.navbar == 'off' or (not args.name and (border == 'subgroup' or border == 'child' or border == 'none')) then -- No navbar. Need a spacer on the left to balance out the width of the show/hide link. if args.state ~= 'plain' then spacerSide = 'left' end else -- Will render navbar (or error message). If there's no show/hide link, need a spacer on the right -- to balance out the width of the navbar. if args.state == 'plain' then spacerSide = 'right' end titleCell.wikitext(Navbar.navbar({ args.name, mini = 1, fontstyle = (args.basestyle or '') .. ';' .. (args.titlestyle or '') .. ';background:none transparent;border:none;' })) end -- Render the spacer div. if spacerSide then titleCell .tag('span') .css('float', spacerSide) .css('width', '6em') .wikitext('&nbsp;') end end -- -- Above/Below rows -- function renderAboveRow(tbl) if not args.above then return end addTableRow(tbl) .tag('td') .addClass('navbox-abovebelow') .addClass(args.aboveclass) .cssText(args.basestyle) .cssText(args.abovestyle) .attr('colspan', getAboveBelowColspan()) .tag('div') .newline() .wikitext(args.above) end function renderBelowRow(tbl) if not args.below then return end addTableRow(tbl) .tag('td') .addClass('navbox-abovebelow') .addClass(args.belowclass) .cssText(args.basestyle) .cssText(args.belowstyle) .attr('colspan', getAboveBelowColspan()) .tag('div') .newline() .wikitext(args.below) end function getAboveBelowColspan() local ret = 2 if args.imageleft then ret = ret + 1 end if args.image then ret = ret + 1 end return ret end -- -- List rows -- function renderListRow(tbl, listnum) local row = addTableRow(tbl) if listnum == 1 and args.imageleft then row .tag('td') .addClass('navbox-image') .addClass(args.imageclass) .css('width', '0%') .css('padding', '0px 2px 0px 0px') .cssText(args.imageleftstyle) .attr('rowspan', 2 * #listnums - 1) .tag('div') .newline() .wikitext(args.imageleft) end if args['group' .. listnum] then local groupCell = row.tag('th') groupCell .attr('scope', 'row') .addClass('navbox-group') .addClass(args.groupclass) .cssText(args.basestyle) if args.groupwidth then groupCell.css('width', args.groupwidth) end groupCell .cssText(args.groupstyle) .cssText(args['group' .. listnum .. 'style']) .wikitext(args['group' .. listnum]) end local listCell = row.tag('td') if args['group' .. listnum] then listCell .css('text-align', 'left') .css('border-left-width', '2px') .css('border-left-style', 'solid') else listCell.attr('colspan', 2) end if not args.groupwidth then listCell.css('width', '100%') end local isOdd = (listnum % 2) == 1 local rowstyle = args.evenstyle if isOdd then rowstyle = args.oddstyle end local evenOdd if args.evenodd == 'swap' then if isOdd then evenOdd = 'even' else evenOdd = 'odd' end else if isOdd then evenOdd = args.evenodd or 'odd' else evenOdd = args.evenodd or 'even' end end listCell .css('padding', '0px') .cssText(args.liststyle) .cssText(rowstyle) .cssText(args['list' .. listnum .. 'style']) .addClass('navbox-list') .addClass('navbox-' .. evenOdd) .addClass(args.listclass) .tag('div') .css('padding', (listnum == 1 and args.list1padding) or args.listpadding or '0em 0.25em') .newline() .wikitext(args['list' .. listnum]) if listnum == 1 and args.image then row .tag('td') .addClass('navbox-image') .addClass(args.imageclass) .css('width', '0%') .css('padding', '0px 0px 0px 2px') .cssText(args.imagestyle) .attr('rowspan', 2 * #listnums - 1) .tag('div') .newline() .wikitext(args.image) end end -- -- Tracking categories -- function renderTrackingCategories(builder) local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() if not frame then return end local s = frame:preprocess('{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:10}}|1|0}}{{SUBPAGENAME}}') if mw.ustring.sub(s, 1, 1) == '0' then return end -- not in template space local subpage = mw.ustring.lower(mw.ustring.sub(s, 2)) if subpage == 'doc' or subpage == 'sandbox' or subpage == 'testcases' then return end for i, cat in ipairs(getTrackingCategories()) do builder.wikitext('[[Category:' .. cat .. ']]') end end function getTrackingCategories() local cats = {} if needsHorizontalLists() then table.insert(cats, 'Navigational boxes without horizontal lists') end if hasCustomListSpacing() then table.insert(cats, 'Navigational boxes with custom list spacing') end if hasBackgroundColors() then table.insert(cats, 'Navboxes using background colours') end return cats end function needsHorizontalLists() if border == 'child' or border == 'subgroup' or args.tracking == 'no' then return false end local listClasses = {'plainlist', 'hlist', 'hlist hnum', 'hlist vcard', 'vcard hlist'} for i, cls in ipairs(listClasses) do if args.listclass == cls or args.bodyclass == cls then return false end end return true end function hasCustomListSpacing() return args.liststyle == 'padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.3em;' or args.liststyle == 'padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;' or args.liststyle == 'padding:0.4em 0; line-height:1.4em;' end function hasBackgroundColors() return args.titlestyle or args.groupstyle end -- -- Main navbox tables -- function renderMainTable() local tbl = HtmlBuilder.create('table') .attr('cellspacing', 0) .addClass('nowraplinks') .addClass(args.bodyclass) if args.title and (args.state ~= 'plain' and args.state ~= 'off') then tbl .addClass('collapsible') .addClass(args.state or 'autocollapse') end tbl.css('border-spacing', 0) if border == 'subgroup' or border == 'child' or border == 'none' then tbl .addClass('navbox-subgroup') .cssText(args.bodystyle) .cssText(args.style) else -- regular navobx - bodystyle and style will be applied to the wrapper table tbl .addClass('navbox-inner') .css('background', 'transparent') .css('color', 'inherit') end tbl.cssText(args.innerstyle) renderTitleRow(tbl) renderAboveRow(tbl) for i, listnum in ipairs(listnums) do renderListRow(tbl, listnum) end renderBelowRow(tbl) return tbl end function p._navbox(navboxArgs) args = navboxArgs for k, v in pairs(args) do local listnum = ('' .. k):match('^list(%d+)$') if listnum then table.insert(listnums, tonumber(listnum)) end end table.sort(listnums) border = trim(args.border or args[1] or '') -- render the main body of the navbox local tbl = renderMainTable() -- render the appropriate wrapper around the navbox, depending on the border param local res = HtmlBuilder.create() if border == 'none' then res.node(tbl) elseif border == 'subgroup' or border == 'child' then -- We assume that this navbox is being rendered in a list cell of a parent navbox, and is -- therefore inside a div with padding:0em 0.25em. We start with a </div> to avoid the -- padding being applied, and at the end add a <div> to balance out the parent's </div> res .tag('/div', {unclosed = true}) .done() .node(tbl) .tag('div', {unclosed = true}) else res .tag('table') .attr('cellspacing', 0) .addClass('navbox') .css('border-spacing', 0) .cssText(args.bodystyle) .cssText(args.style) .tag('tr') .tag('td') .css('padding', '2px') .node(tbl) end renderTrackingCategories(res) return tostring(res) end function p.navbox(frame) -- ParserFunctions considers the empty string to be false, so to preserve the previous -- behavior of {{navbox}}, change any empty arguments to nil, so Lua will consider -- them false too. local args = {} local parent_args = frame:getParent().args; -- Out of order parsing bug. local temp; temp = parent_args.title; temp = parent_args.above; for i = 1, 20 do temp = parent_args["group" .. tostring(i)]; temp = parent_args["list" .. tostring(i)]; end temp = parent_args.below; for k, v in pairs(parent_args) do if v ~= '' then args[k] = v end end return p._navbox(args) end return p 9db303ea92eb13e17de7a082ff23a7a39b9c7fbe 389 2013-03-26T14:06:01Z Dragons flight 0 Manually force in order parsing of key fields -- -- This module will implement {{Navbox}} -- local p = {} local HtmlBuilder = require('Module:HtmlBuilder') local Navbar = require('Module:Navbar') local args local frame local tableRowAdded = false local border local listnums = {} function trim(s) return (mw.ustring.gsub(s, "^%s*(.-)%s*$", "%1")) end function addTableRow(tbl) -- If any other rows have already been added, then we add a 2px gutter row. if tableRowAdded then tbl .tag('tr') .css('height', '2px') .tag('td') end tableRowAdded = true return tbl.tag('tr') end -- -- Title row -- function renderTitleRow(tbl) if not args.title then return end local titleRow = addTableRow(tbl) if args.titlegroup then titleRow .tag('th') .attr('scope', 'row') .addClass('navbox-group') .addClass(args.titlegroupclass) .cssText(args.basestyle) .cssText(args.groupstyle) .cssText(args.titlegroupstyle) .wikitext(args.titlegroup) end local titleCell = titleRow.tag('th').attr('scope', 'col') if args.titlegroup then titleCell .css('border-left', '2px solid #fdfdfd') .css('width', '100%') end local titleColspan = 2 if args.imageleft then titleColspan = titleColspan + 1 end if args.image then titleColspan = titleColspan + 1 end if args.titlegroup then titleColspan = titleColspan - 1 end titleCell .cssText(args.basestyle) .cssText(args.titlestyle) .addClass('navbox-title') .attr('colspan', titleColspan) renderNavBar(titleCell) titleCell .tag('div') .addClass(args.titleclass) .css('font-size', '110%') .newline() .wikitext(args.title) end function renderNavBar(titleCell) -- Depending on the presence of the navbar and/or show/hide link, we may need to add a spacer div on the left -- or right to keep the title centered. local spacerSide = nil if args.navbar == 'off' then -- No navbar, and client wants no spacer, i.e. wants the title to be shifted to the left. If there's -- also no show/hide link, then we need a spacer on the right to achieve the left shift. if args.state == 'plain' then spacerSide = 'right' end elseif args.navbar == 'plain' or args.navbar == 'off' or (not args.name and (border == 'subgroup' or border == 'child' or border == 'none')) then -- No navbar. Need a spacer on the left to balance out the width of the show/hide link. if args.state ~= 'plain' then spacerSide = 'left' end else -- Will render navbar (or error message). If there's no show/hide link, need a spacer on the right -- to balance out the width of the navbar. if args.state == 'plain' then spacerSide = 'right' end titleCell.wikitext(Navbar.navbar({ args.name, mini = 1, fontstyle = (args.basestyle or '') .. ';' .. (args.titlestyle or '') .. ';background:none transparent;border:none;' })) end -- Render the spacer div. if spacerSide then titleCell .tag('span') .css('float', spacerSide) .css('width', '6em') .wikitext('&nbsp;') end end -- -- Above/Below rows -- function renderAboveRow(tbl) if not args.above then return end addTableRow(tbl) .tag('td') .addClass('navbox-abovebelow') .addClass(args.aboveclass) .cssText(args.basestyle) .cssText(args.abovestyle) .attr('colspan', getAboveBelowColspan()) .tag('div') .newline() .wikitext(args.above) end function renderBelowRow(tbl) if not args.below then return end addTableRow(tbl) .tag('td') .addClass('navbox-abovebelow') .addClass(args.belowclass) .cssText(args.basestyle) .cssText(args.belowstyle) .attr('colspan', getAboveBelowColspan()) .tag('div') .newline() .wikitext(args.below) end function getAboveBelowColspan() local ret = 2 if args.imageleft then ret = ret + 1 end if args.image then ret = ret + 1 end return ret end -- -- List rows -- function renderListRow(tbl, listnum) local row = addTableRow(tbl) if listnum == 1 and args.imageleft then row .tag('td') .addClass('navbox-image') .addClass(args.imageclass) .css('width', '0%') .css('padding', '0px 2px 0px 0px') .cssText(args.imageleftstyle) .attr('rowspan', 2 * #listnums - 1) .tag('div') .newline() .wikitext(args.imageleft) end if args['group' .. listnum] then local groupCell = row.tag('th') groupCell .attr('scope', 'row') .addClass('navbox-group') .addClass(args.groupclass) .cssText(args.basestyle) if args.groupwidth then groupCell.css('width', args.groupwidth) end groupCell .cssText(args.groupstyle) .cssText(args['group' .. listnum .. 'style']) .wikitext(args['group' .. listnum]) end local listCell = row.tag('td') if args['group' .. listnum] then listCell .css('text-align', 'left') .css('border-left-width', '2px') .css('border-left-style', 'solid') else listCell.attr('colspan', 2) end if not args.groupwidth then listCell.css('width', '100%') end local isOdd = (listnum % 2) == 1 local rowstyle = args.evenstyle if isOdd then rowstyle = args.oddstyle end local evenOdd if args.evenodd == 'swap' then if isOdd then evenOdd = 'even' else evenOdd = 'odd' end else if isOdd then evenOdd = args.evenodd or 'odd' else evenOdd = args.evenodd or 'even' end end listCell .css('padding', '0px') .cssText(args.liststyle) .cssText(rowstyle) .cssText(args['list' .. listnum .. 'style']) .addClass('navbox-list') .addClass('navbox-' .. evenOdd) .addClass(args.listclass) .tag('div') .css('padding', (listnum == 1 and args.list1padding) or args.listpadding or '0em 0.25em') .newline() .wikitext(args['list' .. listnum]) if listnum == 1 and args.image then row .tag('td') .addClass('navbox-image') .addClass(args.imageclass) .css('width', '0%') .css('padding', '0px 0px 0px 2px') .cssText(args.imagestyle) .attr('rowspan', 2 * #listnums - 1) .tag('div') .newline() .wikitext(args.image) end end -- -- Tracking categories -- function renderTrackingCategories(builder) local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() if not frame then return end local s = frame:preprocess('{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:10}}|1|0}}{{SUBPAGENAME}}') if mw.ustring.sub(s, 1, 1) == '0' then return end -- not in template space local subpage = mw.ustring.lower(mw.ustring.sub(s, 2)) if subpage == 'doc' or subpage == 'sandbox' or subpage == 'testcases' then return end for i, cat in ipairs(getTrackingCategories()) do builder.wikitext('[[Category:' .. cat .. ']]') end end function getTrackingCategories() local cats = {} if needsHorizontalLists() then table.insert(cats, 'Navigational boxes without horizontal lists') end if hasCustomListSpacing() then table.insert(cats, 'Navigational boxes with custom list spacing') end if hasBackgroundColors() then table.insert(cats, 'Navboxes using background colours') end return cats end function needsHorizontalLists() if border == 'child' or border == 'subgroup' or args.tracking == 'no' then return false end local listClasses = {'plainlist', 'hlist', 'hlist hnum', 'hlist vcard', 'vcard hlist'} for i, cls in ipairs(listClasses) do if args.listclass == cls or args.bodyclass == cls then return false end end return true end function hasCustomListSpacing() return args.liststyle == 'padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.3em;' or args.liststyle == 'padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;' or args.liststyle == 'padding:0.4em 0; line-height:1.4em;' end function hasBackgroundColors() return args.titlestyle or args.groupstyle end -- -- Main navbox tables -- function renderMainTable() local tbl = HtmlBuilder.create('table') .attr('cellspacing', 0) .addClass('nowraplinks') .addClass(args.bodyclass) if args.title and (args.state ~= 'plain' and args.state ~= 'off') then tbl .addClass('collapsible') .addClass(args.state or 'autocollapse') end tbl.css('border-spacing', 0) if border == 'subgroup' or border == 'child' or border == 'none' then tbl .addClass('navbox-subgroup') .cssText(args.bodystyle) .cssText(args.style) else -- regular navobx - bodystyle and style will be applied to the wrapper table tbl .addClass('navbox-inner') .css('background', 'transparent') .css('color', 'inherit') end tbl.cssText(args.innerstyle) renderTitleRow(tbl) renderAboveRow(tbl) for i, listnum in ipairs(listnums) do renderListRow(tbl, listnum) end renderBelowRow(tbl) return tbl end function p._navbox(navboxArgs) args = navboxArgs for k, v in pairs(args) do local listnum = ('' .. k):match('^list(%d+)$') if listnum then table.insert(listnums, tonumber(listnum)) end end table.sort(listnums) border = trim(args.border or args[1] or '') -- render the main body of the navbox local tbl = renderMainTable() -- render the appropriate wrapper around the navbox, depending on the border param local res = HtmlBuilder.create() if border == 'none' then res.node(tbl) elseif border == 'subgroup' or border == 'child' then -- We assume that this navbox is being rendered in a list cell of a parent navbox, and is -- therefore inside a div with padding:0em 0.25em. We start with a </div> to avoid the -- padding being applied, and at the end add a <div> to balance out the parent's </div> res .tag('/div', {unclosed = true}) .done() .node(tbl) .tag('div', {unclosed = true}) else res .tag('table') .attr('cellspacing', 0) .addClass('navbox') .css('border-spacing', 0) .cssText(args.bodystyle) .cssText(args.style) .tag('tr') .tag('td') .css('padding', '2px') .node(tbl) end renderTrackingCategories(res) return tostring(res) end function p.navbox(frame) -- ParserFunctions considers the empty string to be false, so to preserve the previous -- behavior of {{navbox}}, change any empty arguments to nil, so Lua will consider -- them false too. local args = {} local parent_args = frame:getParent().args; -- Out of order parsing bug. local temp; temp = parent_args.title; temp = parent_args.above; for i = 1, 20 do temp = parent_args["group" .. tostring(i)]; temp = parent_args["list" .. tostring(i)]; end temp = parent_args.below; for k, v in pairs(parent_args) do if v ~= '' then args[k] = v end end return p._navbox(args) end return p 9db303ea92eb13e17de7a082ff23a7a39b9c7fbe 0 70 183 182 2013-04-29T12:30:31Z Cyrus 1 1 revision -- This module implements {{Portal}} local p = {} local HtmlBuilder = require('Module:HtmlBuilder') local HtmlError = require('Module:Error') -- This function generates the html code. local function _portal(args) local root = HtmlBuilder.create('div') root .addClass('noprint') .addClass((args.left == 'yes' and 'tleft') or 'tright') .addClass('portal') .css('border', 'solid #aaa 1px') .css('margin', args.margin or (args.left == 'yes' and '0.5em 1em 0.5em 0') or '0.5em 0 0.5em 1em') .newline() -- Start the table. This corresponds to the start of the wikitext table -- in the old [[Template:Portal]]. local tableroot = root.tag('table') .css('background', '#f9f9f9') .css('font-size', '85%') .css('line-height', '110%') .css('max-width', '175px') .css('width', args.boxsize and (args.boxsize .. 'px')) -- If no portals have been specified, display an error and add the page to a tracking category. if not args[1] then tableroot.wikitext( tostring(HtmlError.error{'No portals specified: please specify at least one portal'}) .. '[[Category:Portal templates without a parameter]]' ) end -- Display the portals specified in the positional arguments. for i,v in ipairs(args) do v = mw.ustring.match(v, '^%s*(.*%S)') or '' -- Trim whitespace. -- Portal image names are stored in subtemplates of [[Template:Portal/Images]]. -- The name of the subtemplate is the portal name in all lower case, but with -- the first character in upper case. -- Work out the image subtemplate location. local lang = mw.getContentLanguage() local imagetemplatename = 'Portal/Images/' .. lang:ucfirst(lang:lc(v)) -- Check the image template name. We need three checks: 1) check with pcall to see if -- we are over the expensive function call limit; 2) check if the proposed image template -- name uses invalid characters (mw.title.new returns nil if this is the case); and 3) -- check if the image subtemplate exists. local goodtitlecall, imagetemplateobject = pcall(mw.title.new, imagetemplatename, 'Template') if not (goodtitlecall and imagetemplateobject and imagetemplateobject.exists) then imagetemplatename = 'Portal/Images/Default' end -- Expand the image subtemplate to get the image name local imagename = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{ title = imagetemplatename } -- Generate the html for the image and the portal name. tableroot .newline() .tag('tr') .attr('valign', 'middle') .tag('td') .css('text-align', 'center') .wikitext('[[File:' .. imagename .. '|32x28px|alt=Portal icon]]') .done() .tag('td') .css('padding', '0 0.2em') .css('vertical-align', 'middle') .css('font-style', 'italic') .css('font-weight', 'bold') .wikitext('[[Portal:' .. v .. '|' .. v .. ((args['break'] == 'yes' and '<br />') or ' ') .. 'portal]]') end return tostring(root) end -- This function gets the arguments passed to the module and passes them -- to the _portal() function above. function p.portal(frame) local orig_args if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then -- We're being called via #invoke. If the invoking template passed any arguments, -- use them. Otherwise, use the arguments that were passed into the template. orig_args = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do orig_args = frame.args break end else -- We're being called from another module or from the debug console, so assume -- the arguments are passed in directly. orig_args = frame end -- We want to list all the portals in the order they were passed to the template. -- We also want to be able to deal with positional arguments passed explicitly, -- for example {{portal|2=Politics}}. However, pairs() doesn't guarantee the correct -- order, and ipairs() will stop after the first nil value. To get around this, we -- create a new table of arguments where nil values have been removed, so that we -- can traverse the numerical arguments using ipairs(). We also remove values which -- only consist of whitespace. ParserFunctions considers these to be false, and by -- removing them Lua will consider them false too. local args = {} -- Arguments table. local name_args = {} -- Temporary table for named arguments. for k, v in pairs(orig_args) do if mw.ustring.match(v, '%S') then -- Remove values that are only whitespace. if type(k) == 'number' then table.insert(args, k) -- Put positional argument keys into the arguments table so we can sort them. else -- Put named argument values in their own table while we sort the positional arguments, -- so that we don't have to cycle through all the original arguments again. name_args[k] = v end end end table.sort(args) -- Sort the positional argument keys into numerical order. for i,v in ipairs(args) do args[i] = orig_args[v] -- Replace positional argument keys with their corresponding values. end for k,v in pairs(name_args) do args[k] = v -- Add named arguments to the args table end return _portal(args) end return p 865d6e3b9dc24f61ad0601275d05e256f46add51 182 2013-04-04T13:43:33Z Mr. Stradivarius 0 Protected Module:Portal: [[WP:High-risk templates|Highly visible template or Lua module]] ([Edit=Block all non-admin users] (indefinite) [Move=Block all non-admin users] (indefinite)) -- This module implements {{Portal}} local p = {} local HtmlBuilder = require('Module:HtmlBuilder') local HtmlError = require('Module:Error') -- This function generates the html code. local function _portal(args) local root = HtmlBuilder.create('div') root .addClass('noprint') .addClass((args.left == 'yes' and 'tleft') or 'tright') .addClass('portal') .css('border', 'solid #aaa 1px') .css('margin', args.margin or (args.left == 'yes' and '0.5em 1em 0.5em 0') or '0.5em 0 0.5em 1em') .newline() -- Start the table. This corresponds to the start of the wikitext table -- in the old [[Template:Portal]]. local tableroot = root.tag('table') .css('background', '#f9f9f9') .css('font-size', '85%') .css('line-height', '110%') .css('max-width', '175px') .css('width', args.boxsize and (args.boxsize .. 'px')) -- If no portals have been specified, display an error and add the page to a tracking category. if not args[1] then tableroot.wikitext( tostring(HtmlError.error{'No portals specified: please specify at least one portal'}) .. '[[Category:Portal templates without a parameter]]' ) end -- Display the portals specified in the positional arguments. for i,v in ipairs(args) do v = mw.ustring.match(v, '^%s*(.*%S)') or '' -- Trim whitespace. -- Portal image names are stored in subtemplates of [[Template:Portal/Images]]. -- The name of the subtemplate is the portal name in all lower case, but with -- the first character in upper case. -- Work out the image subtemplate location. local lang = mw.getContentLanguage() local imagetemplatename = 'Portal/Images/' .. lang:ucfirst(lang:lc(v)) -- Check the image template name. We need three checks: 1) check with pcall to see if -- we are over the expensive function call limit; 2) check if the proposed image template -- name uses invalid characters (mw.title.new returns nil if this is the case); and 3) -- check if the image subtemplate exists. local goodtitlecall, imagetemplateobject = pcall(mw.title.new, imagetemplatename, 'Template') if not (goodtitlecall and imagetemplateobject and imagetemplateobject.exists) then imagetemplatename = 'Portal/Images/Default' end -- Expand the image subtemplate to get the image name local imagename = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{ title = imagetemplatename } -- Generate the html for the image and the portal name. tableroot .newline() .tag('tr') .attr('valign', 'middle') .tag('td') .css('text-align', 'center') .wikitext('[[File:' .. imagename .. '|32x28px|alt=Portal icon]]') .done() .tag('td') .css('padding', '0 0.2em') .css('vertical-align', 'middle') .css('font-style', 'italic') .css('font-weight', 'bold') .wikitext('[[Portal:' .. v .. '|' .. v .. ((args['break'] == 'yes' and '<br />') or ' ') .. 'portal]]') end return tostring(root) end -- This function gets the arguments passed to the module and passes them -- to the _portal() function above. function p.portal(frame) local orig_args if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then -- We're being called via #invoke. If the invoking template passed any arguments, -- use them. Otherwise, use the arguments that were passed into the template. orig_args = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do orig_args = frame.args break end else -- We're being called from another module or from the debug console, so assume -- the arguments are passed in directly. orig_args = frame end -- We want to list all the portals in the order they were passed to the template. -- We also want to be able to deal with positional arguments passed explicitly, -- for example {{portal|2=Politics}}. However, pairs() doesn't guarantee the correct -- order, and ipairs() will stop after the first nil value. To get around this, we -- create a new table of arguments where nil values have been removed, so that we -- can traverse the numerical arguments using ipairs(). We also remove values which -- only consist of whitespace. ParserFunctions considers these to be false, and by -- removing them Lua will consider them false too. local args = {} -- Arguments table. local name_args = {} -- Temporary table for named arguments. for k, v in pairs(orig_args) do if mw.ustring.match(v, '%S') then -- Remove values that are only whitespace. if type(k) == 'number' then table.insert(args, k) -- Put positional argument keys into the arguments table so we can sort them. else -- Put named argument values in their own table while we sort the positional arguments, -- so that we don't have to cycle through all the original arguments again. name_args[k] = v end end end table.sort(args) -- Sort the positional argument keys into numerical order. for i,v in ipairs(args) do args[i] = orig_args[v] -- Replace positional argument keys with their corresponding values. end for k,v in pairs(name_args) do args[k] = v -- Add named arguments to the args table end return _portal(args) end return p 865d6e3b9dc24f61ad0601275d05e256f46add51 0 277 686 2015-04-26T23:00:11Z BrookePinckney 25 Created page with "Keep up using the competition so you could possibly hit the prospective soon. 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This generates a totally new game that individuals like you might have to experience if they want to remain in a position SERP. Each surgeon has their very own ways to correct the problem. This is manipulation of cheap labour, taking benefit of good artists that cannot get exposure and selling for huge gains by people who don't absolutely need it. c9282987e1aa3e36c16675a707fba3acb16cd659 0 190 472 471 2013-04-30T17:26:51Z Cyrus 1 Node-Litecoin is a simple node.js wrapper for the Litecoin client's JSON-RPC API. The API is equivalent to the API document [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list here]. The methods are exposed as lower camelcase methods on the <code>litecoin.Client</code> object. == Install == <code>npm install litecoin</code> == Setup == <ol style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <li><p>Traverse to <code>~/.litecoin</code> or <code>~/Library/Application Support/Litecoin</code> and add a file called <code>litecoin.conf</code> if it doesn't already exist.</p></li> <li><p>Add these lines to the file:</p> <code><p>rpcuser=username</p> <p>rpcpassword=password</p></code></li></ol> You will use these to login to the server. <ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <li><p>Start your Litecoin client with the <code>-server</code> argument or run <code>litecoind</code></p></li> <li><p>You should now be able to communicate with Litecoin JSON-RPC API using the node-litecoin library, try it out!</p></li></ol> == Examples == === Create client === <pre class="js">var litecoin = require('litecoin'); var client = new litecoin.Client('localhost', 9332, 'username', 'password'); </pre> === Create client with single object === <pre class="js">var client = new litecoin.Client({ host: 'localhost', port: 9332, username: 'username', password: 'password' });</pre> === Get balance across all accounts with minimum confirmations of 6 === <pre class="js"> client.getBalance('*', 6, function(err, balance) { if (err) console.log(err); console.log('Balance: ' + balance); });</pre> === Get the network hash rate === <pre class="js">client.getNetworkHashPS(function(err, hashps) { if (err) console.log(err); console.log('Network Hash Rate: ' + hashps); });</pre> :''Sourced from [https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/wiki/node-litecoin Node Litcoin] e03e14ecd3388d93ee88595a9b5f3533a17a6573 471 467 2013-04-30T17:26:09Z Cyrus 1 Node-Litecoin is a simple node.js wrapper for the Litecoin client's JSON-RPC API. The API is equivalent to the API document [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list here]. The methods are exposed as lower camelcase methods on the <code>litecoin.Client</code> object. == Install == <code>npm install litecoin</code> == Setup == <ol style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <li><p>Traverse to <code>~/.litecoin</code> or <code>~/Library/Application Support/Litecoin</code> and add a file called <code>litecoin.conf</code> if it doesn't already exist.</p></li> <li><p>Add these lines to the file:</p> <p>rpcuser=username</p> <p>rpcpassword=password</p></li></ol> You will use these to login to the server. <ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <li><p>Start your Litecoin client with the <code>-server</code> argument or run <code>litecoind</code></p></li> <li><p>You should now be able to communicate with Litecoin JSON-RPC API using the node-litecoin library, try it out!</p></li></ol> == Examples == === Create client === <pre class="js">var litecoin = require('litecoin'); var client = new litecoin.Client('localhost', 9332, 'username', 'password'); </pre> === Create client with single object === <pre class="js">var client = new litecoin.Client({ host: 'localhost', port: 9332, username: 'username', password: 'password' });</pre> === Get balance across all accounts with minimum confirmations of 6 === <pre class="js"> client.getBalance('*', 6, function(err, balance) { if (err) console.log(err); console.log('Balance: ' + balance); });</pre> === Get the network hash rate === <pre class="js">client.getNetworkHashPS(function(err, hashps) { if (err) console.log(err); console.log('Network Hash Rate: ' + hashps); });</pre> :''Sourced from [https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/wiki/node-litecoin Node Litcoin] 7e7e44049d0674cae740d54fd56d2734cc81708d 467 460 2013-04-30T17:23:46Z Cyrus 1 = Node-Litecoin = Node-Litecoin is a simple node.js wrapper for the Litecoin client's JSON-RPC API. The API is equivalent to the API document [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list here]. The methods are exposed as lower camelcase methods on the <code>litecoin.Client</code> object. == Install == <code>npm install litecoin</code> == Setup == <ol style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <li><p>Traverse to <code>~/.litecoin</code> or <code>~/Library/Application Support/Litecoin</code> and add a file called <code>litecoin.conf</code> if it doesn't already exist.</p></li> <li><p>Add these lines to the file:</p> <p>rpcuser=username</p> <p>rpcpassword=password</p></li></ol> You will use these to login to the server. <ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <li><p>Start your Litecoin client with the <code>-server</code> argument or run <code>litecoind</code></p></li> <li><p>You should now be able to communicate with Litecoin JSON-RPC API using the node-litecoin library, try it out!</p></li></ol> == Examples == === Create client === <pre class="js">var litecoin = require('litecoin'); var client = new litecoin.Client('localhost', 9332, 'username', 'password'); </pre> === Create client with single object === <pre class="js">var client = new litecoin.Client({ host: 'localhost', port: 9332, username: 'username', password: 'password' });</pre> === Get balance across all accounts with minimum confirmations of 6 === <pre class="js"> client.getBalance('*', 6, function(err, balance) { if (err) console.log(err); console.log('Balance: ' + balance); });</pre> === Get the network hash rate === <pre class="js">client.getNetworkHashPS(function(err, hashps) { if (err) console.log(err); console.log('Network Hash Rate: ' + hashps); });</pre> :''Sourced from [https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/wiki/node-litecoin Node Litcoin] 3ee4f0303250242a7424ca1a6a950efe5853948b 460 459 2013-04-30T13:30:58Z Cyrus 1 = node-litecoin = node-litecoin is a simple node.js wrapper for the Litecoin client's JSON-RPC API. The API is equivalent to the API document [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list here]. The methods are exposed as lower camelcase methods on the <code>litecoin.Client</code> object. == Install == <code>npm install litecoin</code> == Setup == <ol style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <li><p>Traverse to <code>~/.litecoin</code> or <code>~/Library/Application Support/Litecoin</code> and add a file called <code>litecoin.conf</code> if it doesn't already exist.</p></li> <li><p>Add these lines to the file:</p> <p>rpcuser=username</p> <p>rpcpassword=password</p></li></ol> You will use these to login to the server. <ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <li><p>Start your Litecoin client with the <code>-server</code> argument or run <code>litecoind</code></p></li> <li><p>You should now be able to communicate with Litecoin JSON-RPC API using the node-litecoin library, try it out!</p></li></ol> == Examples == === Create client === <pre class="js">var litecoin = require('litecoin'); var client = new litecoin.Client('localhost', 9332, 'username', 'password'); </pre> === Create client with single object === <pre class="js">var client = new litecoin.Client({ host: 'localhost', port: 9332, username: 'username', password: 'password' });</pre> === Get balance across all accounts with minimum confirmations of 6 === <pre class="js"> client.getBalance('*', 6, function(err, balance) { if (err) console.log(err); console.log('Balance: ' + balance); });</pre> === Get the network hash rate === <pre class="js">client.getNetworkHashPS(function(err, hashps) { if (err) console.log(err); console.log('Network Hash Rate: ' + hashps); });</pre> :''Sourced from [https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/wiki/node-litecoin Node Litcoin] 6bb033abbf0b8c1d52191eabf4b465ea6d017c14 459 458 2013-04-30T13:29:51Z Cyrus 1 = node-litecoin = node-litecoin is a simple node.js wrapper for the Litecoin client's JSON-RPC API. The API is equivalent to the API document [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list here]. The methods are exposed as lower camelcase methods on the <code>litecoin.Client</code> object. == Install == <code>npm install litecoin</code> == Setup == <ol style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <li><p>Traverse to <code>~/.litecoin</code> or <code>~/Library/Application Support/Litecoin</code> and add a file called <code>litecoin.conf</code> if it doesn't already exist.</p></li> <li><p>Add these lines to the file:</p> <p>rpcuser=username</p> <p>rpcpassword=password</p></li></ol> You will use these to login to the server. <ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <li><p>Start your Litecoin client with the <code>-server</code> argument or run <code>litecoind</code></p></li> <li><p>You should now be able to communicate with Litecoin JSON-RPC API using the node-litecoin library, try it out!</p></li></ol> == Examples == === Create client === <pre class="js">var litecoin = require('litecoin'); var client = new litecoin.Client('localhost', 9332, 'username', 'password'); </pre> === Create client with single object === <pre class="js">var client = new litecoin.Client({ host: 'localhost', port: 9332, username: 'username', password: 'password' });</pre> === Get balance across all accounts with minimum confirmations of 6 === <pre class="js"> client.getBalance('*', 6, function(err, balance) { if (err) console.log(err); console.log('Balance: ' + balance); });</pre> === Get the network hash rate === <pre class="js">client.getNetworkHashPS(function(err, hashps) { if (err) console.log(err); console.log('Network Hash Rate: ' + hashps); });</pre> :''Sourced from [https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/wiki/node-litecoin] fa734f2e8a2c9e5830fea0cb2aa7f87920a1d63c 458 457 2013-04-30T13:28:13Z Cyrus 1 /* Examples */ = node-litecoin = node-litecoin is a simple node.js wrapper for the Litecoin client's JSON-RPC API. The API is equivalent to the API document [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list here]. The methods are exposed as lower camelcase methods on the <code>litecoin.Client</code> object. == Install == <code>npm install litecoin</code> == Setup == <ol style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <li><p>Traverse to <code>~/.litecoin</code> or <code>~/Library/Application Support/Litecoin</code> and add a file called <code>litecoin.conf</code> if it doesn't already exist.</p></li> <li><p>Add these lines to the file:</p> <p>rpcuser=username</p> <p>rpcpassword=password</p></li></ol> You will use these to login to the server. <ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <li><p>Start your Litecoin client with the <code>-server</code> argument or run <code>litecoind</code></p></li> <li><p>You should now be able to communicate with Litecoin JSON-RPC API using the node-litecoin library, try it out!</p></li></ol> == Examples == === Create client === <pre class="js">var litecoin = require('litecoin'); var client = new litecoin.Client('localhost', 9332, 'username', 'password'); </pre> === Create client with single object === <pre class="js">var client = new litecoin.Client({ host: 'localhost', port: 9332, username: 'username', password: 'password' });</pre> === Get balance across all accounts with minimum confirmations of 6 === <pre class="js"> client.getBalance('*', 6, function(err, balance) { if (err) console.log(err); console.log('Balance: ' + balance); });</pre> === Get the network hash rate === <pre class="js">client.getNetworkHashPS(function(err, hashps) { if (err) console.log(err); console.log('Network Hash Rate: ' + hashps); });</pre> 855c1fc82201e6a387c257123452b7cadb0129a0 457 456 2013-04-30T13:25:40Z Cyrus 1 /* Examples */ = node-litecoin = node-litecoin is a simple node.js wrapper for the Litecoin client's JSON-RPC API. The API is equivalent to the API document [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list here]. The methods are exposed as lower camelcase methods on the <code>litecoin.Client</code> object. == Install == <code>npm install litecoin</code> == Setup == <ol style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <li><p>Traverse to <code>~/.litecoin</code> or <code>~/Library/Application Support/Litecoin</code> and add a file called <code>litecoin.conf</code> if it doesn't already exist.</p></li> <li><p>Add these lines to the file:</p> <p>rpcuser=username</p> <p>rpcpassword=password</p></li></ol> You will use these to login to the server. <ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <li><p>Start your Litecoin client with the <code>-server</code> argument or run <code>litecoind</code></p></li> <li><p>You should now be able to communicate with Litecoin JSON-RPC API using the node-litecoin library, try it out!</p></li></ol> == Examples == ### Create client <code>js var litecoin = require('litecoin'); var client = new litecoin.Client('localhost', 9332, 'username', 'password');</code> === Create client with single object === <pre class="js">var client = new litecoin.Client({ host: 'localhost', port: 9332, username: 'username', password: 'password' });</pre> === Get balance across all accounts with minimum confirmations of 6 === <pre class="js"> client.getBalance('*', 6, function(err, balance) { if (err) console.log(err); console.log('Balance: ' + balance); });</pre> === Get the network hash rate === <pre class="js">client.getNetworkHashPS(function(err, hashps) { if (err) console.log(err); console.log('Network Hash Rate: ' + hashps); });</pre> 3f253b30cf789e1d52a461b7332d2b58ec8342e1 456 455 2013-04-30T13:24:02Z Cyrus 1 = node-litecoin = node-litecoin is a simple node.js wrapper for the Litecoin client's JSON-RPC API. The API is equivalent to the API document [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list here]. The methods are exposed as lower camelcase methods on the <code>litecoin.Client</code> object. == Install == <code>npm install litecoin</code> == Setup == <ol style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <li><p>Traverse to <code>~/.litecoin</code> or <code>~/Library/Application Support/Litecoin</code> and add a file called <code>litecoin.conf</code> if it doesn't already exist.</p></li> <li><p>Add these lines to the file:</p> <p>rpcuser=username</p> <p>rpcpassword=password</p></li></ol> You will use these to login to the server. <ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <li><p>Start your Litecoin client with the <code>-server</code> argument or run <code>litecoind</code></p></li> <li><p>You should now be able to communicate with Litecoin JSON-RPC API using the node-litecoin library, try it out!</p></li></ol> == Examples == ### Create client <code>js var litecoin = require('litecoin'); var client = new litecoin.Client('localhost', 9332, 'username', 'password');</code> === Create client with single object === <pre class="js">var client = new litecoin.Client({ host: 'localhost', port: 9332, username: 'username', password: 'password' });</pre> === Get balance across all accounts with minimum confirmations of 6 === <pre class="js"> client.getBalance('*', 6, function(err, balance) { if (err) console.log(err); console.log('Balance: ' + balance); });</pre> === Get the network hash rate === <pre class="js">client.getNetworkHashPS(function(err, hashps) { if (err) console.log(err); console.log('Network Hash Rate: ' + hashps); });</pre> e63103fc7aa191e4921a2474a91621405a57ce97 455 454 2013-04-30T13:23:12Z Cyrus 1 = node-litecoin = node-litecoin is a simple node.js wrapper for the Litecoin client's JSON-RPC API. The API is equivalent to the API document [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list here]. The methods are exposed as lower camelcase methods on the <code>litecoin.Client</code> object. == Install == <code>npm install litecoin</code> == Setup == <ol style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <li><p>Traverse to <code>~/.litecoin</code> or <code>~/Library/Application Support/Litecoin</code> and add a file called <code>litecoin.conf</code> if it doesn't already exist.</p></li> <li><p>Add these lines to the file:</p> <p>rpcuser=username</p> <p>rpcpassword=password</p></li></ol> You will use these to login to the server. <ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <li><p>Start your Litecoin client with the <code>-server</code> argument or run <code>litecoind</code></p></li> <li><p>You should now be able to communicate with Litecoin JSON-RPC API using the node-litecoin library, try it out!</p></li></ol> == Examples == 99f7f23b073bfcd0c88db18dad69fe729b60b121 454 453 2013-04-30T13:14:28Z Cyrus 1 # node-litecoin node-litecoin is a simple node.js wrapper for the Litecoin client's JSON-RPC API. The API is equivalent to the API document [here](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list). The methods are exposed as lower camelcase methods on the `litecoin.Client` object. == Install == `npm install litecoin` == Setup == 1. Traverse to `~/.litecoin` or `~/Library/Application Support/Litecoin` and add a file called `litecoin.conf` if it doesn't already exist. 2. Add these lines to the file: rpcuser=username rpcpassword=password You will use these to login to the server. 3. Start your Litecoin client with the `-server` argument or run `litecoind` 4. You should now be able to communicate with Litecoin JSON-RPC API using the node-litecoin library, try it out! ## Examples ### Create client ```js var litecoin = require('litecoin'); var client = new litecoin.Client('localhost', 9332, 'username', 'password'); ``` ### Create client with single object ```js var client = new litecoin.Client({ host: 'localhost', port: 9332, username: 'username', password: 'password' }); ``` ### Get balance across all accounts with minimum confirmations of 6 ```js client.getBalance('*', 6, function(err, balance) { if (err) console.log(err); console.log('Balance: ' + balance); }); ``` ### Get the network hash rate ```js client.getNetworkHashPS(function(err, hashps) { if (err) console.log(err); console.log('Network Hash Rate: ' + hashps); }); ``` 33ce49187660ba6491e5518aa65b3e7d3e81d518 453 2013-04-30T13:13:12Z Cyrus 1 Created page with "# node-litecoin node-litecoin is a simple node.js wrapper for the Litecoin client's JSON-RPC API. The API is equivalent to the API document [here](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki..." # node-litecoin node-litecoin is a simple node.js wrapper for the Litecoin client's JSON-RPC API. The API is equivalent to the API document [here](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Original_Bitcoin_client/API_Calls_list). The methods are exposed as lower camelcase methods on the `litecoin.Client` object. ## Install `npm install litecoin` ## Setup 1. Traverse to `~/.litecoin` or `~/Library/Application Support/Litecoin` and add a file called `litecoin.conf` if it doesn't already exist. 2. Add these lines to the file: rpcuser=username rpcpassword=password You will use these to login to the server. 3. Start your Litecoin client with the `-server` argument or run `litecoind` 4. You should now be able to communicate with Litecoin JSON-RPC API using the node-litecoin library, try it out! ## Examples ### Create client ```js var litecoin = require('litecoin'); var client = new litecoin.Client('localhost', 9332, 'username', 'password'); ``` ### Create client with single object ```js var client = new litecoin.Client({ host: 'localhost', port: 9332, username: 'username', password: 'password' }); ``` ### Get balance across all accounts with minimum confirmations of 6 ```js client.getBalance('*', 6, function(err, balance) { if (err) console.log(err); console.log('Balance: ' + balance); }); ``` ### Get the network hash rate ```js client.getNetworkHashPS(function(err, hashps) { if (err) console.log(err); console.log('Network Hash Rate: ' + hashps); }); ``` 7dfa13c8f73ddd8ab8b7b80e63022d573b7a9726 0 207 510 2014-12-14T19:52:51Z BismaKaiser 195 Created page with "Tapi untuk membantu Anda menemukan gaya unik Anda sendiri fashion, tidak apa-apa karena ada . banyak sumber daya yang tersedia tidak hanya mengajarkan Anda tentang fashion pad..." 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Now another new feature rolling out in the next week '. c66125767b3b9cf571c4114b2bdc5f1d97e514c4 0 102 246 245 2013-04-29T15:30:51Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{Distinguish|point-to-point (disambiguation)}} {{About|peer-to-peer computing}} {{multiple issues| {{refimprove|date=September 2010}} {{Cleanup|date=June 2009}} }} [[Image:P2P-network.svg|thumb|200px|A peer-to-peer system of nodes without central infrastructure.]] [[Image:Server-based-network.svg|thumb|200px|Centralized server-based service model (not peer-to-peer).]] '''Peer-to-peer''' ('''P2P''') computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or work loads between peers. Peers are equally privileged, equipotent participants in the application. They are said to form a peer-to-peer network of nodes. Peers make a portion of their resources, such as processing power, disk storage or network bandwidth, directly available to other network participants, without the need for central coordination by servers or stable hosts.<ref>Rüdiger Schollmeier, ''A Definition of Peer-to-Peer Networking for the Classification of Peer-to-Peer Architectures and Applications'', Proceedings of the First International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing, IEEE (2002).</ref> Peers are both suppliers and consumers of resources, in contrast to the traditional [[client–server]] model where the consumption and supply of resources is always divided. Emerging collaborative P2P systems are going beyond the era of peers doing similar things while sharing resources, and are looking for diverse peers that can bring in unique resources and capabilities to a virtual community thereby empowering it to engage in greater tasks beyond those that can be accomplished by individual peers, yet that are beneficial to all the peers.<ref name=CP2P>{{cite journal|last=Bandara|first=H. M. N. D|coauthors=A. P. Jayasumana|title=Collaborative Applications over Peer-to-Peer Systems – Challenges and Solutions|journal=Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications|year=2012|doi=10.1007/s12083-012-0157-3}}</ref> The first P2P distributed system platform was Pipes Platform by PeerLogic.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} One of PeerLogic's first licensees was [[Texas Instruments]] in 1993. While P2P systems were used in many application domains,<ref>D. Barkai, ''Peer-to-Peer Computing'', Intel Press, 2002.</ref> the architecture was popularized by the file sharing system [[Napster]], originally released in 1999. The concept has inspired new structures and philosophies in many areas of human interaction. In such social contexts, [[peer-to-peer (meme)|peer-to-peer as a meme]] refers to the [[egalitarianism|egalitarian]] [[social network]]ing that has emerged throughout [[society]], enabled by [[Internet]] technologies in general. ==Architecture of P2P systems== Peer-to-peer systems often implement an abstract [[overlay network]], built at the [[Application Layer]], on top of the native or physical network topology. Such overlays are used for indexing and peer discovery and make the P2P system independent from the physical network topology. Content is typically exchanged directly over the underlying [[Internet Protocol]] (IP) network. [[Anonymous P2P|Anonymous peer-to-peer]] systems are an exception, and implement extra routing layers to obscure the identity of the source or destination user/node. A pure P2P network does not have the notion of [[client (computing)|clients]] or servers but only equal ''[[Peer group (computer networking)|peer]]'' nodes that simultaneously function as both "clients" and "servers" to the other nodes on the network. This model of network arrangement differs from the [[client–server]] model where communication is usually to and from a central server. A typical example of a file transfer that does not use the P2P model is the [[File Transfer Protocol]] (FTP) service in which the client and server programs are distinct: the clients initiate the transfer, and the servers satisfy these requests. The P2P [[overlay network]] consists of all the participating peers as network nodes. There are links between any two nodes that know each other: i.e. if a participating peer knows the location of another peer in the P2P network, then there is a directed edge from the former node to the latter in the overlay network. Based on how the nodes in the overlay network are linked to each other, we can classify the P2P networks as structured or unstructured. ===Structured systems=== In structured P2P networks, peers are organized following specific criteria and algorithms, which lead to overlays with specific topologies and properties. They typically use [[distributed hash table]] (DHT) based indexing, such as in the [[Chord (peer-to-peer)|Chord]] system ([[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]).<ref>{{Citation|last1=Kelaskar|first1=M.|last2=Matossian|first2=V.|last3=Mehra|first3=P.|last4=Paul|first4=D.|last5=Parashar|first5=M.|year=2002|url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=873218|title=A Study of Discovery Mechanisms for Peer-to-Peer Application}}</ref> Structured P2P systems are appropriate for large-scale implementations due to high scalability and some guarantees on performance (typically approximating O(log N), where N is the number of nodes in the P2P system). Structured P2P networks employ a globally consistent protocol to ensure that any node can efficiently route a search to some peer that has the desired file/resource, even if the resource is extremely rare. Such a guarantee necessitates a more structured pattern of overlay links. The most common type of structured P2P networks implement a [[distributed hash table]] (DHT), in which a variant of [[consistent hashing]] is used to assign ownership of each file to a particular peer, in a way analogous to a traditional [[hash table]]'s assignment of each key to a particular array slot. Though the term DHT is commonly used to refer to the structured overlay, in practice, DHT is a data structure implemented on top of a structured overlay.<ref name=P2P_API>{{cite journal|last=Dabek|first=Frank|coauthors=Ben Zhao, Peter Druschel, John Kubiatowicz and Ion Stoica|title=Towards a Common API for Structured Peer-to-Peer Overlays|journal=Peer-to-Peer Systems II|year=2003|volume=2735|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|pages=33–44|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-45172-3_3|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45172-3_3}}</ref> ===Unstructured systems=== ''Unstructured P2P'' networks do not impose any structure on the overlay networks. Peers in these networks connect in an [[ad-hoc]] fashion based on a loose set of rules.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shen|first=Xuemin|last2=Yu|first2=Heather|last3=Buford|first3=John|last4=Akon|first4=Mursalin|title=Handbook of Peer-to-Peer Networking|publisher=Springer|edition=1st|year=2009|location=New York|pages=118|isbn=0-387-09750-3}}</ref> Ideally, unstructured P2P systems would have absolutely no centralized elements/nodes, but in practice there are several types of unstructured systems with various degrees of centralization. Three categories can easily be seen: * In ''pure peer-to-peer'' systems the entire network consists solely of [[wikt:equipotent|equipotent]] peers. There is only one routing layer, as there are no preferred nodes with any special infrastructure function. * In ''centralized peer-to-peer'' systems, a central server is used for indexing functions and to bootstrap the entire system. Although this has similarities with a structured architecture, the connections between peers are not determined by any algorithm. * ''Hybrid peer-to-peer'' systems allow such infrastructure nodes to exist, often called ''supernodes''.<ref>Beverly Yang and Hector Garcia-Molina, ''Designing a super-peer network'', Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Data Engineering (2003).</ref> The first prominent and popular [[peer-to-peer file sharing]] system, Napster, was an example of the centralized model.<ref>[http://www8.cs.umu.se/~bergner/thesis/html/node30.html Napster - the first prominent example of a centralized P2P system]</ref> [[Freenet]] and early implementations of the [[gnutella]] protocol, on the other hand, are examples of the decentralized model. Modern [[gnutella]] implementations, [[Gnutella2]], as well as the now deprecated [[Kazaa]] network are examples of the hybrid model. An unstructured P2P network is formed when the overlay links are established arbitrarily. Such networks can be easily constructed as a new peer that wants to join the network can copy existing links of another node and then form its own links over time. In an unstructured P2P network, if a peer wants to find a desired piece of data in the network, the query has to be flooded through the network to find as many peers as possible that share the data. The main disadvantage with such networks is that the queries may not always be resolved. Popular content is likely to be available at several peers and any peer searching for it is likely to find the same thing. But if a peer is looking for rare data shared by only a few other peers, then it is highly unlikely that search will be successful. Since there is no [[correlation]] between a peer and the content managed by it, there is no guarantee that flooding will find a peer that has the desired data. Flooding also causes a high amount of signaling traffic in the network and hence such networks typically have very poor search efficiency. [[Gossip protocol]] is an example of this concept. Many of the popular P2P networks are unstructured. In ''pure'' P2P networks: Peers act as equals, merging the roles of clients and server. In such networks, there is neither a central server managing the network, nor a central router. Some examples of pure P2P [[Application Layer]] networks designed for [[peer-to-peer file sharing]] are [[gnutella]] (pre v0.4) and [[Freenet]]. There also exist ''hybrid'' P2P systems, which distribute their clients into two groups: client nodes and overlay nodes. Typically, each client is able to act according to the momentary need of the network and can become part of the respective [[overlay network]] used to coordinate the P2P structure. This division between normal and 'better' nodes is done in order to address the scaling problems on early pure P2P networks. As examples for such networks can be named modern implementations of gnutella (after v0.4) and [[Gnutella2]]. Another type of hybrid P2P network are networks using on the one hand central server(s) or bootstrapping mechanisms, on the other hand P2P for their data transfers. These networks are in general called 'centralized networks' because of their lack of ability to work without their central server(s). An example for such a network is the [[eDonkey network]] (often also called ''eD2k''). ====Distributed hash tables==== {{Main|Distributed hash table}} [[File:DHT en.svg|thumb|300px|Distributed hash tables]] [[Distributed hash table]]s (DHTs) are a class of decentralized [[Distributed computing|distributed systems]] that provide a lookup service similar to a [[hash table]]: (''key'', ''value'') pairs are stored in the DHT, and any participating [[node (networking)|node]] can efficiently retrieve the value associated with a given key. Responsibility for maintaining the mapping from keys to values is distributed among the nodes, in such a way that a change in the set of participants causes a minimal amount of disruption. This allows DHTs to [[scalability|scale]] to extremely large numbers of nodes and to handle continual node arrivals, departures, and failures. DHTs form an infrastructure that can be used to build P2P networks. Notable distributed networks that use DHTs include [[BitTorrent (protocol)|BitTorrent's]] distributed tracker, the [[Kad network]], the [[Storm botnet]], [[YaCy]], and the [[Coral Content Distribution Network]]. Some prominent research projects include the [[Chord (peer-to-peer)|Chord project]], [[Kademlia]], [[PAST storage utility]], [[P-Grid]], a self-organized and emerging overlay network, and [[CoopNet content distribution system]] (see below for external links related to these projects). DHT-based networks have been widely utilized for accomplishing efficient resource discovery<ref>{{Citation|last1=Ranjan|first1=Rajiv|last2=Harwood|first2=Aaron|last3=Buyya|first3=Rajkumar|date=1 December 2006|url=http://www.cs.mu.oz.au/%7Erranjan/pgrid.pdf|title=A Study on Peer-to-Peer Based Discovery of Grid Resource Information}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gridbus.org/papers/DecentralisedDiscoveryGridFed-eScience2007.pdf|first1=Rajiv|last1=Ranjan|first2=Lipo|last2=Chan|first3=Aaron|last3=Harwood|first4=Shanika|last4=Karunasekera|first5=Rajkumar|last5=Buyya|title=Decentralised Resource Discovery Service for Large Scale Federated Grids|format=PDF}}</ref> for [[grid computing]] systems, as it aids in resource management and scheduling of applications. Recent advances in the domain of decentralized resource discovery have been based on extending the existing DHTs with the capability of multi-dimensional data organization and query routing. The majority of the efforts have looked at embedding spatial database indices such as the Space Filling Curves (SFCs) including the [[Hilbert curve scheduling|Hilbert curves]], Z-curves, k-d tree, MX-CIF Quad tree and R*-tree for managing, routing, and indexing of complex Grid resource query objects over DHT networks. Spatial indices are well suited for handling the complexity of Grid resource queries. Although some spatial indices can have issues as regards to routing load-balance in case of a skewed data set, all the spatial indices are more scalable in terms of the number of hops traversed and messages generated while searching and routing Grid resource queries{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}. Other design choices include overlay rings and d-Torus.<ref name=CP2P /><ref>R. Ranjan, A. Harwood, and R. Buyya, "Peer-to-peer based resource discovery in global grids: a tutorial," ''IEEE Commun. Surv.'', vol. 10, no. 2.</ref><ref>P. Trunfio, "Peer-to-Peer resource discovery in Grids: Models and systems," ''Future Generation Computer Systems'' archive, vol. 23, no. 7, Aug. 2007.</ref> More recent evaluation of P2P resource discovery solutions under real workloads have pointed out several issues in DHT-based solutions such as high cost of advertising/discovering resources and static and dynamic load imbalance.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bandara|first=H. M. N. Dilum|coauthors=Anura P. Jayasumana|title=Evaluation of P2P Resource Discovery Architectures Using Real-Life Multi-Attribute Resource and Query Characteristics|journal=IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conf. (CCNC '12)|year=2012|month=January}}</ref> ===Indexing and resource discovery=== Older peer-to-peer networks duplicate resources across each node in the network configured to carry that type of information. This allows local searching, but requires much traffic. Modern networks use central coordinating servers and directed search requests. Central servers are typically used for listing potential peers ([[Tor (anonymity network)|Tor]]), coordinating their activities ([[Folding@home]]), and searching ([[Napster]], [[eMule]]). Decentralized searching was first done by flooding search requests out across peers. More efficient directed search strategies, including supernodes and distributed hash tables, are now used. ==Peer-to-peer-like systems== In modern definitions of peer-to-peer technology, the term implies the general architectural concepts outlined in this article. However, the basic concept of peer-to-peer computing was envisioned in earlier software systems and networking discussions, reaching back to principles stated in the first [[Request for Comments]], RFC 1.<ref>RFC 1, ''Host Software'', S. Crocker, IETF Working Group (April 7, 1969)</ref> A distributed messaging system that is often likened as an early peer-to-peer architecture is the [[Usenet|USENET]] network news system that is in principle a client–server model from the user or client perspective, when they read or post news articles. However, [[news server]]s communicate with one another as peers to propagate [[Usenet|Usenet news]] articles over the entire group of network servers. The same consideration applies to [[Simple Mail Transfer Protocol|SMTP]] email in the sense that the core email relaying network of [[Mail transfer agent]]s has a peer-to-peer character, while the periphery of [[e-mail client]]s and their direct connections is strictly a client–server relationship. [[Tim Berners-Lee]]'s vision for the [[World Wide Web]], as evidenced by his [[WorldWideWeb]] editor/browser, was close to a peer-to-peer design in that it assumed each user of the web would be an active editor and contributor creating and linking content to form an interlinked ''web'' of links. This contrasts to the [[broadcasting]]-like structure of the web as it has developed over the years. ==Advantages and weaknesses== In P2P networks, clients provide resources, which may include [[Bandwidth (computing)|bandwidth]], storage space, and computing power. This property is one of the major advantages of using P2P networks because it makes the setup and running costs very small for the original content distributor. As nodes arrive and demand on the system increases, the total capacity of the system also increases, and the likelihood of failure decreases. If one peer on the network fails to function properly, the whole network is not compromised or damaged. In contrast, in a typical client–server architecture, clients share only their demands with the system, but not their resources. In this case, as more clients join the system, fewer resources are available to serve each client, and if the central server fails, the entire network is taken down. The decentralized nature of P2P networks increases robustness because it removes the [[Reliability engineering|single point of failure]] that can be inherent in a client-server based system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://academic.research.microsoft.com/Publication/2633870/a-survey-and-comparison-of-peer-to-peer-overlay-network-schemes|title=A survey and comparison of peer-to-peer overlay network schemes|last1=Lua|first1=Eng Keong|last2=Crowcroft|first2=Jon|last3=Pias|first3=Marcelo|last4=Sharma|first4=Ravi|last5=Lim|first5=Steven|year=2005}}</ref> Another important property of peer-to-peer systems is the lack of a system administrator. This leads to a network that is easier and faster to set up and keep running because a full staff is not required to ensure efficiency and stability. Decentralized networks introduce new security issues because they are designed so that each user is responsible for controlling their data and resources. Peer-to-peer networks, along with almost all network systems, are vulnerable to unsecure and unsigned codes that may allow remote access to files on a victim's computer or even compromise the entire network. A user may encounter harmful data by downloading a file that was originally uploaded as a virus disguised in an .exe, .mp3, .avi, or any other filetype. This type of security issue is due to the lack of an administrator that maintains the list of files being distributed. Harmful data can also be distributed on P2P networks by modifying files that are already being distributed on the network. This type of security breach is created by the fact that users are connecting to untrusted sources, as opposed to a maintained server. In the past this has happened to the [[FastTrack]] network when the [[RIAA]] managed to introduce faked chunks into downloads and downloaded files (mostly [[MP3]] files). Files infected with the RIAA virus were unusable afterwards or even contained malicious code. The RIAA is also known to have uploaded fake music and movies to P2P networks in order to deter illegal file sharing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/04/business/04MUSI.html|title=Software Bullet Is Sought to Kill Musical Piracy|author=Sorkin, Andrew Ross|date=4 May 2003|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=5 November 2011}}</ref> Consequently, the P2P networks of today have seen an enormous increase of their security and file verification mechanisms. Modern [[hash chain|hashing]], [[File verification|chunk verification]] and different encryption methods have made most networks resistant to almost any type of attack, even when major parts of the respective network have been replaced by faked or nonfunctional hosts. There are both advantages and disadvantages in P2P networks related to the topic of data backup, recovery, and availability. In a centralized network, the system administrators are the only forces controlling the availability of files being shared. If the administrators decide to no longer distribute a file, they simply have to remove it from their servers, and it will no longer be available to users. Along with leaving the users powerless in deciding what is distributed throughout the community, this makes the entire system vulnerable to threats and requests from the government and other large forces. For example, YouTube has been pressured by the RIAA, MPAA, and entertainment industry to filter out copyrighted content. Although server-client networks are able to monitor and manage content availability, they can have more stability in the availability of the content they choose to host. A client should not have trouble accessing obscure content that is being shared on a stable centralized network. P2P networks, however, are more unreliable in sharing unpopular files because sharing files in a P2P network requires that at least one node in the network has the requested data, and that node must be able to connect to the node requesting the data. This requirement is occasionally hard to meet because users may delete or stop sharing data at any point. In this sense, the community of users in a P2P network is completely responsible for deciding what content is available. Unpopular files will eventually disappear and become unavailable as more people stop sharing them. Popular files, however, will be highly and easily distributed. Popular files on a P2P network actually have more stability and availability than files on central networks. In a centralized network a simple loss of connection between the server and clients is enough to cause a failure, but in P2P networks the connections between every node must be lost in order to cause a data sharing failure. In a centralized system, the administrators are responsible for all data recovery and backups, while in P2P systems, each node requires its own backup system. Because of the lack of central authority in P2P networks, forces such as the recording industry, RIAA, MPAA, and the government are unable to delete or stop the sharing of content on P2P systems. ==Social and economic impact== {{Main|Social peer-to-peer processes}} The concept of P2P is increasingly evolving to an expanded usage as the relational dynamic active in distributed networks, ''i.e.'', not just computer-to-computer, but human-to-human. [[Yochai Benkler]] has coined the term [[commons-based peer production]] to denote collaborative projects such as [[free and open source software]] and [[Wikipedia]]. Associated with peer production are the concepts of: * peer governance (referring to the manner in which peer production projects are managed) * peer property (referring to the new type of licenses which recognize individual authorship but not exclusive property rights, such as the [[GNU General Public License]] and the [[Creative Commons]] licenses) * peer distribution (or the manner in which products, particularly peer-produced products, are distributed) Some researchers have explored the benefits of enabling virtual communities to self-organize and introduce incentives for resource sharing and cooperation, arguing that the social aspect missing from today's P2P systems should be seen both as a goal and a means for self-organized virtual communities to be built and fostered.<ref>P. Antoniadis and B. Le Grand, "Incentives for resource sharing in self-organized communities: From economics to social psychology," Digital Information Management (ICDIM '07), 2007</ref> Ongoing research efforts for designing effective incentive mechanisms in P2P systems, based on principles from game theory are beginning to take on a more psychological and information-processing direction. ==Applications== There are numerous applications of peer-to-peer networks. The most commonly known is for content distribution ===Content delivery=== * Many file sharing networks, such as [[gnutella]], [[Gnutella2|G2]] and the [[eDonkey network]] popularized peer-to-peer technologies. From 2004 on, such networks form the largest contributor of network traffic on the Internet. * [[Content_delivery_network#Peer-to-peer_CDNs|Peer-to-peer content delivery networks]]. See: [[Kontiki]], [[Ignite]], [[RedSwoosh]]. * Peer-to-peer content services, e.g. caches for improved performance such as Correli Caches<ref>Gareth Tyson, Andreas Mauthe, Sebastian Kaune, Mu Mu and Thomas Plagemann. Corelli: A Dynamic Replication Service for Supporting Latency-Dependent Content in Community Networks. In Proc. 16th ACM/SPIE Multimedia Computing and Networking Conference (MMCN), San Jose, CA (2009).[http://www.dcs.kcl.ac.uk/staff/tysong/files/MMCN09.pdf]</ref> * Software publication and distribution (Linux, several games); via [[file sharing]] networks. * [[Streaming media]]. [[P2PTV]] and [[Peer Distributed Transfer Protocol|PDTP]]. Applications include [[TVUnetworks|TVUPlayer]], [[Joost]], [[CoolStreaming]], [[Cybersky-TV]], [[PPLive]], [[LiveStation]], [[Giraffic]] and [[Didiom]]. * [[Spotify]] uses a peer-to-peer network along with streaming servers to stream music to its desktop music player. * [[Peercasting]] for multicasting streams. See [[PeerCast]], IceShare, [[FreeCast]], [[Rawflow]] * Pennsylvania State University, MIT and Simon Fraser University are carrying on a project called [[LionShare]] designed for facilitating file sharing among educational institutions globally. * [[Osiris (Serverless Portal System)]] allows its users to create anonymous and autonomous web portals distributed via P2P network. ===Exchange of physical goods, services, or space=== * Peer-to-peer renting web platforms enable people to find and reserve goods, services, or space on the virtual platform, but carry out the actual P2P transaction in the physical world (for example: emailing a local footwear vendor to reserve for you that comfy pair of slippers which you've always had your eyes on, or contacting a neighbor who has listed their weedwacker for rent). * [[Bitcoin]] is a peer-to-peer based digital currency. * [[Tradepal]] is a peer-to-peer marketplace where users list, discover, share and trade unique items with trusted peers. ===Networking=== * [[Dalesa]] a peer-to-peer web cache for LANs (based on IP multicasting). * [[Voice Peering Fabric]] is a peer-to-peer interconnect system for routing [[VoIP]] traffic between organizations by utilizing [[BGP]] and [[ENUM]] technology. * [[Open Garden]], connection sharing application that shares Internet access with other devices using Wi-Fi or Bluetooth. ===Science=== * In bioinformatics, drug candidate identification. The first such program was begun in 2001 the Centre for Computational Drug Discovery at the [[University of Oxford]] in cooperation with the National Foundation for Cancer Research. There are now several similar programs running under the [[Grid.org|United Devices Cancer Research Project]]. * The [[sciencenet]] P2P search engine. ===Search=== * [[YaCy]], a free [[distributed search engine]], built on principles of peer-to-peer networks. * [[FAROO]], another [[distributed search engine]]. ===Communications networks=== * [[Skype]], one of the most widely used internet phone applications is using P2P technology. * [[Voice over Internet Protocol|VoIP]] (using application layer protocols such as [[Session Initiation Protocol|SIP]]) * [[Instant messaging]] and [[online chat]] * Completely decentralized networks of peers: [[Usenet]] (1979) and [[WWIVnet]] (1987). ===General=== * Research like the [[Chord (peer-to-peer)|Chord project]], the [[PAST storage utility]], the [[P-Grid]], and the [[CoopNet content distribution system]]. * [[JXTA]], for Peer applications. See [[Collanos|Collanos Workplace]] ([[collaborative software|Teamwork software]]), Sixearch ===Miscellaneous=== * The U.S. Department of Defense is conducting research on P2P networks as part of its modern network warfare strategy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=washtech/techthursday/columns/dotcom&contentId=A59099-2001Nov7|author=Walker, Leslie|title=Uncle Sam Wants Napster!|work=The Washington Post|date=November 8, 2001|date=2001-11-08|accessdate=2010-05-22}}</ref> In May, 2003, [[Anthony Tether]], then director of DARPA, testified that the U.S. military uses P2P networks. * Kato ''et al''.'s studies indicate over 200 companies have invested approximately $400 million USD in P2P networking. Besides file sharing, companies are also interested in distributing computing and content distribution applications. * [[Wireless community network]], [[Netsukuku]] * An earlier generation of peer-to-peer systems were called "metacomputing" or "middleware". These include: [[Legion (software)|Legion]], [[Globus Toolkit|Globus]] ==Historical perspective== [[Tim Berners-Lee]]'s vision for the [[World Wide Web]] was close to a P2P network in that it assumed each user of the web would be an active editor and contributor, creating and linking content to form an interlinked "web" of links.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/1996/ppf.html|title=The World Wide Web: Past, Present and Future|author=Tim Berners-Lee|date=August 1996|accessdate=5 November 2011}}</ref> This contrasts to the current [[broadcasting]]-like structure of the web. Some networks and channels such as [[Napster]], [[Opennap|OpenNAP]] and [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]] [[serving channel]]s use a client–server structure for some tasks (e.g., searching) and a P2P structure for others. Networks such as [[gnutella]] or [[Freenet]] use a P2P structure for nearly all tasks, with the exception of finding peers to connect to when first setting up. P2P architecture embodies one of the key technical concepts of the Internet, described in the first Internet [[Request for Comments]], RFC 1, "Host Software" dated April 7, 1969. More recently, the concept has achieved recognition in the general public in the context of the absence of central indexing [[Server (computing)|servers]] in architectures used for exchanging multimedia files. ==Controversies== ===Network neutrality=== Peer-to-peer applications present one of the core issues in the [[network neutrality]] controversy. Internet service providers ([[Internet service provider|ISPs]]) have been known to throttle P2P file-sharing traffic due to its high-bandwidth usage.<ref>Janko Roettgers, 5 Ways to Test Whether your ISP throttles P2P, http://newteevee.com/2008/04/02/5-ways-to-test-if-your-isp-throttles-p2p/</ref> Compared to Web browsing, e-mail or many other uses of the internet, where data is only transferred in short intervals and relative small quantities, P2P file-sharing often consists of relatively heavy bandwidth usage due to ongoing file transfers and swarm/network coordination packets. In October 2007, [[Comcast]], one of the largest broadband Internet providers in the USA, started blocking P2P applications such as [[BitTorrent (protocol)|BitTorrent]]. Their rationale was that P2P is mostly used to share illegal content, and their infrastructure is not designed for continuous, high-bandwidth traffic. Critics point out that P2P networking has legitimate uses, and that this is another way that large providers are trying to control use and content on the Internet, and direct people towards a [[client-server]]-based application architecture. The client-server model provides financial barriers-to-entry to small publishers and individuals, and can be less efficient for sharing large files. As a reaction to this [[bandwidth throttling]], several P2P applications started implementing protocol obfuscation, such as the [[BitTorrent protocol encryption]]. Techniques for achieving "protocol obfuscation" involves removing otherwise easily identifiable properties of protocols, such as deterministic byte sequences and packet sizes, by making the data look as if it were random.<ref name="breaking">{{cite web|url=http://www.iis.se/docs/hjelmvik_breaking.pdf|title=Breaking and Improving Protocol Obfuscation|last1=Hjelmvik|first1=Erik|last2=John|first2=Wolfgang|date=2010-07-27|issn=1652-926X}}</ref> The ISP's solution to the high bandwidth is [[P2P caching]], where an ISP stores the part of files most accessed by P2P clients in order to save access to the Internet. ===Legal challenges=== {{refimprove|date=April 2013}} Peer-to-peer networking involves data transfer from one user to another without using an intermediate server. Companies developing P2P applications have been involved in numerous legal cases, primarily in the United States. The two major cases are ''[[Grokster]] vs RIAA'' and ''[[MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.]]''.<ref>John Borland, Judge: File-Swapping Tools are Legal , http://news.cnet.com/Judge-File-swapping-tools-are-legal/2100-1027_3-998363.html/</ref> In both of the cases the file sharing technology was ruled to be legal as long as the developers had no ability to prevent the sharing of the copyrighted material.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} ==See also== * [[Client–server model]] * [[Decentralized computing]] * [[Friend-to-friend]] * [[List of P2P protocols]] * [[Peercasting]] * [[Segmented downloading]] * [[Semantic P2P networks]] * [[Wireless ad-hoc network]] * [[USB dead drop]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Peer-to-peer software}} {{refbegin|2}} * [http://www.p2pna.com/glossary.html Glossary] of P2P terminology * [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/issue/5624-2008-999689997-678759 Foundation of Peer-to-Peer Computing], Special Issue, Elsevier Journal of Computer Communication, (Ed) Javed I. Khan and Adam Wierzbicki, Volume 31, Issue 2, February 2008 * Ross J. Anderson. [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/rja14/eternity/eternity.html The eternity service]. In ''Pragocrypt 1996'', 1996. * Marling Engle & J. I. Khan. [http://www.medianet.kent.edu/techreports/TR2006-11-01-p2pvuln-EK.pdf Vulnerabilities of P2P systems and a critical look at their solutions], May 2006 * Stephanos Androutsellis-Theotokis and Diomidis Spinellis. [http://www.spinellis.gr/pubs/jrnl/2004-ACMCS-p2p/html/AS04.html A survey of peer-to-peer content distribution technologies]. ACM Computing Surveys, 36(4):335–371, December 2004. * Biddle, Peter, Paul England, Marcus Peinado, and Bryan Willman, [http://crypto.stanford.edu/DRM2002/darknet5.doc The Darknet and the Future of Content Distribution]. In ''2002 ACM Workshop on Digital Rights Management'', November 2002. * John F. Buford, Heather Yu, Eng Keong Lua [http://www.p2pna.com P2P Networking and Applications]. ISBN 30123742145 {{Please check ISBN|reason=Invalid length.}}, Morgan Kaufmann, December 2008 * Djamal-Eddine Meddour, Mubashar Mushtaq, and Toufik Ahmed, "[http://multicomm.polito.it/proc_multicomm06_8.pdf Open Issues in P2P Multimedia Streaming]", in the proceedings of the 1st Multimedia Communications Workshop MULTICOMM 2006 held in conjunction with IEEE ICC 2006 pp 43–48, June 2006, Istanbul, Turkey. * Detlef Schoder and Kai Fischbach, "[http://www.econbiz.de/archiv1/2008/42151_concepts_peer-to-peer_networking.pdf Core Concepts in Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Networking]". In: Subramanian, R.; Goodman, B. (eds.): ''P2P Computing: The Evolution of a Disruptive Technology'', Idea Group Inc, Hershey. 2005 * Ralf Steinmetz, Klaus Wehrle (Eds). "[http://www.peer-to-peer.info/ Peer-to-Peer Systems and Applications]". ISBN 3-540-29192-X, ''Lecture Notes in Computer Science'', Volume 3485, September 2005. * Ramesh Subramanian and Brian Goodman (eds), ''[http://www.igi-pub.com/books/details.asp?ID=4635 Peer-to-Peer Computing: Evolution of a Disruptive Technology]'', ISBN 1-59140-429-0, Idea Group Inc., Hershey, PA, USA, 2005. * [[Shuman Ghosemajumder]]. [http://shumans.com/p2p-business-models.pdf Advanced Peer-Based Technology Business Models]''. [[MIT Sloan School of Management]], 2002. * Silverthorne, Sean. ''[http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item.jhtml?id=4206&t=innovation Music Downloads: Pirates- or Customers?]''. [[Harvard Business School|Harvard Business School Working Knowledge]], 2004. {{refend}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Peer-To-Peer}} [[Category:Peer-to-peer computing| ]] [[Category:File sharing networks]] 345af6fbdfefc38ce2c8fea2334bad90d9cb2b2b 245 2013-04-28T10:15:13Z Yobot 0 Autotagging using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] (9112) {{Distinguish|point-to-point (disambiguation)}} {{About|peer-to-peer computing}} {{multiple issues| {{refimprove|date=September 2010}} {{Cleanup|date=June 2009}} }} [[Image:P2P-network.svg|thumb|200px|A peer-to-peer system of nodes without central infrastructure.]] [[Image:Server-based-network.svg|thumb|200px|Centralized server-based service model (not peer-to-peer).]] '''Peer-to-peer''' ('''P2P''') computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or work loads between peers. Peers are equally privileged, equipotent participants in the application. They are said to form a peer-to-peer network of nodes. Peers make a portion of their resources, such as processing power, disk storage or network bandwidth, directly available to other network participants, without the need for central coordination by servers or stable hosts.<ref>Rüdiger Schollmeier, ''A Definition of Peer-to-Peer Networking for the Classification of Peer-to-Peer Architectures and Applications'', Proceedings of the First International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing, IEEE (2002).</ref> Peers are both suppliers and consumers of resources, in contrast to the traditional [[client–server]] model where the consumption and supply of resources is always divided. Emerging collaborative P2P systems are going beyond the era of peers doing similar things while sharing resources, and are looking for diverse peers that can bring in unique resources and capabilities to a virtual community thereby empowering it to engage in greater tasks beyond those that can be accomplished by individual peers, yet that are beneficial to all the peers.<ref name=CP2P>{{cite journal|last=Bandara|first=H. M. N. D|coauthors=A. P. Jayasumana|title=Collaborative Applications over Peer-to-Peer Systems – Challenges and Solutions|journal=Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications|year=2012|doi=10.1007/s12083-012-0157-3}}</ref> The first P2P distributed system platform was Pipes Platform by PeerLogic.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} One of PeerLogic's first licensees was [[Texas Instruments]] in 1993. While P2P systems were used in many application domains,<ref>D. Barkai, ''Peer-to-Peer Computing'', Intel Press, 2002.</ref> the architecture was popularized by the file sharing system [[Napster]], originally released in 1999. The concept has inspired new structures and philosophies in many areas of human interaction. In such social contexts, [[peer-to-peer (meme)|peer-to-peer as a meme]] refers to the [[egalitarianism|egalitarian]] [[social network]]ing that has emerged throughout [[society]], enabled by [[Internet]] technologies in general. ==Architecture of P2P systems== Peer-to-peer systems often implement an abstract [[overlay network]], built at the [[Application Layer]], on top of the native or physical network topology. Such overlays are used for indexing and peer discovery and make the P2P system independent from the physical network topology. Content is typically exchanged directly over the underlying [[Internet Protocol]] (IP) network. [[Anonymous P2P|Anonymous peer-to-peer]] systems are an exception, and implement extra routing layers to obscure the identity of the source or destination user/node. A pure P2P network does not have the notion of [[client (computing)|clients]] or servers but only equal ''[[Peer group (computer networking)|peer]]'' nodes that simultaneously function as both "clients" and "servers" to the other nodes on the network. This model of network arrangement differs from the [[client–server]] model where communication is usually to and from a central server. A typical example of a file transfer that does not use the P2P model is the [[File Transfer Protocol]] (FTP) service in which the client and server programs are distinct: the clients initiate the transfer, and the servers satisfy these requests. The P2P [[overlay network]] consists of all the participating peers as network nodes. There are links between any two nodes that know each other: i.e. if a participating peer knows the location of another peer in the P2P network, then there is a directed edge from the former node to the latter in the overlay network. Based on how the nodes in the overlay network are linked to each other, we can classify the P2P networks as structured or unstructured. ===Structured systems=== In structured P2P networks, peers are organized following specific criteria and algorithms, which lead to overlays with specific topologies and properties. They typically use [[distributed hash table]] (DHT) based indexing, such as in the [[Chord (peer-to-peer)|Chord]] system ([[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]).<ref>{{Citation|last1=Kelaskar|first1=M.|last2=Matossian|first2=V.|last3=Mehra|first3=P.|last4=Paul|first4=D.|last5=Parashar|first5=M.|year=2002|url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=873218|title=A Study of Discovery Mechanisms for Peer-to-Peer Application}}</ref> Structured P2P systems are appropriate for large-scale implementations due to high scalability and some guarantees on performance (typically approximating O(log N), where N is the number of nodes in the P2P system). Structured P2P networks employ a globally consistent protocol to ensure that any node can efficiently route a search to some peer that has the desired file/resource, even if the resource is extremely rare. Such a guarantee necessitates a more structured pattern of overlay links. The most common type of structured P2P networks implement a [[distributed hash table]] (DHT), in which a variant of [[consistent hashing]] is used to assign ownership of each file to a particular peer, in a way analogous to a traditional [[hash table]]'s assignment of each key to a particular array slot. Though the term DHT is commonly used to refer to the structured overlay, in practice, DHT is a data structure implemented on top of a structured overlay.<ref name=P2P_API>{{cite journal|last=Dabek|first=Frank|coauthors=Ben Zhao, Peter Druschel, John Kubiatowicz and Ion Stoica|title=Towards a Common API for Structured Peer-to-Peer Overlays|journal=Peer-to-Peer Systems II|year=2003|volume=2735|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|pages=33–44|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-45172-3_3|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45172-3_3}}</ref> ===Unstructured systems=== ''Unstructured P2P'' networks do not impose any structure on the overlay networks. Peers in these networks connect in an [[ad-hoc]] fashion based on a loose set of rules.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shen|first=Xuemin|last2=Yu|first2=Heather|last3=Buford|first3=John|last4=Akon|first4=Mursalin|title=Handbook of Peer-to-Peer Networking|publisher=Springer|edition=1st|year=2009|location=New York|pages=118|isbn=0-387-09750-3}}</ref> Ideally, unstructured P2P systems would have absolutely no centralized elements/nodes, but in practice there are several types of unstructured systems with various degrees of centralization. Three categories can easily be seen: * In ''pure peer-to-peer'' systems the entire network consists solely of [[wikt:equipotent|equipotent]] peers. There is only one routing layer, as there are no preferred nodes with any special infrastructure function. * In ''centralized peer-to-peer'' systems, a central server is used for indexing functions and to bootstrap the entire system. Although this has similarities with a structured architecture, the connections between peers are not determined by any algorithm. * ''Hybrid peer-to-peer'' systems allow such infrastructure nodes to exist, often called ''supernodes''.<ref>Beverly Yang and Hector Garcia-Molina, ''Designing a super-peer network'', Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Data Engineering (2003).</ref> The first prominent and popular [[peer-to-peer file sharing]] system, Napster, was an example of the centralized model.<ref>[http://www8.cs.umu.se/~bergner/thesis/html/node30.html Napster - the first prominent example of a centralized P2P system]</ref> [[Freenet]] and early implementations of the [[gnutella]] protocol, on the other hand, are examples of the decentralized model. Modern [[gnutella]] implementations, [[Gnutella2]], as well as the now deprecated [[Kazaa]] network are examples of the hybrid model. An unstructured P2P network is formed when the overlay links are established arbitrarily. Such networks can be easily constructed as a new peer that wants to join the network can copy existing links of another node and then form its own links over time. In an unstructured P2P network, if a peer wants to find a desired piece of data in the network, the query has to be flooded through the network to find as many peers as possible that share the data. The main disadvantage with such networks is that the queries may not always be resolved. Popular content is likely to be available at several peers and any peer searching for it is likely to find the same thing. But if a peer is looking for rare data shared by only a few other peers, then it is highly unlikely that search will be successful. Since there is no [[correlation]] between a peer and the content managed by it, there is no guarantee that flooding will find a peer that has the desired data. Flooding also causes a high amount of signaling traffic in the network and hence such networks typically have very poor search efficiency. [[Gossip protocol]] is an example of this concept. Many of the popular P2P networks are unstructured. In ''pure'' P2P networks: Peers act as equals, merging the roles of clients and server. In such networks, there is neither a central server managing the network, nor a central router. Some examples of pure P2P [[Application Layer]] networks designed for [[peer-to-peer file sharing]] are [[gnutella]] (pre v0.4) and [[Freenet]]. There also exist ''hybrid'' P2P systems, which distribute their clients into two groups: client nodes and overlay nodes. Typically, each client is able to act according to the momentary need of the network and can become part of the respective [[overlay network]] used to coordinate the P2P structure. This division between normal and 'better' nodes is done in order to address the scaling problems on early pure P2P networks. As examples for such networks can be named modern implementations of gnutella (after v0.4) and [[Gnutella2]]. Another type of hybrid P2P network are networks using on the one hand central server(s) or bootstrapping mechanisms, on the other hand P2P for their data transfers. These networks are in general called 'centralized networks' because of their lack of ability to work without their central server(s). An example for such a network is the [[eDonkey network]] (often also called ''eD2k''). ====Distributed hash tables==== {{Main|Distributed hash table}} [[File:DHT en.svg|thumb|300px|Distributed hash tables]] [[Distributed hash table]]s (DHTs) are a class of decentralized [[Distributed computing|distributed systems]] that provide a lookup service similar to a [[hash table]]: (''key'', ''value'') pairs are stored in the DHT, and any participating [[node (networking)|node]] can efficiently retrieve the value associated with a given key. Responsibility for maintaining the mapping from keys to values is distributed among the nodes, in such a way that a change in the set of participants causes a minimal amount of disruption. This allows DHTs to [[scalability|scale]] to extremely large numbers of nodes and to handle continual node arrivals, departures, and failures. DHTs form an infrastructure that can be used to build P2P networks. Notable distributed networks that use DHTs include [[BitTorrent (protocol)|BitTorrent's]] distributed tracker, the [[Kad network]], the [[Storm botnet]], [[YaCy]], and the [[Coral Content Distribution Network]]. Some prominent research projects include the [[Chord (peer-to-peer)|Chord project]], [[Kademlia]], [[PAST storage utility]], [[P-Grid]], a self-organized and emerging overlay network, and [[CoopNet content distribution system]] (see below for external links related to these projects). DHT-based networks have been widely utilized for accomplishing efficient resource discovery<ref>{{Citation|last1=Ranjan|first1=Rajiv|last2=Harwood|first2=Aaron|last3=Buyya|first3=Rajkumar|date=1 December 2006|url=http://www.cs.mu.oz.au/%7Erranjan/pgrid.pdf|title=A Study on Peer-to-Peer Based Discovery of Grid Resource Information}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gridbus.org/papers/DecentralisedDiscoveryGridFed-eScience2007.pdf|first1=Rajiv|last1=Ranjan|first2=Lipo|last2=Chan|first3=Aaron|last3=Harwood|first4=Shanika|last4=Karunasekera|first5=Rajkumar|last5=Buyya|title=Decentralised Resource Discovery Service for Large Scale Federated Grids|format=PDF}}</ref> for [[grid computing]] systems, as it aids in resource management and scheduling of applications. Recent advances in the domain of decentralized resource discovery have been based on extending the existing DHTs with the capability of multi-dimensional data organization and query routing. The majority of the efforts have looked at embedding spatial database indices such as the Space Filling Curves (SFCs) including the [[Hilbert curve scheduling|Hilbert curves]], Z-curves, k-d tree, MX-CIF Quad tree and R*-tree for managing, routing, and indexing of complex Grid resource query objects over DHT networks. Spatial indices are well suited for handling the complexity of Grid resource queries. Although some spatial indices can have issues as regards to routing load-balance in case of a skewed data set, all the spatial indices are more scalable in terms of the number of hops traversed and messages generated while searching and routing Grid resource queries{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}. Other design choices include overlay rings and d-Torus.<ref name=CP2P /><ref>R. Ranjan, A. Harwood, and R. Buyya, "Peer-to-peer based resource discovery in global grids: a tutorial," ''IEEE Commun. Surv.'', vol. 10, no. 2.</ref><ref>P. Trunfio, "Peer-to-Peer resource discovery in Grids: Models and systems," ''Future Generation Computer Systems'' archive, vol. 23, no. 7, Aug. 2007.</ref> More recent evaluation of P2P resource discovery solutions under real workloads have pointed out several issues in DHT-based solutions such as high cost of advertising/discovering resources and static and dynamic load imbalance.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bandara|first=H. M. N. Dilum|coauthors=Anura P. Jayasumana|title=Evaluation of P2P Resource Discovery Architectures Using Real-Life Multi-Attribute Resource and Query Characteristics|journal=IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conf. (CCNC '12)|year=2012|month=January}}</ref> ===Indexing and resource discovery=== Older peer-to-peer networks duplicate resources across each node in the network configured to carry that type of information. This allows local searching, but requires much traffic. Modern networks use central coordinating servers and directed search requests. Central servers are typically used for listing potential peers ([[Tor (anonymity network)|Tor]]), coordinating their activities ([[Folding@home]]), and searching ([[Napster]], [[eMule]]). Decentralized searching was first done by flooding search requests out across peers. More efficient directed search strategies, including supernodes and distributed hash tables, are now used. ==Peer-to-peer-like systems== In modern definitions of peer-to-peer technology, the term implies the general architectural concepts outlined in this article. However, the basic concept of peer-to-peer computing was envisioned in earlier software systems and networking discussions, reaching back to principles stated in the first [[Request for Comments]], RFC 1.<ref>RFC 1, ''Host Software'', S. Crocker, IETF Working Group (April 7, 1969)</ref> A distributed messaging system that is often likened as an early peer-to-peer architecture is the [[Usenet|USENET]] network news system that is in principle a client–server model from the user or client perspective, when they read or post news articles. However, [[news server]]s communicate with one another as peers to propagate [[Usenet|Usenet news]] articles over the entire group of network servers. The same consideration applies to [[Simple Mail Transfer Protocol|SMTP]] email in the sense that the core email relaying network of [[Mail transfer agent]]s has a peer-to-peer character, while the periphery of [[e-mail client]]s and their direct connections is strictly a client–server relationship. [[Tim Berners-Lee]]'s vision for the [[World Wide Web]], as evidenced by his [[WorldWideWeb]] editor/browser, was close to a peer-to-peer design in that it assumed each user of the web would be an active editor and contributor creating and linking content to form an interlinked ''web'' of links. This contrasts to the [[broadcasting]]-like structure of the web as it has developed over the years. ==Advantages and weaknesses== In P2P networks, clients provide resources, which may include [[Bandwidth (computing)|bandwidth]], storage space, and computing power. This property is one of the major advantages of using P2P networks because it makes the setup and running costs very small for the original content distributor. As nodes arrive and demand on the system increases, the total capacity of the system also increases, and the likelihood of failure decreases. If one peer on the network fails to function properly, the whole network is not compromised or damaged. In contrast, in a typical client–server architecture, clients share only their demands with the system, but not their resources. In this case, as more clients join the system, fewer resources are available to serve each client, and if the central server fails, the entire network is taken down. The decentralized nature of P2P networks increases robustness because it removes the [[Reliability engineering|single point of failure]] that can be inherent in a client-server based system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://academic.research.microsoft.com/Publication/2633870/a-survey-and-comparison-of-peer-to-peer-overlay-network-schemes|title=A survey and comparison of peer-to-peer overlay network schemes|last1=Lua|first1=Eng Keong|last2=Crowcroft|first2=Jon|last3=Pias|first3=Marcelo|last4=Sharma|first4=Ravi|last5=Lim|first5=Steven|year=2005}}</ref> Another important property of peer-to-peer systems is the lack of a system administrator. This leads to a network that is easier and faster to set up and keep running because a full staff is not required to ensure efficiency and stability. Decentralized networks introduce new security issues because they are designed so that each user is responsible for controlling their data and resources. Peer-to-peer networks, along with almost all network systems, are vulnerable to unsecure and unsigned codes that may allow remote access to files on a victim's computer or even compromise the entire network. A user may encounter harmful data by downloading a file that was originally uploaded as a virus disguised in an .exe, .mp3, .avi, or any other filetype. This type of security issue is due to the lack of an administrator that maintains the list of files being distributed. Harmful data can also be distributed on P2P networks by modifying files that are already being distributed on the network. This type of security breach is created by the fact that users are connecting to untrusted sources, as opposed to a maintained server. In the past this has happened to the [[FastTrack]] network when the [[RIAA]] managed to introduce faked chunks into downloads and downloaded files (mostly [[MP3]] files). Files infected with the RIAA virus were unusable afterwards or even contained malicious code. The RIAA is also known to have uploaded fake music and movies to P2P networks in order to deter illegal file sharing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/04/business/04MUSI.html|title=Software Bullet Is Sought to Kill Musical Piracy|author=Sorkin, Andrew Ross|date=4 May 2003|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=5 November 2011}}</ref> Consequently, the P2P networks of today have seen an enormous increase of their security and file verification mechanisms. Modern [[hash chain|hashing]], [[File verification|chunk verification]] and different encryption methods have made most networks resistant to almost any type of attack, even when major parts of the respective network have been replaced by faked or nonfunctional hosts. There are both advantages and disadvantages in P2P networks related to the topic of data backup, recovery, and availability. In a centralized network, the system administrators are the only forces controlling the availability of files being shared. If the administrators decide to no longer distribute a file, they simply have to remove it from their servers, and it will no longer be available to users. Along with leaving the users powerless in deciding what is distributed throughout the community, this makes the entire system vulnerable to threats and requests from the government and other large forces. For example, YouTube has been pressured by the RIAA, MPAA, and entertainment industry to filter out copyrighted content. Although server-client networks are able to monitor and manage content availability, they can have more stability in the availability of the content they choose to host. A client should not have trouble accessing obscure content that is being shared on a stable centralized network. P2P networks, however, are more unreliable in sharing unpopular files because sharing files in a P2P network requires that at least one node in the network has the requested data, and that node must be able to connect to the node requesting the data. This requirement is occasionally hard to meet because users may delete or stop sharing data at any point. In this sense, the community of users in a P2P network is completely responsible for deciding what content is available. Unpopular files will eventually disappear and become unavailable as more people stop sharing them. Popular files, however, will be highly and easily distributed. Popular files on a P2P network actually have more stability and availability than files on central networks. In a centralized network a simple loss of connection between the server and clients is enough to cause a failure, but in P2P networks the connections between every node must be lost in order to cause a data sharing failure. In a centralized system, the administrators are responsible for all data recovery and backups, while in P2P systems, each node requires its own backup system. Because of the lack of central authority in P2P networks, forces such as the recording industry, RIAA, MPAA, and the government are unable to delete or stop the sharing of content on P2P systems. ==Social and economic impact== {{Main|Social peer-to-peer processes}} The concept of P2P is increasingly evolving to an expanded usage as the relational dynamic active in distributed networks, ''i.e.'', not just computer-to-computer, but human-to-human. [[Yochai Benkler]] has coined the term [[commons-based peer production]] to denote collaborative projects such as [[free and open source software]] and [[Wikipedia]]. Associated with peer production are the concepts of: * peer governance (referring to the manner in which peer production projects are managed) * peer property (referring to the new type of licenses which recognize individual authorship but not exclusive property rights, such as the [[GNU General Public License]] and the [[Creative Commons]] licenses) * peer distribution (or the manner in which products, particularly peer-produced products, are distributed) Some researchers have explored the benefits of enabling virtual communities to self-organize and introduce incentives for resource sharing and cooperation, arguing that the social aspect missing from today's P2P systems should be seen both as a goal and a means for self-organized virtual communities to be built and fostered.<ref>P. Antoniadis and B. Le Grand, "Incentives for resource sharing in self-organized communities: From economics to social psychology," Digital Information Management (ICDIM '07), 2007</ref> Ongoing research efforts for designing effective incentive mechanisms in P2P systems, based on principles from game theory are beginning to take on a more psychological and information-processing direction. ==Applications== There are numerous applications of peer-to-peer networks. The most commonly known is for content distribution ===Content delivery=== * Many file sharing networks, such as [[gnutella]], [[Gnutella2|G2]] and the [[eDonkey network]] popularized peer-to-peer technologies. From 2004 on, such networks form the largest contributor of network traffic on the Internet. * [[Content_delivery_network#Peer-to-peer_CDNs|Peer-to-peer content delivery networks]]. See: [[Kontiki]], [[Ignite]], [[RedSwoosh]]. * Peer-to-peer content services, e.g. caches for improved performance such as Correli Caches<ref>Gareth Tyson, Andreas Mauthe, Sebastian Kaune, Mu Mu and Thomas Plagemann. Corelli: A Dynamic Replication Service for Supporting Latency-Dependent Content in Community Networks. In Proc. 16th ACM/SPIE Multimedia Computing and Networking Conference (MMCN), San Jose, CA (2009).[http://www.dcs.kcl.ac.uk/staff/tysong/files/MMCN09.pdf]</ref> * Software publication and distribution (Linux, several games); via [[file sharing]] networks. * [[Streaming media]]. [[P2PTV]] and [[Peer Distributed Transfer Protocol|PDTP]]. Applications include [[TVUnetworks|TVUPlayer]], [[Joost]], [[CoolStreaming]], [[Cybersky-TV]], [[PPLive]], [[LiveStation]], [[Giraffic]] and [[Didiom]]. * [[Spotify]] uses a peer-to-peer network along with streaming servers to stream music to its desktop music player. * [[Peercasting]] for multicasting streams. See [[PeerCast]], IceShare, [[FreeCast]], [[Rawflow]] * Pennsylvania State University, MIT and Simon Fraser University are carrying on a project called [[LionShare]] designed for facilitating file sharing among educational institutions globally. * [[Osiris (Serverless Portal System)]] allows its users to create anonymous and autonomous web portals distributed via P2P network. ===Exchange of physical goods, services, or space=== * Peer-to-peer renting web platforms enable people to find and reserve goods, services, or space on the virtual platform, but carry out the actual P2P transaction in the physical world (for example: emailing a local footwear vendor to reserve for you that comfy pair of slippers which you've always had your eyes on, or contacting a neighbor who has listed their weedwacker for rent). * [[Bitcoin]] is a peer-to-peer based digital currency. * [[Tradepal]] is a peer-to-peer marketplace where users list, discover, share and trade unique items with trusted peers. ===Networking=== * [[Dalesa]] a peer-to-peer web cache for LANs (based on IP multicasting). * [[Voice Peering Fabric]] is a peer-to-peer interconnect system for routing [[VoIP]] traffic between organizations by utilizing [[BGP]] and [[ENUM]] technology. * [[Open Garden]], connection sharing application that shares Internet access with other devices using Wi-Fi or Bluetooth. ===Science=== * In bioinformatics, drug candidate identification. The first such program was begun in 2001 the Centre for Computational Drug Discovery at the [[University of Oxford]] in cooperation with the National Foundation for Cancer Research. There are now several similar programs running under the [[Grid.org|United Devices Cancer Research Project]]. * The [[sciencenet]] P2P search engine. ===Search=== * [[YaCy]], a free [[distributed search engine]], built on principles of peer-to-peer networks. * [[FAROO]], another [[distributed search engine]]. ===Communications networks=== * [[Skype]], one of the most widely used internet phone applications is using P2P technology. * [[Voice over Internet Protocol|VoIP]] (using application layer protocols such as [[Session Initiation Protocol|SIP]]) * [[Instant messaging]] and [[online chat]] * Completely decentralized networks of peers: [[Usenet]] (1979) and [[WWIVnet]] (1987). ===General=== * Research like the [[Chord (peer-to-peer)|Chord project]], the [[PAST storage utility]], the [[P-Grid]], and the [[CoopNet content distribution system]]. * [[JXTA]], for Peer applications. See [[Collanos|Collanos Workplace]] ([[collaborative software|Teamwork software]]), Sixearch ===Miscellaneous=== * The U.S. Department of Defense is conducting research on P2P networks as part of its modern network warfare strategy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=washtech/techthursday/columns/dotcom&contentId=A59099-2001Nov7|author=Walker, Leslie|title=Uncle Sam Wants Napster!|work=The Washington Post|date=November 8, 2001|date=2001-11-08|accessdate=2010-05-22}}</ref> In May, 2003, [[Anthony Tether]], then director of DARPA, testified that the U.S. military uses P2P networks. * Kato ''et al''.'s studies indicate over 200 companies have invested approximately $400 million USD in P2P networking. Besides file sharing, companies are also interested in distributing computing and content distribution applications. * [[Wireless community network]], [[Netsukuku]] * An earlier generation of peer-to-peer systems were called "metacomputing" or "middleware". These include: [[Legion (software)|Legion]], [[Globus Toolkit|Globus]] ==Historical perspective== [[Tim Berners-Lee]]'s vision for the [[World Wide Web]] was close to a P2P network in that it assumed each user of the web would be an active editor and contributor, creating and linking content to form an interlinked "web" of links.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/1996/ppf.html|title=The World Wide Web: Past, Present and Future|author=Tim Berners-Lee|date=August 1996|accessdate=5 November 2011}}</ref> This contrasts to the current [[broadcasting]]-like structure of the web. Some networks and channels such as [[Napster]], [[Opennap|OpenNAP]] and [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]] [[serving channel]]s use a client–server structure for some tasks (e.g., searching) and a P2P structure for others. Networks such as [[gnutella]] or [[Freenet]] use a P2P structure for nearly all tasks, with the exception of finding peers to connect to when first setting up. P2P architecture embodies one of the key technical concepts of the Internet, described in the first Internet [[Request for Comments]], RFC 1, "Host Software" dated April 7, 1969. More recently, the concept has achieved recognition in the general public in the context of the absence of central indexing [[Server (computing)|servers]] in architectures used for exchanging multimedia files. ==Controversies== ===Network neutrality=== Peer-to-peer applications present one of the core issues in the [[network neutrality]] controversy. Internet service providers ([[Internet service provider|ISPs]]) have been known to throttle P2P file-sharing traffic due to its high-bandwidth usage.<ref>Janko Roettgers, 5 Ways to Test Whether your ISP throttles P2P, http://newteevee.com/2008/04/02/5-ways-to-test-if-your-isp-throttles-p2p/</ref> Compared to Web browsing, e-mail or many other uses of the internet, where data is only transferred in short intervals and relative small quantities, P2P file-sharing often consists of relatively heavy bandwidth usage due to ongoing file transfers and swarm/network coordination packets. In October 2007, [[Comcast]], one of the largest broadband Internet providers in the USA, started blocking P2P applications such as [[BitTorrent (protocol)|BitTorrent]]. Their rationale was that P2P is mostly used to share illegal content, and their infrastructure is not designed for continuous, high-bandwidth traffic. Critics point out that P2P networking has legitimate uses, and that this is another way that large providers are trying to control use and content on the Internet, and direct people towards a [[client-server]]-based application architecture. The client-server model provides financial barriers-to-entry to small publishers and individuals, and can be less efficient for sharing large files. As a reaction to this [[bandwidth throttling]], several P2P applications started implementing protocol obfuscation, such as the [[BitTorrent protocol encryption]]. Techniques for achieving "protocol obfuscation" involves removing otherwise easily identifiable properties of protocols, such as deterministic byte sequences and packet sizes, by making the data look as if it were random.<ref name="breaking">{{cite web|url=http://www.iis.se/docs/hjelmvik_breaking.pdf|title=Breaking and Improving Protocol Obfuscation|last1=Hjelmvik|first1=Erik|last2=John|first2=Wolfgang|date=2010-07-27|issn=1652-926X}}</ref> The ISP's solution to the high bandwidth is [[P2P caching]], where an ISP stores the part of files most accessed by P2P clients in order to save access to the Internet. ===Legal challenges=== {{refimprove|date=April 2013}} Peer-to-peer networking involves data transfer from one user to another without using an intermediate server. Companies developing P2P applications have been involved in numerous legal cases, primarily in the United States. The two major cases are ''[[Grokster]] vs RIAA'' and ''[[MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.]]''.<ref>John Borland, Judge: File-Swapping Tools are Legal , http://news.cnet.com/Judge-File-swapping-tools-are-legal/2100-1027_3-998363.html/</ref> In both of the cases the file sharing technology was ruled to be legal as long as the developers had no ability to prevent the sharing of the copyrighted material.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} ==See also== * [[Client–server model]] * [[Decentralized computing]] * [[Friend-to-friend]] * [[List of P2P protocols]] * [[Peercasting]] * [[Segmented downloading]] * [[Semantic P2P networks]] * [[Wireless ad-hoc network]] * [[USB dead drop]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Peer-to-peer software}} {{refbegin|2}} * [http://www.p2pna.com/glossary.html Glossary] of P2P terminology * [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/issue/5624-2008-999689997-678759 Foundation of Peer-to-Peer Computing], Special Issue, Elsevier Journal of Computer Communication, (Ed) Javed I. Khan and Adam Wierzbicki, Volume 31, Issue 2, February 2008 * Ross J. Anderson. [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/rja14/eternity/eternity.html The eternity service]. In ''Pragocrypt 1996'', 1996. * Marling Engle & J. I. Khan. [http://www.medianet.kent.edu/techreports/TR2006-11-01-p2pvuln-EK.pdf Vulnerabilities of P2P systems and a critical look at their solutions], May 2006 * Stephanos Androutsellis-Theotokis and Diomidis Spinellis. [http://www.spinellis.gr/pubs/jrnl/2004-ACMCS-p2p/html/AS04.html A survey of peer-to-peer content distribution technologies]. ACM Computing Surveys, 36(4):335–371, December 2004. * Biddle, Peter, Paul England, Marcus Peinado, and Bryan Willman, [http://crypto.stanford.edu/DRM2002/darknet5.doc The Darknet and the Future of Content Distribution]. In ''2002 ACM Workshop on Digital Rights Management'', November 2002. * John F. Buford, Heather Yu, Eng Keong Lua [http://www.p2pna.com P2P Networking and Applications]. ISBN 30123742145 {{Please check ISBN|reason=Invalid length.}}, Morgan Kaufmann, December 2008 * Djamal-Eddine Meddour, Mubashar Mushtaq, and Toufik Ahmed, "[http://multicomm.polito.it/proc_multicomm06_8.pdf Open Issues in P2P Multimedia Streaming]", in the proceedings of the 1st Multimedia Communications Workshop MULTICOMM 2006 held in conjunction with IEEE ICC 2006 pp 43–48, June 2006, Istanbul, Turkey. * Detlef Schoder and Kai Fischbach, "[http://www.econbiz.de/archiv1/2008/42151_concepts_peer-to-peer_networking.pdf Core Concepts in Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Networking]". In: Subramanian, R.; Goodman, B. (eds.): ''P2P Computing: The Evolution of a Disruptive Technology'', Idea Group Inc, Hershey. 2005 * Ralf Steinmetz, Klaus Wehrle (Eds). "[http://www.peer-to-peer.info/ Peer-to-Peer Systems and Applications]". ISBN 3-540-29192-X, ''Lecture Notes in Computer Science'', Volume 3485, September 2005. * Ramesh Subramanian and Brian Goodman (eds), ''[http://www.igi-pub.com/books/details.asp?ID=4635 Peer-to-Peer Computing: Evolution of a Disruptive Technology]'', ISBN 1-59140-429-0, Idea Group Inc., Hershey, PA, USA, 2005. * [[Shuman Ghosemajumder]]. [http://shumans.com/p2p-business-models.pdf Advanced Peer-Based Technology Business Models]''. [[MIT Sloan School of Management]], 2002. * Silverthorne, Sean. ''[http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item.jhtml?id=4206&t=innovation Music Downloads: Pirates- or Customers?]''. [[Harvard Business School|Harvard Business School Working Knowledge]], 2004. {{refend}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Peer-To-Peer}} [[Category:Peer-to-peer computing| ]] [[Category:File sharing networks]] 345af6fbdfefc38ce2c8fea2334bad90d9cb2b2b 0 203 506 2014-12-14T18:30:54Z CiptoTrammell 190 Created page with "Usaha berusaha untuk menjaga terbaik status layak. 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Amsterdam, 1720.]] "'''Pump and dump'''" is a form of [[microcap stock fraud]] that involves artificially inflating the price of an owned [[stock]] through false and misleading positive statements, in order to sell the cheaply purchased stock at a higher price. Once the operators of the scheme "dump" their overvalued shares, the price falls and investors lose their money. Stocks that are the subject of pump and dump schemes are sometimes called "chop stocks".<ref name="sec">{{cite web |url=http://www.sec.gov/answers/pumpdump.htm |title=Pump and Dump Schemes |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |date=March 12, 2001}}</ref> While fraudsters in the past relied on [[cold calling|cold call]]s, the [[Internet]] now offers a cheaper and easier way of reaching large numbers of potential investors.<ref name="sec"/> ==Pump and dump scenarios== Pump and dump schemes may take place on the Internet using an [[e-mail spam]] campaign, through media channels via a fake press release, or through telemarketing from "[[Boiler room (business)|boiler room]]" brokerage houses (for example, see ''[[Boiler Room (film)|Boiler Room]]''). <ref>{{cite web|author=NBC News staff and news wires |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/business/400-million-buyout-hoax-fooled-many-1C7208011 |title=The $400 million buyout hoax that fooled many - Business on |publisher=Nbcnews.com |date=2012-10-24 |accessdate=2012-12-18}}</ref> Often the [[stock promoter]] will claim to have "inside" information about impending news. Newsletters that purport to offer unbiased recommendations then [[tout]] the company as a "hot" stock. Messages in chat rooms and email [[spam (electronic)|spam]] urge readers to buy the stock quickly.<ref name="sec"/> Unwitting investors then purchase the stock, creating high demand and raising the price. This seemingly "real" rise in prices can entice more people to believe the hype and to buy shares as well. When the people behind the scheme sell their shares and stop promoting the stock, the price plummets, and other investors are left holding stock that is worth significantly less than what they paid for it. Fraudsters frequently use this ploy with small, thinly traded companies—known as "[[penny stock]]s," generally traded [[over-the-counter (finance)|over-the-counter]] (in the United States, this would mean markets such as the [[OTC Bulletin Board]] or the [[Pink Sheets]]), rather than markets such as the [[New York Stock Exchange]] (NYSE) or [[NASDAQ]]—because it is easier to manipulate a stock when there is little or no independent information available about the company.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sec.gov/investor/pubs/pump.htm |title=Pump&Dump.con: Tips for Avoiding Stock Scams on the Internet |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |date=January 11, 2005}}</ref> The same principle applies in the United Kingdom, where target companies are typically small companies on the [[Alternative Investment Market|AIM]] or [[OFEX]]. A more modern spin on this attack is known as hack, pump and dump.<ref name=WP>{{cite news|last=Nakashima|first=Ellen|title=Hack, Pump and Dump|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/25/AR2007012501763.html|work=The Washington Post|date=2007-01-26}}</ref> In this form, a person purchases penny stocks in advance and then uses compromised brokerage accounts to purchase large quantities of that stock. The net result is a price increase, which is often pushed further by day traders seeing a quick advance in a stock. The holder of the stock then sells his stock at a premium.<ref name=HWS>{{cite book|last=Krinklebine|first=Karlos|title=Hacking Wall Street: Attacks and Countermeasures|year=2009|publisher=Darkwave Press|location=US|isbn=1-4414-6363-1|pages=83–180|url=http://www.amazon.com/Hacking-Wall-Street-Attacks-Countermeasures/dp/1441463631}}</ref> ===Specific examples=== ====Jonathan Lebed==== During the [[Dot-com bubble|dot-com era]], when stock-market fever was at its height and many people spent significant amounts of time on stock Internet message boards, a 15-year-old named [[Jonathan Lebed]] showed how easy it was to use the Internet to run a successful pump and dump. Lebed bought [[penny stock]]s and then promoted them on message boards, pointing at the price increase. When other investors bought the stock, Lebed sold his for a profit, leaving the other investors [[holding the bag]]. He came to the attention of the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC), which filed a [[civil suit]] against him alleging [[Market manipulation|security manipulation]]. Lebed settled the charges by paying a fraction of his total gains. He neither admitted nor denied wrongdoing, but promised not to manipulate securities in the future.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/25/magazine/25STOCK-TRADER.html?pagewanted=all |title=Jonathan Lebed: Stock Manipulator, S.E.C. Nemesis -- and 15 |last=Lewis |first=Michael |date=February 25, 2001 |newspaper=New York Times}}</ref> ====Enron==== As late as April 2001, before the [[Enron scandal|company's collapse]], [[Enron]] executives participated in an elaborate scheme of pump and dump,<ref name="DVD132">{{cite video|title=[[Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room]]|medium=DVD|publisher=[[Magnolia Pictures]]|time=32:58|date=January&nbsp;17, 2006}}</ref> in addition to other illegal practices that fooled even the most experienced analysts on Wall Street. Studies of the anonymous messages posted on the [[Yahoo]] board dedicated to Enron revealed predictive messages that the company was basically a house of cards, and that investors should bail out while the stock was good.<ref name="BMB-NYT">{{Cite news |author=[[Gretchen Morgenson|Morgenson, Gretchen]] |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/28/business/yourmoney/28WATC.html?pagewanted=1 |title=The Bears on This Message Board Had Enron Pegged |work=The New York Times |date=2002-04-28 |accessdate=2010-04-25}}</ref> After Enron falsely reported profits which inflated the stock price, they covered the real numbers by using questionable accounting practices. Twenty-nine Enron executives sold overvalued stock for more than a billion dollars before the company went bankrupt.<ref name="Publici"> Dan Chambers."[http://publici.ucimc.org/mar2002/32002_7.htm Enron the Symptom, Not the Disease]." ''publici.ucimc.org.'' Retrieved on 2010-04-25.</ref> ====Park Financial Group==== In April 2007, the U.S. SEC brought charges against Park Financial Group as a result of an investigation into a pump and dump scheme during 2002-2003 of the Pink Sheet listed stock of Spear & Jackson Inc.<ref>Wall Street Journal, April 12, 2007, pg. C2</ref> ===Pump and dump spam=== Pump and dump stock [[scams]] are prevalent in [[spam (electronic)|spam]], accounting for about 15% of spam e-mail messages. A survey of 75,000 unsolicited emails sent between January 2004 and July 2005 concluded that spammers could make an average return of 4.29% by using this method, while recipients who act on the spam message typically lose close to 5.5% of their investment within two days.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Frieder, Laura and [[Jonathan Zittrain|Zittrain, Jonathan]]|title=Spam Works: Evidence from Stock Touts and Corresponding Market Activity|date=March 14, 2007|publisher=Berkman Center Research Publication No. 2006-11|ssrn=920553}} Results of this study are also discussed in this article: * {{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/5284618.stm |title=Spammers manipulate stock markets |date=25 August 2006 |work=BBC News}}</ref> A study by Böhme and Holz<ref>[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=897431 The Effect of Stock Spam on Financial Markets], 2006</ref> shows a similar effect. Stocks targeted by spam are almost always "[[penny stock]]s", selling for less than $5 per share, not traded on major exchanges, are thinly traded, and are difficult or impossible to [[Short (finance)|sell short]]. Spammers acquire stock before sending the messages, and sell the day the message is sent.<ref>[http://www.ebs.de/fileadmin/redakteur/funkt.dept.finance/DGF/downloads/Paper/No-262.pdf (Hanke and Hauser, 2006)]</ref> Pump and dump differs from many other forms of spam (such as [[advance fee fraud]] emails and [[lottery scam]] messages) in that it does not require the recipient to contact the spammer to collect supposed "winnings," or to transfer money from supposed bank accounts. This makes tracking the source of pump and dump spam difficult, and has also given rise to "minimalist" spam consisting of a small untraceable image file containing a picture of a stock symbol.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}} ==Short and distort== {{main|Short and distort}} A variant of the pump and dump scam, the "short and distort" works in the opposite manner. Instead of first buying the stock, and then artificially raising its price before selling, in a "short and distort" the scammer first [[Short (finance)|short-sells]] the stock, and then artificially ''lowers'' the price, using the same techniques as the pump and dump but using criticism or negative predictions regarding the stock. The scammer then buys back the stock at the lower price.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2002/06/52785| last = Glasner| first = Joanna| title = New Market Trend: Short, Distort| work = Wired| publisher = Condé Nast Digital| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5nSEkhdBd| archivedate = February 11, 2010| accessdate = February 11, 2010| date=2002-06-03}}</ref> ==Regulation== One method of regulating and restricting pump and dump manipulators, is to target the category of stocks most often associated with this scheme. To that end, penny stocks have been the target of heightened enforcement efforts. In the United States, regulators have defined a [[penny stock]] as a security that must meet a number of specific standards. The criteria include price, [[market capitalization]], and minimum [[shareholder|shareholder equity]]. Securities traded on a national [[stock exchange]], regardless of price, are exempt from regulatory designation as a penny stock,<ref>http://www.sec.gov/rules/final/34-51983.pdf</ref> since it is thought that exchange traded securities are less vulnerable to [[market manipulation|manipulation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2009/2009-117.htm |title=SEC Charges Eight Participants in Penny Stock Manipulation Ring |date=May 21, 2009 |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission}}</ref> Therefore, [[CitiGroup]] (NYSE:C) and other NYSE listed securities which traded below $1.00 during the market downturn of 2008-2009, while properly regarded as "low priced" securities, were not technically "penny stocks". Although penny stock trading in the United States is now primarily controlled through [[rulemaking|rules]] and [[regulation]]s enforced by the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] and the [[Financial Industry Regulatory Authority]] (FINRA), the genesis of this control is found in State securities law. The [[State of Georgia]] was the first state to [[codification (law)|codify]] a comprehensive penny stock securities law.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-03-20/business/fi-532_1_penny-stock |title=Georgia to OK Tough Law for Penny Stocks |date=March 20, 1990 |author=Stan Darden |work=Los Angeles Times |agency=[[UPI]]}}</ref> Secretary of State [[Max Cleland]], whose office enforced State securities laws<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.ga.gov/securities/ |title=Georgia Secretary of State &#124; Securities |publisher=Sos.ga.gov |date= |accessdate=2012-12-18}}</ref> was a principal proponent of the legislation. Representative Chesley V. Morton, the only [[stockbroker]] in the [[Georgia General Assembly]] at the time, was principal sponsor of the bill in the House of Representatives. Georgia's penny stock law was subsequently challenged in court. However, the law was eventually upheld in [[U.S. District Court]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/111783/GEORGIA-LAW-WONT-HURT-BROKERS-JUDGE-RULES.html?pg=all |title=GEORGIA LAW WON'T HURT BROKERS, JUDGE RULES |date=July 11, 1990 |work=Deseret News}}</ref> and the [[statute]] became the template for laws enacted in other states. Shortly thereafter, both FINRA and the SEC enacted comprehensive revisions of their penny stock regulations. These regulations proved effective in either closing or greatly restricting broker/dealers, such as Blinder, Robinson & Company, which specialized in the penny stocks sector. Meyer Blinder was jailed for securities fraud in 1992, after the collapse of his firm.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/16/business/penny-stock-fraud-from-both-sides-now.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |title=Penny-Stock Fraud, From Both Sides Now |author=Diana B. Henriques |date=February 16, 2003 |work=New York Times}}</ref> However, sanctions under these specific regulations lack an effective means to address pump and dump schemes perpetrated by unregistered groups and individuals. ==References== {{Reflist|2}} == Further reading == *{{cite book|last=Krinklebine|first=Karlos|title=Hacking Wall Street: Attacks and Countermeasures|year=2009|publisher=Darkwave Press|location=US|isbn=978-1-4414-6363-0|page=402}} * Robert H. Tillman and Michael L. Indergaard, ''Pump and Dump: The Rancid Rules of the New Economy'' (2005, ISBN 0-8135-3680-4). * Sergey Perminov, ''Trendocracy and Stock Market Manipulations'' (2008, ISBN 978-1-4357-5244-3). == External links == * [http://www.sec.gov/investor/pubs/pump.htm The SEC on Pump and dump stock Schemes in 2005] * [http://www.sec.gov/answers/pumpdump.htm The SEC on Pump and dump stock Schemes in 2001] * [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0181984/ The movie ''Boiler Room'', a fictional account of a pump and dump company] {{DEFAULTSORT:Pump And Dump}} {{Scams and confidence tricks}} [[Category:Financial regulation]] [[Category:Finance fraud]] [[Category:Spamming]] [[Category:Stock market]] 682e6d6ba61b4daf68d2b07223ccc5cc615fbf8c 259 2013-04-09T17:14:17Z Michael Frind 0 /* Pump and dump scenarios */ Minor punctuation [[File:Bubble.folly.jpg|thumb|right|The "night singer of shares" sold stock on the streets during the [[South Sea Bubble]]. Amsterdam, 1720.]] "'''Pump and dump'''" is a form of [[microcap stock fraud]] that involves artificially inflating the price of an owned [[stock]] through false and misleading positive statements, in order to sell the cheaply purchased stock at a higher price. Once the operators of the scheme "dump" their overvalued shares, the price falls and investors lose their money. Stocks that are the subject of pump and dump schemes are sometimes called "chop stocks".<ref name="sec">{{cite web |url=http://www.sec.gov/answers/pumpdump.htm |title=Pump and Dump Schemes |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |date=March 12, 2001}}</ref> While fraudsters in the past relied on [[cold calling|cold call]]s, the [[Internet]] now offers a cheaper and easier way of reaching large numbers of potential investors.<ref name="sec"/> ==Pump and dump scenarios== Pump and dump schemes may take place on the Internet using an [[e-mail spam]] campaign, through media channels via a fake press release, or through telemarketing from "[[Boiler room (business)|boiler room]]" brokerage houses (for example, see ''[[Boiler Room (film)|Boiler Room]]''). <ref>{{cite web|author=NBC News staff and news wires |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/business/400-million-buyout-hoax-fooled-many-1C7208011 |title=The $400 million buyout hoax that fooled many - Business on |publisher=Nbcnews.com |date=2012-10-24 |accessdate=2012-12-18}}</ref> Often the [[stock promoter]] will claim to have "inside" information about impending news. Newsletters that purport to offer unbiased recommendations then [[tout]] the company as a "hot" stock. Messages in chat rooms and email [[spam (electronic)|spam]] urge readers to buy the stock quickly.<ref name="sec"/> Unwitting investors then purchase the stock, creating high demand and raising the price. This seemingly "real" rise in prices can entice more people to believe the hype and to buy shares as well. When the people behind the scheme sell their shares and stop promoting the stock, the price plummets, and other investors are left holding stock that is worth significantly less than what they paid for it. Fraudsters frequently use this ploy with small, thinly traded companies—known as "[[penny stock]]s," generally traded [[over-the-counter (finance)|over-the-counter]] (in the United States, this would mean markets such as the [[OTC Bulletin Board]] or the [[Pink Sheets]]), rather than markets such as the [[New York Stock Exchange]] (NYSE) or [[NASDAQ]]—because it is easier to manipulate a stock when there is little or no independent information available about the company.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sec.gov/investor/pubs/pump.htm |title=Pump&Dump.con: Tips for Avoiding Stock Scams on the Internet |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |date=January 11, 2005}}</ref> The same principle applies in the United Kingdom, where target companies are typically small companies on the [[Alternative Investment Market|AIM]] or [[OFEX]]. A more modern spin on this attack is known as hack, pump and dump.<ref name=WP>{{cite news|last=Nakashima|first=Ellen|title=Hack, Pump and Dump|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/25/AR2007012501763.html|work=The Washington Post|date=2007-01-26}}</ref> In this form, a person purchases penny stocks in advance and then uses compromised brokerage accounts to purchase large quantities of that stock. The net result is a price increase, which is often pushed further by day traders seeing a quick advance in a stock. The holder of the stock then sells his stock at a premium.<ref name=HWS>{{cite book|last=Krinklebine|first=Karlos|title=Hacking Wall Street: Attacks and Countermeasures|year=2009|publisher=Darkwave Press|location=US|isbn=1-4414-6363-1|pages=83–180|url=http://www.amazon.com/Hacking-Wall-Street-Attacks-Countermeasures/dp/1441463631}}</ref> ===Specific examples=== ====Jonathan Lebed==== During the [[Dot-com bubble|dot-com era]], when stock-market fever was at its height and many people spent significant amounts of time on stock Internet message boards, a 15-year-old named [[Jonathan Lebed]] showed how easy it was to use the Internet to run a successful pump and dump. Lebed bought [[penny stock]]s and then promoted them on message boards, pointing at the price increase. When other investors bought the stock, Lebed sold his for a profit, leaving the other investors [[holding the bag]]. He came to the attention of the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC), which filed a [[civil suit]] against him alleging [[Market manipulation|security manipulation]]. Lebed settled the charges by paying a fraction of his total gains. He neither admitted nor denied wrongdoing, but promised not to manipulate securities in the future.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/25/magazine/25STOCK-TRADER.html?pagewanted=all |title=Jonathan Lebed: Stock Manipulator, S.E.C. Nemesis -- and 15 |last=Lewis |first=Michael |date=February 25, 2001 |newspaper=New York Times}}</ref> ====Enron==== As late as April 2001, before the [[Enron scandal|company's collapse]], [[Enron]] executives participated in an elaborate scheme of pump and dump,<ref name="DVD132">{{cite video|title=[[Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room]]|medium=DVD|publisher=[[Magnolia Pictures]]|time=32:58|date=January&nbsp;17, 2006}}</ref> in addition to other illegal practices that fooled even the most experienced analysts on Wall Street. Studies of the anonymous messages posted on the [[Yahoo]] board dedicated to Enron revealed predictive messages that the company was basically a house of cards, and that investors should bail out while the stock was good.<ref name="BMB-NYT">{{Cite news |author=[[Gretchen Morgenson|Morgenson, Gretchen]] |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/28/business/yourmoney/28WATC.html?pagewanted=1 |title=The Bears on This Message Board Had Enron Pegged |work=The New York Times |date=2002-04-28 |accessdate=2010-04-25}}</ref> After Enron falsely reported profits which inflated the stock price, they covered the real numbers by using questionable accounting practices. Twenty-nine Enron executives sold overvalued stock for more than a billion dollars before the company went bankrupt.<ref name="Publici"> Dan Chambers."[http://publici.ucimc.org/mar2002/32002_7.htm Enron the Symptom, Not the Disease]." ''publici.ucimc.org.'' Retrieved on 2010-04-25.</ref> ====Park Financial Group==== In April 2007, the U.S. SEC brought charges against Park Financial Group as a result of an investigation into a pump and dump scheme during 2002-2003 of the Pink Sheet listed stock of Spear & Jackson Inc.<ref>Wall Street Journal, April 12, 2007, pg. C2</ref> ===Pump and dump spam=== Pump and dump stock [[scams]] are prevalent in [[spam (electronic)|spam]], accounting for about 15% of spam e-mail messages. A survey of 75,000 unsolicited emails sent between January 2004 and July 2005 concluded that spammers could make an average return of 4.29% by using this method, while recipients who act on the spam message typically lose close to 5.5% of their investment within two days.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Frieder, Laura and [[Jonathan Zittrain|Zittrain, Jonathan]]|title=Spam Works: Evidence from Stock Touts and Corresponding Market Activity|date=March 14, 2007|publisher=Berkman Center Research Publication No. 2006-11|ssrn=920553}} Results of this study are also discussed in this article: * {{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/5284618.stm |title=Spammers manipulate stock markets |date=25 August 2006 |work=BBC News}}</ref> A study by Böhme and Holz<ref>[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=897431 The Effect of Stock Spam on Financial Markets], 2006</ref> shows a similar effect. Stocks targeted by spam are almost always "[[penny stock]]s", selling for less than $5 per share, not traded on major exchanges, are thinly traded, and are difficult or impossible to [[Short (finance)|sell short]]. Spammers acquire stock before sending the messages, and sell the day the message is sent.<ref>[http://www.ebs.de/fileadmin/redakteur/funkt.dept.finance/DGF/downloads/Paper/No-262.pdf (Hanke and Hauser, 2006)]</ref> Pump and dump differs from many other forms of spam (such as [[advance fee fraud]] emails and [[lottery scam]] messages) in that it does not require the recipient to contact the spammer to collect supposed "winnings," or to transfer money from supposed bank accounts. This makes tracking the source of pump and dump spam difficult, and has also given rise to "minimalist" spam consisting of a small untraceable image file containing a picture of a stock symbol.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}} ==Short and distort== {{main|Short and distort}} A variant of the pump and dump scam, the "short and distort" works in the opposite manner. Instead of first buying the stock, and then artificially raising its price before selling, in a "short and distort" the scammer first [[Short (finance)|short-sells]] the stock, and then artificially ''lowers'' the price, using the same techniques as the pump and dump but using criticism or negative predictions regarding the stock. The scammer then buys back the stock at the lower price.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2002/06/52785| last = Glasner| first = Joanna| title = New Market Trend: Short, Distort| work = Wired| publisher = Condé Nast Digital| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5nSEkhdBd| archivedate = February 11, 2010| accessdate = February 11, 2010| date=2002-06-03}}</ref> ==Regulation== One method of regulating and restricting pump and dump manipulators, is to target the category of stocks most often associated with this scheme. To that end, penny stocks have been the target of heightened enforcement efforts. In the United States, regulators have defined a [[penny stock]] as a security that must meet a number of specific standards. The criteria include price, [[market capitalization]], and minimum [[shareholder|shareholder equity]]. Securities traded on a national [[stock exchange]], regardless of price, are exempt from regulatory designation as a penny stock,<ref>http://www.sec.gov/rules/final/34-51983.pdf</ref> since it is thought that exchange traded securities are less vulnerable to [[market manipulation|manipulation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2009/2009-117.htm |title=SEC Charges Eight Participants in Penny Stock Manipulation Ring |date=May 21, 2009 |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission}}</ref> Therefore, [[CitiGroup]] (NYSE:C) and other NYSE listed securities which traded below $1.00 during the market downturn of 2008-2009, while properly regarded as "low priced" securities, were not technically "penny stocks". Although penny stock trading in the United States is now primarily controlled through [[rulemaking|rules]] and [[regulation]]s enforced by the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] and the [[Financial Industry Regulatory Authority]] (FINRA), the genesis of this control is found in State securities law. The [[State of Georgia]] was the first state to [[codification (law)|codify]] a comprehensive penny stock securities law.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-03-20/business/fi-532_1_penny-stock |title=Georgia to OK Tough Law for Penny Stocks |date=March 20, 1990 |author=Stan Darden |work=Los Angeles Times |agency=[[UPI]]}}</ref> Secretary of State [[Max Cleland]], whose office enforced State securities laws<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.ga.gov/securities/ |title=Georgia Secretary of State &#124; Securities |publisher=Sos.ga.gov |date= |accessdate=2012-12-18}}</ref> was a principal proponent of the legislation. Representative Chesley V. Morton, the only [[stockbroker]] in the [[Georgia General Assembly]] at the time, was principal sponsor of the bill in the House of Representatives. Georgia's penny stock law was subsequently challenged in court. However, the law was eventually upheld in [[U.S. District Court]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/111783/GEORGIA-LAW-WONT-HURT-BROKERS-JUDGE-RULES.html?pg=all |title=GEORGIA LAW WON'T HURT BROKERS, JUDGE RULES |date=July 11, 1990 |work=Deseret News}}</ref> and the [[statute]] became the template for laws enacted in other states. Shortly thereafter, both FINRA and the SEC enacted comprehensive revisions of their penny stock regulations. These regulations proved effective in either closing or greatly restricting broker/dealers, such as Blinder, Robinson & Company, which specialized in the penny stocks sector. Meyer Blinder was jailed for securities fraud in 1992, after the collapse of his firm.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/16/business/penny-stock-fraud-from-both-sides-now.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |title=Penny-Stock Fraud, From Both Sides Now |author=Diana B. Henriques |date=February 16, 2003 |work=New York Times}}</ref> However, sanctions under these specific regulations lack an effective means to address pump and dump schemes perpetrated by unregistered groups and individuals. ==References== {{Reflist|2}} == Further reading == *{{cite book|last=Krinklebine|first=Karlos|title=Hacking Wall Street: Attacks and Countermeasures|year=2009|publisher=Darkwave Press|location=US|isbn=978-1-4414-6363-0|page=402}} * Robert H. Tillman and Michael L. Indergaard, ''Pump and Dump: The Rancid Rules of the New Economy'' (2005, ISBN 0-8135-3680-4). * Sergey Perminov, ''Trendocracy and Stock Market Manipulations'' (2008, ISBN 978-1-4357-5244-3). == External links == * [http://www.sec.gov/investor/pubs/pump.htm The SEC on Pump and dump stock Schemes in 2005] * [http://www.sec.gov/answers/pumpdump.htm The SEC on Pump and dump stock Schemes in 2001] * [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0181984/ The movie ''Boiler Room'', a fictional account of a pump and dump company] {{DEFAULTSORT:Pump And Dump}} {{Scams and confidence tricks}} [[Category:Financial regulation]] [[Category:Finance fraud]] [[Category:Spamming]] [[Category:Stock market]] 682e6d6ba61b4daf68d2b07223ccc5cc615fbf8c 0 244 612 2015-03-03T05:06:57Z BrookePinckney 25 Created page with "Many people know just this however there are lots of hidden surprises. Moreover, as Google Plus evolves, we're certain to view applications like Google Maps, [http://Www.Lmgtf..." 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I've married 2 years ago.<br>I have two children - a son (Consuelo) and the daughter (Florene). We all like Vintage Books.<br><br>my site: [http://www.Lmgtfy.com/?q=google+plus+app+for+android google adwords keywords] c4fc0e22d31121d307ee5bb1c3cf141b0641111d 568 566 2015-02-20T23:13:55Z BrookePinckney 25 I like my hobby Herping. Seems boring? Not at all!<br>I also to learn English in my spare time.<br><br>Visit my web-site ... [http://Www.Lmgtfy.com/?q=google+plus+app+for+android google adwords coupon] 752f9d6dd925ac846dc97522e5e8dc9ab13b9cdb 566 555 2015-02-19T23:41:48Z BrookePinckney 25 Hi, everybody! My name is Candace. <br>It is a little about myself: I live in Netherlands, my city of S-Hertogenbosch. <br>It's called often Northern or cultural capital of NB. I've married 4 years ago.<br>I have 2 children - a son (Elise) and the daughter (Tabitha). We all like Figure skating.<br><br>My web page: [http://www.lmgtfy.com/?q=google+adwords+editor how to delete google plus account] 848b1ae8635f9b4ce48a10641c64276249f9a87d 555 549 2015-02-02T09:08:09Z BrookePinckney 25 Hi there! :) My name is Mckinley, I'm a student studying Environmental Studies from Carcassonne, France.<br><br>my webpage - [http://Www.Lmgtfy.com/?q=google+adwords+editor google adwords certification] 8e0b0f3e9d4298262f64d8e433c5958431f5e225 549 546 2015-02-01T00:04:40Z BrookePinckney 25 My name is Natasha Loveless. I life in Doral (United States).<br><br>Also visit my web site - [http://Lmgtfy.com/?q=google+plus+and+facebook google api example] 1fabb61b3aa010b08a43a6ab34c942bbdcba736c 546 531 2015-01-30T14:22:47Z BrookePinckney 25 I am Maude from Frederikssund. I love [http://www.Lmgtfy.com/?q=google+plus+and+facebook how to set up google authorship] play Xylophone. Other hobbies are Bowling. 391a5dcac73079adb90e2bdd9e4e0820b1199e06 531 520 2015-01-26T10:47:03Z BrookePinckney 25 Hi, everybody! My name is Ramonita. <br>It is a little about myself: I live in Brazil, my city of Aparecida De Goiania. <br>It's called often Northern or cultural capital of GO. I've married 1 years ago.<br>I have 2 children - a son (Jewell) and the daughter (Iris). We all like Painting.<br><br>Here is my blog post - [http://www.Lmgtfy.com/?q=google+plus+and+facebook google adwords editor] 83424be34ee20b80aef658effa52ee507ea42f1d 520 2015-01-17T19:29:53Z BrookePinckney 25 Created page with "I'm Guillermo and I live in Vacha. <br>I'm interested in Law, Tai Chi and Danish art. I like to travel and watching The Vampire Diaries.<br><br>Here is my page [http://Www.Lmg..." I'm Guillermo and I live in Vacha. <br>I'm interested in Law, Tai Chi and Danish art. I like to travel and watching The Vampire Diaries.<br><br>Here is my page [http://Www.Lmgtfy.com/?q=google+plus+and+facebook google api example] 2e80e5f6eda8fb7e4be8bdc6c0c7d58b55d4d1a1 3 202 505 2014-12-14T18:30:30Z CiptoTrammell 190 Created page with "Halo! Saya adalah Batara. Saya tersenyum ԁan ingin bergabung dengan penduduk bumi. Saya tinggal ԁi Poland, ɗi kawasan . Saya bermimpi melihat beberapa tempat berbeda, Untuk..." Halo! Saya adalah Batara. Saya tersenyum ԁan ingin bergabung dengan penduduk bumi. Saya tinggal ԁi Poland, ɗi kawasan . Saya bermimpi melihat beberapa tempat berbeda, Untuk mendapatkan sebuah pengalaman dengan orang-orang bumi lainnya.<br><br>Silahkan Cek blog Kami demi dapat Data lebih komplit tentang [http://pakarkinerja.com/ Pengembangan Kinerja SDM]. Ƭhanks ya 094ebb634f82ffa8f6c023c2a058bf857d55cd16 3 187 451 446 2013-04-30T01:41:21Z Cyrus 1 Blanked the page da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 446 442 2013-04-30T01:31:24Z Mike 3 I would share this to Reddits Litecoin section, those guys are pretty psyched to see any positive contributions to LTC http://www.reddit.com/r/litecoin 9647689b61dbfe58867ac7d0f0e4a8a11a083d96 442 440 2013-04-30T01:25:15Z Mike 3 No problem, nice idea you have here. I may not be able to add too much, but i'd like to see this become something 7aa4639275108535da7eb3dc1295be26052cfe72 440 437 2013-04-30T01:22:39Z Mike 3 Blanked the page da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 437 2013-04-30T01:19:30Z Mike 3 Created page with "Is the paper wallet section along the lines of what your looking for?" Is the paper wallet section along the lines of what your looking for? e431ecfb3037207407eb5851c9a55a36449b80a6 3 194 483 482 2013-05-03T11:34:00Z Cyrus 1 Hello Iddo! First of all, thank you very much for contributing. I am currently out of town for another 2 days and internet access is somewhat scarce. I tried to send you a PM in Bitcointalk, but it's down. Litecoinpedia uses wiki markup formatting, just like Wikipedia. Here is link example: "["http://wvvw. Site .com/ Link Title"]"(Without "" of course). That would translate to [http://www.site.com/ Link Title]. You can find more about it here: [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wiki_markup Wiki Markup] Please reply on my Talk page if this won't solve the issue. Thank You! 67eaf462f6b505ff217583e21797b250749473ce 482 481 2013-05-03T11:28:38Z Cyrus 1 Hello Iddo! First of all, thank you very much for contributing. I am currently out of town for another 2 days and internet access is somewhat scarce. I tried to send you a PM in Bitcointalk, but it's down. Litecoinpedia uses wiki markup formatting, just like Wikipedia. Here is link example: "["http://wvvw. Site .com/ Link Title"]". Please reply on my Talk page if this won't solve the issue. Thank You! 0ae445c5bf755e8f3d3d49d31ee60e6045751dcd 481 480 2013-05-03T11:27:55Z Cyrus 1 Hello Iddo! First of all, thank you very much for contributing. I am currently out of town for another 2 days and internet access is somewhat scarce. I tried to send you a PM in Bitcointalk, but it's down. Litecoinpedia uses wiki markup formatting, just like Wikipedia. Here is link example: "["http://www. Site .com/ Link Title"]". Please reply on my Talk page if this won't solve the issue. Thank You! c05838cf7262724f988f2327d37743fd0d68b4b4 480 2013-05-03T11:25:54Z Cyrus 1 Created page with "Hello Iddo! First of all, thank you very much for contributing. I am currently out of town for another 2 days and internet access is somewhat scarce. I tried to send you a PM ..." Hello Iddo! First of all, thank you very much for contributing. I am currently out of town for another 2 days and internet access is somewhat scarce. I tried to send you a PM in Bitcointalk, but it's down. Litecoinpedia uses wiki markup formatting, just like Wikipedia. Here is link example: "[http://www.ubuntu.com/download Ubuntu]". Please reply on my Talk page if this won't solve the issue. Thank You! eeb0776b7234e35553f368f96559f56f254cc832 3 188 450 447 2013-04-30T01:38:31Z Mike 3 Blanked the page da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 447 445 2013-04-30T01:35:49Z Cyrus 1 It's a good start. Thank you for contributing! I just hope to get the ball rolling, if more people make small contributions, much can can be done :). Great idea! You're right, Reddit can help bring more contributors... of course, readers. 71b0851c5be36017db5525aec78208334bafb941 445 441 2013-04-30T01:27:35Z Cyrus 1 It's a good start. Thank you for contributing! I just hope to get the ball rolling, if more people make small contributions, much can can be done :). af62e3b475a8f777ae686b5be635c498adb9aa7b 441 2013-04-30T01:22:59Z Cyrus 1 Created page with "It's a good start. Thank you for contributing!" It's a good start. Thank you for contributing! 0369c6702df842e7af520a48bf42c0da56dcf858 3 204 507 2014-12-14T19:17:10Z SadewaZTVby 191 Created page with "Nama saya Satriyo and was born on 4 April 1974. saya suka Conlanging аnd pelayaran.<br><br>Ayo baca-baca ԁi blog Saya demi dapatkan Info lebih komplit tentang [http://www.at..." Nama saya Satriyo and was born on 4 April 1974. saya suka Conlanging аnd pelayaran.<br><br>Ayo baca-baca ԁi blog Saya demi dapatkan Info lebih komplit tentang [http://www.atributpaskibra.com/ atribut paskibra]. Terima Kasih 0bd50530f104893f2c0251ecff0757a2e90202a2 3 211 514 2014-12-22T09:31:56Z Surya3823vbbl 203 Created page with "Halo :) Nama saya Sakti, Saya seorang siswa yang sedang mempelajari Fakultas Hukum Pidana,IPB Bogor dari Bossy, Switzerland.<br><br>Jangan sungkan untuk mengunjungi situs Aku ..." Halo :) Nama saya Sakti, Saya seorang siswa yang sedang mempelajari Fakultas Hukum Pidana,IPB Bogor dari Bossy, Switzerland.<br><br>Jangan sungkan untuk mengunjungi situs Aku buat mendapatkan Informasi Menarik tentang [http://www.kamusbahasasunda.com/ Bahasa Sunda]. Terima Kasih afea5fb28732473c82137614fbfc187e1c1d303f 4 5 14 2013-04-28T22:55:54Z Cyrus 1 Created page with "This [http://litecoinpedia.org wiki] is for the documentation, discussion and development of the Litecoin currency and software." This [http://litecoinpedia.org wiki] is for the documentation, discussion and development of the Litecoin currency and software. 312cd1991a04929c8881aed7725f7a3c5b0c9d7a 4 4 12 11 2013-04-28T22:54:15Z Cyrus 1 Protected "[[Litecoin Wiki:General disclaimer]]" (‎[edit=sysop] (indefinite) ‎[move=sysop] (indefinite)) LitecoinPedia is an online open-content collaborative encyclopedia; that is, a voluntary association of individuals and groups working to develop a common resource of human knowledge. Please be advised that not all of the information found here has necessarily been reviewed by people with the expertise required to provide you with complete, accurate or reliable information. That is not to say that you will not find valuable and accurate information in LitecoinPedia; much of the time you will. However, LitecoinPedia cannot guarantee the validity of the information found here. The content of any given article may recently have been changed, vandalized or altered by someone whose opinion does not correspond with the state of knowledge in the relevant fields. Note that most other encyclopedias and reference works also have similar disclaimers. 6282001ee018349024cfbb6b7bf02c30566d865e 11 2013-04-28T22:53:43Z Cyrus 1 Created page with "LitecoinPedia is an online open-content collaborative encyclopedia; that is, a voluntary association of individuals and groups working to develop a common resource of human kn..." LitecoinPedia is an online open-content collaborative encyclopedia; that is, a voluntary association of individuals and groups working to develop a common resource of human knowledge. Please be advised that not all of the information found here has necessarily been reviewed by people with the expertise required to provide you with complete, accurate or reliable information. That is not to say that you will not find valuable and accurate information in LitecoinPedia; much of the time you will. However, LitecoinPedia cannot guarantee the validity of the information found here. The content of any given article may recently have been changed, vandalized or altered by someone whose opinion does not correspond with the state of knowledge in the relevant fields. Note that most other encyclopedias and reference works also have similar disclaimers. 6282001ee018349024cfbb6b7bf02c30566d865e 4 3 13 10 2013-04-28T22:54:30Z Cyrus 1 Protected "[[Litecoin Wiki:Privacy policy]]" (‎[edit=sysop] (indefinite) ‎[move=sysop] (indefinite)) We will never share your account data. However, by editing any page on this wiki, you agree that your user name will be linked to your edits, and subsequently exported in the daily backups. 99047427fb787338f6848ff2fbd5c1f7a9e786de 10 9 2013-04-28T22:49:52Z Cyrus 1 We will never share your account data. However, by editing any page on this wiki, you agree that your user name will be linked to your edits, and subsequently exported in the daily backups. 99047427fb787338f6848ff2fbd5c1f7a9e786de 9 2013-04-28T22:49:35Z Cyrus 1 Created page with "We will never share your account data. However, by editing any page on this wiki, you agree that your user name will be linked to your edits, and subsequently exported in the ..." We will never share your account data. However, by editing any page on this wiki, you agree that your user name will be linked to your edits, and subsequently exported in the daily backups. 38764a9e7615920e0f4c32f0efc4dcc06a9a6586 6 17 61 60 2013-04-29T01:17:11Z Cyrus 1 da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 60 59 2013-04-29T01:11:38Z Cyrus 1 WikiAdmin uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Litecoin-logo.png]]&quot;: Reverted to version as of 00:59, 29 April 2013 da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 59 58 2013-04-29T01:06:35Z Cyrus 1 da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 58 57 2013-04-29T01:06:11Z Cyrus 1 WikiAdmin uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Litecoin-logo.png]]&quot; da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 57 54 2013-04-29T01:06:03Z Cyrus 1 da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 54 2013-04-29T00:59:58Z Cyrus 1 da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 101 244 2013-04-29T15:23:11Z Cyrus 1 da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 181 409 2013-04-29T16:01:49Z Cyrus 1 da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 6 183 426 2013-04-30T01:00:38Z Mike 3 A litecoin paper wallet A litecoin paper wallet 73c97c8d04f1ae04b0f4c7fd60fe3d8830982900 6 16 64 63 2013-04-29T01:23:19Z Cyrus 1 WikiAdmin uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Litecoin logo.png]]&quot;: Reverted to version as of 01:21, 29 April 2013 da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 63 62 2013-04-29T01:22:51Z Cyrus 1 WikiAdmin uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Litecoin logo.png]]&quot; da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 62 2013-04-29T01:21:43Z Cyrus 1 da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 8 100 243 2013-04-29T15:19:53Z Cyrus 1 Created page with "/* Default styling for HTML elements */ dfn { font-style: inherit; /* Reset default styling for <dfn> */ } sup, sub { line-height: 1em; /* Reduce line-height for ..." /* Default styling for HTML elements */ dfn { font-style: inherit; /* Reset default styling for <dfn> */ } sup, sub { line-height: 1em; /* Reduce line-height for ^{and <sub> */ } /* Main page fixes */ #interwiki-completelist { font-weight: bold; } body.page-Main_Page #ca-delete { display: none !important; } body.page-Main_Page #mp-topbanner { clear: both; } body.page-Main_Page .wbc-editpage { display: none; } /* Edit window toolbar */ #toolbar { height: 22px; margin-bottom: 6px; } /* Make the list of references smaller */ ol.references, div.reflist, div.refbegin { font-size: 90%; /* Default font-size */ margin-bottom: 0.5em; } div.refbegin-100 { font-size: 100%; /* Option for normal fontsize in {{refbegin}} */ } div.reflist ol.references { font-size: 100%; /* Reset font-size when nested in div.reflist */ list-style-type: inherit; /* Enable custom list style types */ } /* Highlight clicked reference in blue to help navigation */ ol.references li:target, sup.reference:target, span.citation:target { background-color: #DEF; } /* Ensure refs in table headers and the like aren't bold or italic */ sup.reference { font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; } /* Allow hidden ref errors to be shown by user CSS */ span.brokenref { display: none; } /* Styling for citations (CSS3). Breaks long urls, etc., rather than overflowing box */ .citation { word-wrap: break-word; } /* Styling for the title of any work within a citation, or specifically the title of a periodical. */ .citation cite, .citation cite.periodical { font-style: italic; } /* For linked citation numbers and document IDs, where the number need not be shown on a screen or a handheld, but should be included in the printed version */ @media screen, handheld { .citation *.printonly { display: none; } } /* Style for [[Template:Flowlist]] that Lets lists flow around floating objecs */ .flowlist ul { overflow-x: hidden; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 1.6em; } .flowlist ol { overflow-x: hidden; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3.2em; } .flowlist dl { overflow-x: hidden; } /* Style for horizontal lists (separator following item). Note: hlist formatting will break if the resulting HTML lacks a breakable character between list items. 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font-size: 88%; font-weight: normal; } .navbar ul { display: inline; white-space: nowrap; } .navbar li { word-spacing: -0.125em; } .navbar.mini li span { font-variant: small-caps; } /* Navbar styling when nested in infobox and navbox */ .infobox .navbar { font-size: 100%; } .navbox .navbar { display: block; font-size: 100%; } .navbox-title .navbar { /* @noflip */ float: left; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ margin-right: 0.5em; width: 6em; } /* 'show'/'hide' buttons created dynamically by the CollapsibleTables javascript in [[MediaWiki:Common.js]] are styled here so they can be customised. */ .collapseButton { /* @noflip */ float: right; font-weight: normal; /* @noflip */ margin-left: 0.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: right; width: auto; } /* In navboxes, the show/hide button balances the v·d·e links from [[Template:Navbar]], so they need to be the same width. */ .navbox .collapseButton { width: 6em; } /* Styling for JQuery makeCollapsible, matching that of collapseButton */ .mw-collapsible-toggle { font-weight: normal; /* @noflip */ text-align: right; } .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle { width: 6em; } /* Infobox template style */ .infobox { border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; color: black; /* @noflip */ margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; /* @noflip */ float: right; /* @noflip */ clear: right; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; } .infobox caption { font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; } .infobox td, .infobox th { vertical-align: top; } .infobox.bordered { border-collapse: collapse; } .infobox.bordered td, .infobox.bordered th { border: 1px solid #aaa; } .infobox.bordered .borderless td, .infobox.bordered .borderless th { border: 0; } .infobox.sisterproject { width: 20em; font-size: 90%; } .infobox.standard-talk { border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; } .infobox.standard-talk.bordered td, .infobox.standard-talk.bordered th { border: 1px solid #c0c090; } /* styles for bordered infobox with merged rows */ .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td, .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th { border: 0; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; /* @noflip */ border-right: 1px solid #aaa; } .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td, .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th { border: 0; /* @noflip */ border-right: 1px solid #aaa; } /* Styles for geography infoboxes, eg countries, country subdivisions, cities, etc. */ .infobox.geography { /* @noflip */ text-align: left; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 90%; } .infobox.geography td, .infobox.geography th { border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em; } .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td, .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th { border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em; } .infobox.geography .mergedrow td, .infobox.geography .mergedrow th { border: 0; padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em; } .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td, .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th { border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em; } .infobox.geography .maptable td, .infobox.geography .maptable th { border: 0; padding: 0; } /* Normal font styling for table row headers with scope="row" tag */ .wikitable.plainrowheaders th[scope=row] { font-weight: normal; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; } /* Lists in data cells are always left-aligned */ .wikitable td ul, .wikitable td ol, .wikitable td dl { /* @noflip */ text-align: left; } /* ...unless they also use the hlist class */ .wikitable.hlist td ul, .wikitable.hlist td ol, .wikitable.hlist td dl { text-align: inherit; } /* Icons for medialist templates [[Template:Listen]], [[Template:Multi-listen_start]], [[Template:Video]], [[Template:Multi-video_start]] */ div.listenlist { background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Gnome_speakernotes_30px.png"); /* @noflip */ padding-left: 40px; } /* Fix for hieroglyphs specificality issue in infoboxes ([[Bugzilla:41869]]) */ table.mw-hiero-table td { vertical-align: middle; } /* Style rules for media list templates */ div.medialist { min-height: 50px; margin: 1em; /* @noflip */ background-position: top left; background-repeat: no-repeat; } div.medialist ul { list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; margin: 0; } div.medialist ul li { padding-bottom: 0.5em; } div.medialist ul li li { font-size: 91%; padding-bottom: 0; } /* Change the external link icon to an Adobe icon for all PDF files in browsers that support these CSS selectors, like Mozilla and Opera */ div#content a[href$=".pdf"].external, div#content a[href*=".pdf?"].external, div#content a[href*=".pdf#"].external, div#content a[href$=".PDF"].external, div#content a[href*=".PDF?"].external, div#content a[href*=".PDF#"].external, div#mw_content a[href$=".pdf"].external, div#mw_content a[href*=".pdf?"].external, div#mw_content a[href*=".pdf#"].external, div#mw_content a[href$=".PDF"].external, div#mw_content a[href*=".PDF?"].external, div#mw_content a[href*=".PDF#"].external { background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") no-repeat right; /* @noflip */ padding-right: 18px; } /* Change the external link icon to an Adobe icon anywhere the PDFlink class is used (notably Template:PDFlink). This works in IE, unlike the above. */ div#content span.PDFlink a, div#mw_content span.PDFlink a { background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") no-repeat right; /* @noflip */ padding-right: 18px; } /* Content in columns with CSS instead of tables [[Template:Columns]] */ div.columns-2 div.column { /* @noflip */ float: left; width: 50%; min-width: 300px; } div.columns-3 div.column { /* @noflip */ float: left; width: 33.3%; min-width: 200px; } div.columns-4 div.column { /* @noflip */ float: left; width: 25%; min-width: 150px; } div.columns-5 div.column { /* @noflip */ float: left; width: 20%; min-width: 120px; } /* Messagebox templates */ .messagebox { border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; width: 80%; margin: 0 auto 1em auto; padding: .2em; } .messagebox.merge { border: 1px solid #c0b8cc; background-color: #f0e5ff; text-align: center; } .messagebox.cleanup { border: 1px solid #9f9fff; background-color: #efefff; text-align: center; } .messagebox.standard-talk { border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; margin: 4px auto; } /* For old WikiProject banners inside banner shells. */ .mbox-inside .standard-talk, .messagebox.nested-talk { border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; width: 100%; margin: 2px 0; padding: 2px; } .messagebox.small { width: 238px; font-size: 85%; /* @noflip */ float: right; clear: both; /* @noflip */ margin: 0 0 1em 1em; line-height: 1.25em; } .messagebox.small-talk { width: 238px; font-size: 85%; /* @noflip */ float: right; clear: both; /* @noflip */ margin: 0 0 1em 1em; line-height: 1.25em; background: #F8EABA; } /* Cell sizes for ambox/tmbox/imbox/cmbox/ombox/fmbox/dmbox message boxes */ th.mbox-text, td.mbox-text { /* The message body cell(s) */ border: none; /* @noflip */ padding: 0.25em 0.9em; /* 0.9em left/right */ width: 100%; /* Make all mboxes the same width regardless of text length */ } td.mbox-image { /* The left image cell */ border: none; /* @noflip */ padding: 2px 0 2px 0.9em; /* 0.9em left, 0px right */ text-align: center; } td.mbox-imageright { /* The right image cell */ border: none; /* @noflip */ padding: 2px 0.9em 2px 0; /* 0px left, 0.9em right */ text-align: center; } td.mbox-empty-cell { /* An empty narrow cell */ border: none; padding: 0px; width: 1px; } /* Article message box styles */ table.ambox { margin: 0px 10%; /* 10% = Will not overlap with other elements */ border: 1px solid #aaa; /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #1e90ff; /* Default "notice" blue */ background: #fbfbfb; } table.ambox + table.ambox { /* Single border between stacked boxes. */ margin-top: -1px; } .ambox th.mbox-text, .ambox td.mbox-text { /* The message body cell(s) */ padding: 0.25em 0.5em; /* 0.5em left/right */ } .ambox td.mbox-image { /* The left image cell */ /* @noflip */ padding: 2px 0 2px 0.5em; /* 0.5em left, 0px right */ } .ambox td.mbox-imageright { /* The right image cell */ /* @noflip */ padding: 2px 0.5em 2px 0; /* 0px left, 0.5em right */ } table.ambox-notice { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #1e90ff; /* Blue */ } table.ambox-speedy { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #b22222; /* Red */ background: #fee; /* Pink */ } table.ambox-delete { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #b22222; /* Red */ } table.ambox-content { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #f28500; /* Orange */ } table.ambox-style { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #f4c430; /* Yellow */ } table.ambox-move { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */ } table.ambox-protection { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #bba; /* Gray-gold */ } /* Image message box styles */ table.imbox { margin: 4px 10%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 3px solid #1e90ff; /* Default "notice" blue */ background: #fbfbfb; } .imbox .mbox-text .imbox { /* For imboxes inside imbox-text cells. */ margin: 0 -0.5em; /* 0.9 - 0.5 = 0.4em left/right. */ display: block; /* Fix for webkit to force 100% width. */ } .mbox-inside .imbox { /* For imboxes inside other templates. */ margin: 4px; } table.imbox-notice { border: 3px solid #1e90ff; /* Blue */ } table.imbox-speedy { border: 3px solid #b22222; /* Red */ background: #fee; /* Pink */ } table.imbox-delete { border: 3px solid #b22222; /* Red */ } table.imbox-content { border: 3px solid #f28500; /* Orange */ } table.imbox-style { border: 3px solid #f4c430; /* Yellow */ } table.imbox-move { border: 3px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */ } table.imbox-protection { border: 3px solid #bba; /* Gray-gold */ } table.imbox-license { border: 3px solid #88a; /* Dark gray */ background: #f7f8ff; /* Light gray */ } table.imbox-featured { border: 3px solid #cba135; /* Brown-gold */ } /* Category message box styles */ table.cmbox { margin: 3px 10%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #DFE8FF; /* Default "notice" blue */ } table.cmbox-notice { background: #D8E8FF; /* Blue */ } table.cmbox-speedy { margin-top: 4px; margin-bottom: 4px; border: 4px solid #b22222; /* Red */ background: #FFDBDB; /* Pink */ } table.cmbox-delete { background: #FFDBDB; /* Red */ } table.cmbox-content { background: #FFE7CE; /* Orange */ } table.cmbox-style { background: #FFF9DB; /* Yellow */ } table.cmbox-move { background: #E4D8FF; /* Purple */ } table.cmbox-protection { background: #EFEFE1; /* Gray-gold */ } /* Other pages message box styles */ table.ombox { margin: 4px 10%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #aaa; /* Default "notice" gray */ background: #f9f9f9; } table.ombox-notice { border: 1px solid #aaa; /* Gray */ } table.ombox-speedy { border: 2px solid #b22222; /* Red */ background: #fee; /* Pink */ } table.ombox-delete { border: 2px solid #b22222; /* Red */ } table.ombox-content { border: 1px solid #f28500; /* Orange */ } table.ombox-style { border: 1px solid #f4c430; /* Yellow */ } table.ombox-move { border: 1px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */ } table.ombox-protection { border: 2px solid #bba; /* Gray-gold */ } /* Talk page message box styles */ table.tmbox { margin: 4px 10%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #c0c090; /* Default "notice" gray-brown */ background: #f8eaba; } .mediawiki .mbox-inside .tmbox { /* For tmboxes inside other templates. The "mediawiki" class ensures that */ margin: 2px 0; /* this declaration overrides other styles (including mbox-small above) */ width: 100%; /* For Safari and Opera */ } .mbox-inside .tmbox.mbox-small { /* "small" tmboxes should not be small when */ line-height: 1.5em; /* also "nested", so reset styles that are */ font-size: 100%; /* set in "mbox-small" above. */ } table.tmbox-speedy { border: 2px solid #b22222; /* Red */ background: #fee; /* Pink */ } table.tmbox-delete { border: 2px solid #b22222; /* Red */ } table.tmbox-content { border: 2px solid #f28500; /* Orange */ } table.tmbox-style { border: 2px solid #f4c430; /* Yellow */ } table.tmbox-move { border: 2px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */ } table.tmbox-protection, table.tmbox-notice { border: 1px solid #c0c090; /* Gray-brown */ } /* Disambig and set index box styles */ table.dmbox { clear: both; margin: 0.9em 1em; border-top: 1px solid #ccc; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; } /* Footer and header message box styles */ table.fmbox { clear: both; margin: 0.2em 0; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #f9f9f9; /* Default "system" gray */ } table.fmbox-system { background: #f9f9f9; } table.fmbox-warning { border: 1px solid #bb7070; /* Dark pink */ background: #ffdbdb; /* Pink */ } table.fmbox-editnotice { background: transparent; } /* Div based "warning" style fmbox messages. */ div.mw-warning-with-logexcerpt, div.mw-lag-warn-high, div.mw-cascadeprotectedwarning, div#mw-protect-cascadeon { clear: both; margin: 0.2em 0; border: 1px solid #bb7070; background: #ffdbdb; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; } /* Div based "system" style fmbox messages. Used in [[MediaWiki:Readonly lag]]. */ div.mw-lag-warn-normal, div.fmbox-system { clear: both; margin: 0.2em 0; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; } /* These mbox-small classes must be placed after all other ambox/tmbox/ombox etc classes. "body.mediawiki" is so they override "table.ambox + table.ambox" above. */ body.mediawiki table.mbox-small { /* For the "small=yes" option. */ /* @noflip */ clear: right; /* @noflip */ float: right; /* @noflip */ margin: 4px 0 4px 1em; width: 238px; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.25em; } body.mediawiki table.mbox-small-left { /* For the "small=left" option. */ /* @noflip */ margin: 4px 1em 4px 0; width: 238px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.25em; } /* Style for compact ambox */ /* Hide the images */ .compact-ambox table .mbox-image, .compact-ambox table .mbox-imageright, .compact-ambox table .mbox-empty-cell { display: none; } /* Remove borders, backgrounds, padding, etc. */ .compact-ambox table.ambox { border: none; border-collapse: collapse; background: transparent; margin: 0 0 0 1.6em !important; padding: 0 !important; width: auto; display: block; } body.mediawiki .compact-ambox table.mbox-small-left { font-size: 100%; width: auto; margin: 0; } /* Style the text cell as a list item and remove its padding */ .compact-ambox table .mbox-text { padding: 0 !important; margin: 0 !important; } .compact-ambox table .mbox-text-span { display: list-item; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; list-style-image: url(//bits.wikimedia.org/skins/common/images/bullet.gif); } .skin-vector .compact-ambox table .mbox-text-span { list-style-type: circle; list-style-image: url(//bits.wikimedia.org/skins/vector/images/bullet-icon.png) } /* Allow for hiding text in compact form */ .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact { display: none; } /* Remove default styles for [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]]. */ div.noarticletext { border: none; background: transparent; padding: 0; } /* Bold save button */ #wpSave { font-weight: bold; } /* class hiddenStructure is defunct. See [[Wikipedia:hiddenStructure]] */ .hiddenStructure { display: inline !important; color: #f00; background-color: #0f0; } /* suppress missing interwiki image links where #ifexist cannot be used due to high number of requests see .hidden-redlink on [[m:MediaWiki:Common.css]] */ .check-icon a.new { display: none; speak: none; } /* Removes underlines from certain links */ .nounderlines a, .IPA a:link, .IPA a:visited { text-decoration: none !important; } /* Standard Navigationsleisten, aka box hiding thingy from .de. Documentation at [[Wikipedia:NavFrame]]. */ div.NavFrame { margin: 0; padding: 4px; border: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; } div.NavFrame + div.NavFrame { border-top-style: none; border-top-style: hidden; } div.NavPic { background-color: #fff; margin: 0; padding: 2px; /* @noflip */ float: left; } div.NavFrame div.NavHead { height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color: #ccf; position: relative; } div.NavFrame p, div.NavFrame div.NavContent, div.NavFrame div.NavContent p { font-size: 100%; } div.NavEnd { margin: 0; padding: 0; line-height: 1px; clear: both; } a.NavToggle { position: absolute; top: 0; /* @noflip */ right: 3px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 90%; } /* Hatnotes and disambiguation notices */ .rellink, .dablink { font-style: italic; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } .rellink i, .dablink i { font-style: normal; } /* Allow transcluded pages to display in lists rather than a table. Compatible in Firefox; incompatible in IE6. */ .listify td { display: list-item; } .listify tr { display: block; } .listify table { display: block; } /* Geographical coordinates defaults. See [[Template:Coord/link]] for how these are used. The classes "geo", "longitude", and "latitude" are used by the [[Geo microformat]]. */ .geo-default, .geo-dms, .geo-dec { display: inline; } .geo-nondefault, .geo-multi-punct { display: none; } .longitude, .latitude { white-space: nowrap; } /* When <div class="nonumtoc"> is used on the table of contents, the ToC will display without numbers */ .nonumtoc .tocnumber { display: none; } .nonumtoc #toc ul, .nonumtoc .toc ul { line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none none; margin: .3em 0 0; padding: 0; } .nonumtoc #toc ul ul, .nonumtoc .toc ul ul { /* @noflip */ margin: 0 0 0 2em; } /* Allow limiting of which header levels are shown in a TOC; <div class="toclimit-3">, for instance, will limit to showing ==headings== and ===headings=== but no further (as long as there are no =headings= on the page, which there shouldn't be according to the MoS). */ .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul, .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul, .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul, .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul, .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul, .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul { display: none; } /* Styling for Template:Quote */ blockquote.templatequote { margin-top: 0; } blockquote.templatequote div.templatequotecite { line-height: 1em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 0; } blockquote.templatequote div.templatequotecite cite { font-size: 85%; } /* User block messages */ div.user-block { padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #A9A9A9; background-color: #FFEFD5; } /* Prevent line breaks in silly places: 1) Where desired 2) Links when we don't want them to 3) Bold "links" to the page itself 4) Ref tags with group names <ref group="Note"> --> "[Note 1]" */ .nowrap, .nowraplinks a, .nowraplinks .selflink, sup.reference a { white-space: nowrap; } /* But allow wrapping where desired: */ .wrap, .wraplinks a { white-space: normal; } /* For template documentation */ .template-documentation { clear: both; margin: 1em 0 0 0; border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #ecfcf4; padding: 1em; } /* Inline divs in ImageMaps (code borrowed from de.wiki) */ .imagemap-inline div { display: inline; } /* Increase the height of the image upload box */ #wpUploadDescription { height: 13em; } /* Minimum thumb width */ .thumbinner { min-width: 100px; } /* Makes the background of a framed image white instead of gray. Only visible with transparent images. */ div.thumb img.thumbimage { background-color: #fff; } /* The backgrounds for galleries. */ div#content .gallerybox div.thumb { /* Light gray padding */ background-color: #F9F9F9; } /* Put a chequered background behind images, only visible if they have transparency. '.filehistory a img' and '#file img:hover' are handled by MediaWiki core (as of 1.19) */ .gallerybox .thumb img { background: #fff url(//bits.wikimedia.org/skins/common/images/Checker-16x16.png) repeat; } /* But not on articles, user pages, portals or with opt-out. */ .ns-0 .gallerybox .thumb img, .ns-2 .gallerybox .thumb img, .ns-100 .gallerybox .thumb img, .nochecker .gallerybox .thumb img { background: #fff; } /* Category tree styling. Works in conjuction with [[MediaWiki:Categorytree-expand-bullet]], [[MediaWiki:Categorytree-collapse-bullet]] and [[MediaWiki:Categorytree-empty-bullet]]. */ #mw-subcategories ul { list-style: none none; margin-left: 0.25em; } .CategoryTreeChildren { margin-left: 1.25em; } /* Prevent floating boxes from overlapping any category listings, file histories, edit previews, and edit [Show changes] views. */ #mw-subcategories, #mw-pages, #mw-category-media, #filehistory, #wikiPreview, #wikiDiff { clear: both; } body.rtl #mw-articlefeedbackv5, body.rtl #mw-articlefeedback { display: block; /* Override inline block mode */ margin-bottom: 1em; /* @noflip */ clear: right; /* Clear any info boxes that stick out */ /* @noflip */ float: right; /* Prevents margin collapsing */ } /* Toned down styling for update markers on watchlist and history pages. */ span.updatedmarker { background-color: transparent; color: #006400; } .mw-special-Watchlist .mw-changeslist-line-watched .mw-title { font-weight:normal; } .mw-special-Watchlist #mw-watchlist-resetbutton { display:none; } /* Selectively hide headers in WikiProject banners */ .wpb .wpb-header { display: none; } .wpbs-inner .wpb .wpb-header { display: block; } /* for IE */ .wpbs-inner .wpb .wpb-header { display: table-row; } /* for real browsers */ .wpbs-inner .wpb-outside { display: none; } /* hide things that should only display outside shells */ /* Styling for Abuse Filter tags */ .mw-tag-markers { font-family:sans-serif; font-style:italic; font-size:90%; } /* Hide stuff meant for accounts with special permissions. Made visible again in [[MediaWiki:Group-sysop.css]] and [[MediaWiki:Group-accountcreator.css]]. */ .sysop-show, .accountcreator-show { display: none; } /* Remove bullets when there are multiple edit page warnings */ ul.permissions-errors > li { list-style: none none; } ul.permissions-errors { margin: 0; } /* No linewrap on the labels of the login/signup page */ body.page-Special_UserLogin .mw-label label, body.page-Special_UserLogin_signup .mw-label label { white-space: nowrap; } /* Disable the automatic text-size adjust of WebKit on iPhones etc. It scales some text, and not the other. Use none, or fixed percentage instead. Use media selector, because defining a value, overwrites platform defaults. */ @media only screen and (max-device-width: 480px) { body { -webkit-text-size-adjust: none; } } /* Pie chart test: Transparent borders */ .transborder { border: solid transparent; } * html .transborder { /* IE6 */ border: solid #000001; filter: chroma(color=#000001); } /* Adjust font for inline HTML generated formulae */ span.texhtml { font-family: "Times New Roman", "Nimbus Roman No9 L", Times, serif; font-size: 118%; white-space: nowrap; } span.texhtml span.texhtml { font-size: 100%; } /* Fix so <syntaxhighlight> tags and .css and .js pages get normal text size. [[Bugzilla:26204]]. See also [[Wikipedia:Typography#The monospace 'bug']] */ div.mw-geshi div, div.mw-geshi div pre, span.mw-geshi, pre.source-css, pre.source-javascript, pre.source-lua { font-family: monospace, Courier !important; } /* Fix styling of transcluded prefindex tables */ table#mw-prefixindex-list-table, table#mw-prefixindex-nav-table { width: 98%; } /* For portals, added 2011-12-07 -bv On wide screens, show these as two columns On narrow and mobile screens, let them collapse into a single column */ .portal-column-left { float: left; width: 50%; } .portal-column-right { float: right; width: 49%; } .portal-column-left-wide { float: left; width: 60%; } .portal-column-right-narrow { float: right; width: 39%; } .portal-column-left-extra-wide { float: left; width: 70%; } .portal-column-right-extra-narrow { float: right; width: 29%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 800px) { /* Decouple the columns on narrow screens */ .portal-column-left, .portal-column-right, .portal-column-left-wide, .portal-column-right-narrow, .portal-column-left-extra-wide, .portal-column-right-extra-narrow { float: inherit; width: inherit; } } /* For announcements */ #bodyContent .letterhead { background-image:url('//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Tan-page-corner.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; padding: 2em; background-color: #faf9f2; } /* Tree style lists */ .treeview ul { padding: 0; margin: 0; } .treeview li { padding: 0; margin: 0; list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; zoom: 1; /* BE KIND TO IE6 */; } .treeview li li { background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png") no-repeat 0 -2981px; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 20px; text-indent: 0.3em; } .treeview li li.lastline { background-position: 0 -5971px } .treeview li.emptyline > ul { /* @noflip */ margin-left: -1px; } .treeview li.emptyline > ul > li:first-child { background-position: 0 9px } /* Make it possible to hide checkboxes in <inputbox> */ .inputbox-hidecheckboxes form .inputbox-element { display: none !important; } /* Hide charinsert base for those not using the gadget */ #editpage-specialchars { display: none; } /* work-around for [[bugzilla:23965]] (Kaltura advertisement) */ .k-player .k-attribution { visibility: hidden; } d641766b86809b2e7b9be2a305d5b1a5c80a256a 8 180 408 407 2013-04-29T15:45:55Z Cyrus 1 * navigation ** mainpage|mainpage-description ** portal-url|portal ** currentevents-url|currentevents ** recentchanges-url|recentchanges ** randompage-url|randompage ** helppage|help * SEARCH * TOOLBOX * LANGUAGES 58a75f0f19940dba628f8422bd737c551a24dbff 407 2013-04-29T15:45:31Z Cyrus 1 Created page with " * navigation ** mainpage|mainpage-description ** portal-url|portal ** currentevents-url|currentevents ** recentchanges-url|recentchanges ** randompage-url|randompage ** helpp..." * navigation ** mainpage|mainpage-description ** portal-url|portal ** currentevents-url|currentevents ** recentchanges-url|recentchanges ** randompage-url|randompage ** helppage|help * SEARCH * TOOLBOX * LANGUAGES ** http://de.litecoinpedia.org|Deutsch ** http://ro.litecoinpedia.org|Română eec109c9dd29bc63f0955438ad7964de8d907462 10 30 103 102 2013-04-29T12:30:28Z Cyrus 1 1 revision |<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> e58581de83a1092c1fdb51fd42318d01e461ea8a 102 2012-09-09T19:44:45Z Plastikspork 0 Link (purging page) |<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> e58581de83a1092c1fdb51fd42318d01e461ea8a 10 31 105 104 2013-04-29T12:30:28Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <br style="clear:{{{1|both}}};" /><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> ffae5bfd69cb2095f999b826c482acc52d692b12 104 2011-11-06T11:01:48Z Edokter 0 Enable selective clear <br style="clear:{{{1|both}}};" /><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> ffae5bfd69cb2095f999b826c482acc52d692b12 10 110 262 261 2013-04-29T15:30:55Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{Hatnote|<!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|}}}|<!-- -->This {{namespace detect|main=article|category=category|other=page}} is about {{{1}}}.&#32;&#32;}}<!-- -->For {{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{2}}}|other uses}}, see {{#if:{{{3|}}}|[[{{{3}}}]]{{#ifeq:{{{4|}}}|and|&#32;and {{#if:{{{5|}}}|[[{{{5}}}]]|[[{{PAGENAME}} (disambiguation)]]}}}}|[[{{PAGENAME}} (disambiguation)]]}}.<!-- -->{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{#if:{{{4|}}}|<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{4|}}}|and||<!-- "and" is a special word, don't output "For and, ..." -->&#32;&#32;For {{#ifeq:{{{4}}}|1|other uses|{{{4}}}}}, see {{#if:{{{5|}}}|[[{{{5}}}]]{{#ifeq:{{{6|}}}|and|&#32;and {{#if:{{{7|}}}|[[{{{7}}}]]|[[{{PAGENAME}} (disambiguation)]]}}}}|[[{{PAGENAME}} (disambiguation)]]}}.}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{6|}}}|<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{6|}}}|and||<!-- -->&#32;&#32;For {{#ifeq:{{{6}}}|1|other uses|{{{6}}}}}, see {{#if:{{{7|}}}|[[{{{7}}}]]{{#ifeq:{{{8|}}}|and|&#32;and {{#if:{{{9|}}}|[[{{{9}}}]]|[[{{PAGENAME}} (disambiguation)]]}}}}|[[{{PAGENAME}} (disambiguation)]]}}.}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{8|}}}|<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{8|}}}|and||<!-- -->&#32;&#32;For {{#ifeq:{{{8}}}|1|other uses|{{{8}}}}}, see {{#if:{{{9|}}}|[[{{{9}}}]]|[[{{PAGENAME}} (disambiguation)]]}}.}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{_nocat|}}}||{{#if:{{{1|}}}{{{2|}}}||{{#if:{{{3|}}}|[[Category:Hatnote templates using unusual parameters|A{{PAGENAME}}]]}}}}{{#ifeq:{{str left|{{{1}}}|3}}|is |[[Category:Hatnote templates using unusual parameters|B{{PAGENAME}}]]}}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 09205e645fb810bc7db3b92591d8e1d99f2dfc04 261 2012-02-09T14:23:33Z Anomie 0 Display "This category is about" for Category-namespace pages, per talk request {{Hatnote|<!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|}}}|<!-- -->This {{namespace detect|main=article|category=category|other=page}} is about {{{1}}}.&#32;&#32;}}<!-- -->For {{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{2}}}|other uses}}, see {{#if:{{{3|}}}|[[{{{3}}}]]{{#ifeq:{{{4|}}}|and|&#32;and {{#if:{{{5|}}}|[[{{{5}}}]]|[[{{PAGENAME}} (disambiguation)]]}}}}|[[{{PAGENAME}} (disambiguation)]]}}.<!-- -->{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{#if:{{{4|}}}|<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{4|}}}|and||<!-- "and" is a special word, don't output "For and, ..." -->&#32;&#32;For {{#ifeq:{{{4}}}|1|other uses|{{{4}}}}}, see {{#if:{{{5|}}}|[[{{{5}}}]]{{#ifeq:{{{6|}}}|and|&#32;and {{#if:{{{7|}}}|[[{{{7}}}]]|[[{{PAGENAME}} (disambiguation)]]}}}}|[[{{PAGENAME}} (disambiguation)]]}}.}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{6|}}}|<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{6|}}}|and||<!-- -->&#32;&#32;For {{#ifeq:{{{6}}}|1|other uses|{{{6}}}}}, see {{#if:{{{7|}}}|[[{{{7}}}]]{{#ifeq:{{{8|}}}|and|&#32;and {{#if:{{{9|}}}|[[{{{9}}}]]|[[{{PAGENAME}} (disambiguation)]]}}}}|[[{{PAGENAME}} (disambiguation)]]}}.}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{8|}}}|<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{8|}}}|and||<!-- -->&#32;&#32;For {{#ifeq:{{{8}}}|1|other uses|{{{8}}}}}, see {{#if:{{{9|}}}|[[{{{9}}}]]|[[{{PAGENAME}} (disambiguation)]]}}.}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{_nocat|}}}||{{#if:{{{1|}}}{{{2|}}}||{{#if:{{{3|}}}|[[Category:Hatnote templates using unusual parameters|A{{PAGENAME}}]]}}}}{{#ifeq:{{str left|{{{1}}}|3}}|is |[[Category:Hatnote templates using unusual parameters|B{{PAGENAME}}]]}}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 09205e645fb810bc7db3b92591d8e1d99f2dfc04 10 32 107 106 2013-04-29T12:30:28Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#ifeq:{{{subst}}}|SUBST |{{#if:{{{name|}}} |{{Error|Template {{tlx|{{{name}}}}} has been incorrectly substituted.}} }}[[Category:Pages with incorrectly substituted templates]] }}{{Ambox/{{#ifeq:{{{small}}}|left|small|core}} |type = {{{type|}}} |image = {{{image|}}} |smallimage = {{#if:{{{smallimage|}}}|{{{smallimage}}}|{{{image|}}}}} |imageright = {{{imageright|}}} |smallimageright = {{#if:{{{smallimageright|}}}|{{{smallimageright}}}|{{{imageright|}}}}} |class = ambox-{{#switch:{{{type|}}} |speedy = speedy |delete = delete |content = content |style = style |move = move |protection = protection |notice|#default = notice }} {{{class|}}} |style = {{{style|}}} |textstyle = {{{textstyle|}}} |smalltext = {{{smalltext|}}} |talk = {{#switch:{{{talk|¬}}} |¬ = <!-- No talk link used --> | = {{#ifeq:{{FULLROOTPAGENAME}}|Template:{{PAGENAME:{{{name}}}}}|#}} |#default = {{{talk}}} }} |issue = {{#switch:{{{sect|¬}}} |¬ = <!-- No section parameter used --> | = This article |This {{{sect}}} }} {{{issue<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} {{{text|}}} |fix = {{{fix<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |date = {{#switch:{{{date|¬}}} |¬ = <!-- No date used --> | = {{#ifeq:{{FULLROOTPAGENAME}}|Template:{{PAGENAME:{{{name}}}}}|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} |#default = {{{date}}} }} |info = {{{info|}}} }}{{Category handler |nocat={{{nocat|<noinclude>true</noinclude>}}} |main={{Ambox/category |cat={{{cat|{{{category|}}}}}} |all={{{all|}}} |date={{{date|}}} }}{{Ambox/category |cat={{{cat2|{{{category2|}}}}}} |all={{{all2|}}} |date={{{date|}}} }}{{Ambox/category |cat={{{cat3|{{{category3|}}}}}} |all={{{all3|}}} |date={{{date|}}} }} |template={{#switch:Template:{{{name|}}} |{{FULLPAGENAME}} = [[Category:Article message templates]]{{#ifexpr:{{#ifeq:{{{issue|¬}}}|¬|1|0}}+{{#ifeq:{{{fix|¬}}}|¬|1|0}}+{{#ifeq:{{{subst|¬}}}|¬|1|0}} |[[Category:Article message templates with missing parameters|{{#expr:{{#ifeq:{{{issue|¬}}}|¬|1|0}}+{{#ifeq:{{{fix|¬}}}|¬|1|0}}+{{#ifeq:{{{subst|¬}}}|¬|1|0}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{category|}}}{{{category2|}}}{{{category3|}}} |[[Category:Article message templates with missing parameters|C]] }} |Template: = {{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|{{SUBPAGENAME}}|[[Category:Article message templates with missing parameters]]}} }} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> f641f604608e67e0fd6af2ff02712ad3dd5b9b83 106 2012-07-05T05:50:02Z MSGJ 0 major rewrite, splitting code for small ambox, add section parameter {{#ifeq:{{{subst}}}|SUBST |{{#if:{{{name|}}} |{{Error|Template {{tlx|{{{name}}}}} has been incorrectly substituted.}} }}[[Category:Pages with incorrectly substituted templates]] }}{{Ambox/{{#ifeq:{{{small}}}|left|small|core}} |type = {{{type|}}} |image = {{{image|}}} |smallimage = {{#if:{{{smallimage|}}}|{{{smallimage}}}|{{{image|}}}}} |imageright = {{{imageright|}}} |smallimageright = {{#if:{{{smallimageright|}}}|{{{smallimageright}}}|{{{imageright|}}}}} |class = ambox-{{#switch:{{{type|}}} |speedy = speedy |delete = delete |content = content |style = style |move = move |protection = protection |notice|#default = notice }} {{{class|}}} |style = {{{style|}}} |textstyle = {{{textstyle|}}} |smalltext = {{{smalltext|}}} |talk = {{#switch:{{{talk|¬}}} |¬ = <!-- No talk link used --> | = {{#ifeq:{{FULLROOTPAGENAME}}|Template:{{PAGENAME:{{{name}}}}}|#}} |#default = {{{talk}}} }} |issue = {{#switch:{{{sect|¬}}} |¬ = <!-- No section parameter used --> | = This article |This {{{sect}}} }} {{{issue<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} {{{text|}}} |fix = {{{fix<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |date = {{#switch:{{{date|¬}}} |¬ = <!-- No date used --> | = {{#ifeq:{{FULLROOTPAGENAME}}|Template:{{PAGENAME:{{{name}}}}}|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} |#default = {{{date}}} }} |info = {{{info|}}} }}{{Category handler |nocat={{{nocat|<noinclude>true</noinclude>}}} |main={{Ambox/category |cat={{{cat|{{{category|}}}}}} |all={{{all|}}} |date={{{date|}}} }}{{Ambox/category |cat={{{cat2|{{{category2|}}}}}} |all={{{all2|}}} |date={{{date|}}} }}{{Ambox/category |cat={{{cat3|{{{category3|}}}}}} |all={{{all3|}}} |date={{{date|}}} }} |template={{#switch:Template:{{{name|}}} |{{FULLPAGENAME}} = [[Category:Article message templates]]{{#ifexpr:{{#ifeq:{{{issue|¬}}}|¬|1|0}}+{{#ifeq:{{{fix|¬}}}|¬|1|0}}+{{#ifeq:{{{subst|¬}}}|¬|1|0}} |[[Category:Article message templates with missing parameters|{{#expr:{{#ifeq:{{{issue|¬}}}|¬|1|0}}+{{#ifeq:{{{fix|¬}}}|¬|1|0}}+{{#ifeq:{{{subst|¬}}}|¬|1|0}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{category|}}}{{{category2|}}}{{{category3|}}} |[[Category:Article message templates with missing parameters|C]] }} |Template: = {{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|{{SUBPAGENAME}}|[[Category:Article message templates with missing parameters]]}} }} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> f641f604608e67e0fd6af2ff02712ad3dd5b9b83 10 33 109 108 2013-04-29T12:30:28Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#if:{{{cat|}}} |{{#if:{{{date|}}} |[[Category:{{{cat}}} {{{preposition|from}}} {{{date}}}]]{{#ifexist:Category:{{{cat}}} {{{preposition|from}}} {{{date}}}| |[[Category:Articles with invalid date parameter in template]] }} |[[Category:{{{cat}}}]] }} }}{{#if:{{{all|}}} |[[Category:{{{all}}}]] }} 03a34fbe9fe915aa0db3902fa92e44f3833b7b2e 108 2012-06-07T16:32:18Z MSGJ 0 more efficient code {{#if:{{{cat|}}} |{{#if:{{{date|}}} |[[Category:{{{cat}}} {{{preposition|from}}} {{{date}}}]]{{#ifexist:Category:{{{cat}}} {{{preposition|from}}} {{{date}}}| |[[Category:Articles with invalid date parameter in template]] }} |[[Category:{{{cat}}}]] }} }}{{#if:{{{all|}}} |[[Category:{{{all}}}]] }} 03a34fbe9fe915aa0db3902fa92e44f3833b7b2e 10 34 111 110 2013-04-29T12:30:28Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox {{{class|}}}" style="{{{style|}}}"> <tr>{{#switch:{{{image|}}} |blank |none = <td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td> |#default = <td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;">{{#if:{{{image|}}} |{{{image}}} |[[File:{{#switch:{{{type|}}} |speedy = Ambox speedy deletion.png |delete = Ambox deletion.png |content = Ambox content.png |style = Edit-clear.svg |move = Ambox move.png |protection = Ambox protection.png |notice|#default = Ambox notice.png }}|40x40px|link=|alt=]] }}</div></td> }}<td class="mbox-text" style="{{{textstyle|}}}"><span class="mbox-text-span">{{{issue|}}}<span class="hide-when-compact"> {{#if:{{{talk|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{#ifeq:{{TALKPAGENAME:{{{talk}}}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME:{{{talk}}}}} |{{{talk}}} |{{TALKPAGENAME}} }} |&#32;Relevant discussion may be found on {{#ifeq:{{TALKPAGENAME:{{{talk}}}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME:{{{talk}}}}} |[[{{{talk}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME:{{{talk}}}}}]] |the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}#{{{talk}}}|talk page]] }}. }} }} {{{fix|}}}</span>{{#if:{{{date|}}} |&#32;<small>''({{{date}}})''</small> }}<span class="hide-when-compact"> {{{info|}}}</span></span></td>{{#switch:{{{imageright|}}} |none = |= |#default = <td class="mbox-imageright"><div style="width: 52px;">{{{imageright}}}</div></td> }}</tr></table><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 25d8945a5f678dc553c3344c919d02d8da81bdaf 110 2012-07-05T05:50:03Z MSGJ 0 code for small ambox split off, some code from outer template moved here, tracking categories removed <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox {{{class|}}}" style="{{{style|}}}"> <tr>{{#switch:{{{image|}}} |blank |none = <td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td> |#default = <td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;">{{#if:{{{image|}}} |{{{image}}} |[[File:{{#switch:{{{type|}}} |speedy = Ambox speedy deletion.png |delete = Ambox deletion.png |content = Ambox content.png |style = Edit-clear.svg |move = Ambox move.png |protection = Ambox protection.png |notice|#default = Ambox notice.png }}|40x40px|link=|alt=]] }}</div></td> }}<td class="mbox-text" style="{{{textstyle|}}}"><span class="mbox-text-span">{{{issue|}}}<span class="hide-when-compact"> {{#if:{{{talk|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{#ifeq:{{TALKPAGENAME:{{{talk}}}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME:{{{talk}}}}} |{{{talk}}} |{{TALKPAGENAME}} }} |&#32;Relevant discussion may be found on {{#ifeq:{{TALKPAGENAME:{{{talk}}}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME:{{{talk}}}}} |[[{{{talk}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME:{{{talk}}}}}]] |the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}#{{{talk}}}|talk page]] }}. }} }} {{{fix|}}}</span>{{#if:{{{date|}}} |&#32;<small>''({{{date}}})''</small> }}<span class="hide-when-compact"> {{{info|}}}</span></span></td>{{#switch:{{{imageright|}}} |none = |= |#default = <td class="mbox-imageright"><div style="width: 52px;">{{{imageright}}}</div></td> }}</tr></table><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 25d8945a5f678dc553c3344c919d02d8da81bdaf 10 146 334 333 2013-04-29T15:31:02Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox mbox-small-left {{{class|}}}" style="{{{style|}}}"><tr>{{#switch:{{{smallimage|}}} |blank |none = <td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td> |#default = <td class="mbox-image">{{#if:{{{smallimage|}}} |{{{smallimage}}} |[[File:{{#switch:{{{type|}}} |speedy = Ambox speedy deletion.png |delete = Ambox deletion.png |content = Ambox content.png |style = Edit-clear.svg |move = Ambox move.png |protection = Ambox protection.png |notice <!-- notice = default --> |#default = Ambox notice.png }}|20x20px|link=|alt=]] }}</td> }}<td class="mbox-text" style="{{{textstyle|}}}"> <span class="mbox-text-span">{{#if:{{{smalltext|}}} |{{{smalltext}}} |{{{issue}}} }}{{#if:{{{date|}}} |&#32;<small>''({{{date}}})''</small> }}</span></td>{{#switch:{{{smallimageright|}}} | |none = <!-- No image --> |#default = <td class="mbox-imageright">{{{smallimageright}}}</td> }}</tr></table> 29c0dc85cb76d4b8555747a1addb238579ce48d1 333 2012-07-09T16:22:27Z MSGJ 0 make date double small, see [[Template talk:Multiple issues#Minor error]] <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox mbox-small-left {{{class|}}}" style="{{{style|}}}"><tr>{{#switch:{{{smallimage|}}} |blank |none = <td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td> |#default = <td class="mbox-image">{{#if:{{{smallimage|}}} |{{{smallimage}}} |[[File:{{#switch:{{{type|}}} |speedy = Ambox speedy deletion.png |delete = Ambox deletion.png |content = Ambox content.png |style = Edit-clear.svg |move = Ambox move.png |protection = Ambox protection.png |notice <!-- notice = default --> |#default = Ambox notice.png }}|20x20px|link=|alt=]] }}</td> }}<td class="mbox-text" style="{{{textstyle|}}}"> <span class="mbox-text-span">{{#if:{{{smalltext|}}} |{{{smalltext}}} |{{{issue}}} }}{{#if:{{{date|}}} |&#32;<small>''({{{date}}})''</small> }}</span></td>{{#switch:{{{smallimageright|}}} | |none = <!-- No image --> |#default = <td class="mbox-imageright">{{{smallimageright}}}</td> }}</tr></table> 29c0dc85cb76d4b8555747a1addb238579ce48d1 10 147 336 335 2013-04-29T15:31:02Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <!--{{As of}} begin--><includeonly><!-- ## param 1 is the year ## optional param 2 is the month ## optional param 3 is the day of the month ## optional named parameter alt=[text] is alternative display text (may include wiki markup) ## optional named parameter df=US produces American date format in displayed text ## optional named parameter lc=on gives lower-case-first output ## optional named parameter url=[URL] gives statement reference ## displayed text ([A/a]s of [Start date] by default) -->{{#if: {{{alt|}}} | {{{alt}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{lc}}} | {{{lc|}}} | a | A }}s of {{#if: {{{3|}}} | {{Start date |{{{1}}}|{{MONTHNUMBER|{{{2}}}}}|{{{3}}}| df={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{df|}}}}}|us||yes}} }} | {{#if: {{{2|}}} | {{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}} }} {{{1}}} }}}}<!-- ## ref/update inline banner (hidden by default) --><sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag {{#if:{{{url|}}}|ref|update}}" style="display:none;">[{{#if:{{{url|}}}|{{{url}}} &#91;ref&#93;|{{fullurl:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit}} &#91;update&#93;}}]}<!-- ## categorisation disabled outside main namespace -->{{DMCA|Articles containing potentially dated statements|from|<!-- ## temporal category for template (word method) -->{{#if: {{#ifexpr: {{{1}}} = 1 }} | {{#ifexpr: {{#time:Y|{{{1}}}}} > 2004 | {{{1}}} | {{#ifexpr: {{#time:Y|{{{1}}}}} > 1989 | {{#time:Y|{{{1}}}}} | before 1990 }}}} | <!-- ## temporal category for template (parameter method) -->{{#ifexpr: {{{1}}} > 2004 | {{#if:{{{2|}}} | {{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}} }} {{{1}}} | {{#ifexpr:{{{1}}} > 1989 | {{{1}}} | before 1990 }}}}}}|<!-- ## global category for template -->All articles containing potentially dated statements}}</includeonly><!--{{As of}} end--><noinclude><!-- ## dynamic example (as of today, self ref) -->As of {{Start date|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}|df=yes}}<sup class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:As_of &#91;ref&#93;]</sup> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and inter-wikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 84f74883914b15ef744720af3b29d2faee6ee518 335 2013-02-14T14:44:00Z Redrose64 0 leading and trailing spaces in positional parameters are significant - {{start date}} doesn't expect them <!--{{As of}} begin--><includeonly><!-- ## param 1 is the year ## optional param 2 is the month ## optional param 3 is the day of the month ## optional named parameter alt=[text] is alternative display text (may include wiki markup) ## optional named parameter df=US produces American date format in displayed text ## optional named parameter lc=on gives lower-case-first output ## optional named parameter url=[URL] gives statement reference ## displayed text ([A/a]s of [Start date] by default) -->{{#if: {{{alt|}}} | {{{alt}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{lc}}} | {{{lc|}}} | a | A }}s of {{#if: {{{3|}}} | {{Start date |{{{1}}}|{{MONTHNUMBER|{{{2}}}}}|{{{3}}}| df={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{df|}}}}}|us||yes}} }} | {{#if: {{{2|}}} | {{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}} }} {{{1}}} }}}}<!-- ## ref/update inline banner (hidden by default) --><sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag {{#if:{{{url|}}}|ref|update}}" style="display:none;">[{{#if:{{{url|}}}|{{{url}}} &#91;ref&#93;|{{fullurl:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit}} &#91;update&#93;}}]</sup><!-- ## categorisation disabled outside main namespace -->{{DMCA|Articles containing potentially dated statements|from|<!-- ## temporal category for template (word method) -->{{#if: {{#ifexpr: {{{1}}} = 1 }} | {{#ifexpr: {{#time:Y|{{{1}}}}} > 2004 | {{{1}}} | {{#ifexpr: {{#time:Y|{{{1}}}}} > 1989 | {{#time:Y|{{{1}}}}} | before 1990 }}}} | <!-- ## temporal category for template (parameter method) -->{{#ifexpr: {{{1}}} > 2004 | {{#if:{{{2|}}} | {{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}} }} {{{1}}} | {{#ifexpr:{{{1}}} > 1989 | {{{1}}} | before 1990 }}}}}}|<!-- ## global category for template -->All articles containing potentially dated statements}}</includeonly><!--{{As of}} end--><noinclude><!-- ## dynamic example (as of today, self ref) -->As of {{Start date|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}|df=yes}}<sup class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:As_of &#91;ref&#93;]</sup> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and inter-wikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 84f74883914b15ef744720af3b29d2faee6ee518 10 35 113 112 2013-04-29T12:30:28Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#switch: <!--If no or empty "page" parameter then detect basepage/subpage/subsubpage--> {{#if:{{{page|}}} | {{#if:{{#titleparts:{{{page}}}|0|3}} | subsubpage <!--Subsubpage or lower--> | {{#if:{{#titleparts:{{{page}}}|0|2}} | subpage | basepage }} }} | {{#if:{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|0|3}} | subsubpage <!--Subsubpage or lower--> | {{#if:{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|0|2}} | subpage | basepage }} }} }} | basepage = {{{1|}}} | subpage = {{{2|}}} | subsubpage = {{{3| {{{2|}}} }}} <!--Respecting empty parameter on purpose--> }}<!--End switch--><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> ffb99456346779a8deaec58b28ff7bdc9211d077 112 2010-10-03T19:24:57Z WOSlinker 0 remove {{pp-template}} {{#switch: <!--If no or empty "page" parameter then detect basepage/subpage/subsubpage--> {{#if:{{{page|}}} | {{#if:{{#titleparts:{{{page}}}|0|3}} | subsubpage <!--Subsubpage or lower--> | {{#if:{{#titleparts:{{{page}}}|0|2}} | subpage | basepage }} }} | {{#if:{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|0|3}} | subsubpage <!--Subsubpage or lower--> | {{#if:{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|0|2}} | subpage | basepage }} }} }} | basepage = {{{1|}}} | subpage = {{{2|}}} | subsubpage = {{{3| {{{2|}}} }}} <!--Respecting empty parameter on purpose--> }}<!--End switch--><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> ffb99456346779a8deaec58b28ff7bdc9211d077 10 36 115 114 2013-04-29T12:30:28Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#if: {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{nocat|}}} }} | true | dontcat <!--"nocat=true", don't categorize--> }}{{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{categories|}}} }} | no | dontcat }}{{#switch: {{lc: {{{category2|¬}}} }} | yes | ¬ = <!--Not defined--> | #default = dontcat <!--"category2 = no/'defined but empty'/'anything'"--> }}{{#switch: {{lc: {{{subpage|}}} }} | no = {{basepage subpage | | dontcat <!--"subpage=no" and on a subpage--> | page = {{{page|}}} <!--For testing--> }} | only = {{basepage subpage | dontcat <!--"subpage=only" and not on a subpage--> | page = {{{page|}}} <!--For testing--> }} }} | <!--Don't categorise (result was "dontcat" or "dontcatdontcat" and so on)--> | <!--Check blacklist--> {{#switch: {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{nocat|}}} }} | false | <!--"nocat=false", skip blacklist check--> | {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{categories|}}} }} | yes | <!--Skip blacklist check--> | {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{category2|}}} }} | yes | <!--Skip blacklist check--> | {{category handler/blacklist| page = {{{page|}}} }} <!--Check blacklist--> }} }} }} | hide = <!--Blacklist returned "hide", don't categorize--> | #default = <!--Check if any namespace parameter is defined--> {{#ifeq: h0#384!5nea+w9 | {{{all| {{{main| {{{talk| {{{user| {{{wikipedia| {{{file| {{{mediawiki| {{{template| {{{help| {{{category| {{{portal| {{{book| {{{other| h0#384!5nea+w9 }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} | <!--No namespace parameters fed, basic usage--> {{namespace detect | main = {{{1|}}} | file = {{{1|}}} | help = {{{1|}}} | category = {{{1|}}} | portal = {{{1|}}} | book = {{{1|}}} | page = {{{page|}}} <!--For testing and demonstration--> }} | <!--Namespace parameters fed, advanced usage. If "data" is a number, return the corresponding numbered parameter, else return "data". --> {{{all|}}}{{category handler/numbered | 1 = {{{1|}}} | 2 = {{{2|}}} | 3 = {{{3|}}} | 4 = {{{4|}}} | 5 = {{{5|}}} | 6 = {{{6|}}} | 7 = {{{7|}}} | 8 = {{{8|}}} | 9 = {{{9|}}} | 10 = {{{10|}}} | data = <!--Check what namespace, and return the data for it. Respecting empty parameters on purpose. --> {{namespace detect | main = {{{main| {{{other|}}} }}} | talk = {{{talk| {{{other|}}} }}} | user = {{{user| {{{other|}}} }}} | wikipedia = {{{wikipedia| {{{project| {{{other|}}} }}} }}} | file = {{{file| {{{image| {{{other|}}} }}} }}} | mediawiki = {{{mediawiki| {{{other|}}} }}} | template = {{{template| {{{other|}}} }}} | help = {{{help| {{{other|}}} }}} | category = {{{category| {{{other|}}} }}} | portal = {{{portal| {{{other|}}} }}} | book = {{{book| {{{other|}}} }}} | other = {{{other|}}} <!--Namespace special or a new namespace--> | page = {{{page|}}} <!--For testing and demonstration--> }} }} }} }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 67cff275b8dff3ea8c85c8e8db39ca34448e5e56 114 2011-10-01T11:28:56Z WOSlinker 0 avoid redirects {{#if: {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{nocat|}}} }} | true | dontcat <!--"nocat=true", don't categorize--> }}{{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{categories|}}} }} | no | dontcat }}{{#switch: {{lc: {{{category2|¬}}} }} | yes | ¬ = <!--Not defined--> | #default = dontcat <!--"category2 = no/'defined but empty'/'anything'"--> }}{{#switch: {{lc: {{{subpage|}}} }} | no = {{basepage subpage | | dontcat <!--"subpage=no" and on a subpage--> | page = {{{page|}}} <!--For testing--> }} | only = {{basepage subpage | dontcat <!--"subpage=only" and not on a subpage--> | page = {{{page|}}} <!--For testing--> }} }} | <!--Don't categorise (result was "dontcat" or "dontcatdontcat" and so on)--> | <!--Check blacklist--> {{#switch: {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{nocat|}}} }} | false | <!--"nocat=false", skip blacklist check--> | {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{categories|}}} }} | yes | <!--Skip blacklist check--> | {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{category2|}}} }} | yes | <!--Skip blacklist check--> | {{category handler/blacklist| page = {{{page|}}} }} <!--Check blacklist--> }} }} }} | hide = <!--Blacklist returned "hide", don't categorize--> | #default = <!--Check if any namespace parameter is defined--> {{#ifeq: h0#384!5nea+w9 | {{{all| {{{main| {{{talk| {{{user| {{{wikipedia| {{{file| {{{mediawiki| {{{template| {{{help| {{{category| {{{portal| {{{book| {{{other| h0#384!5nea+w9 }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} | <!--No namespace parameters fed, basic usage--> {{namespace detect | main = {{{1|}}} | file = {{{1|}}} | help = {{{1|}}} | category = {{{1|}}} | portal = {{{1|}}} | book = {{{1|}}} | page = {{{page|}}} <!--For testing and demonstration--> }} | <!--Namespace parameters fed, advanced usage. If "data" is a number, return the corresponding numbered parameter, else return "data". --> {{{all|}}}{{category handler/numbered | 1 = {{{1|}}} | 2 = {{{2|}}} | 3 = {{{3|}}} | 4 = {{{4|}}} | 5 = {{{5|}}} | 6 = {{{6|}}} | 7 = {{{7|}}} | 8 = {{{8|}}} | 9 = {{{9|}}} | 10 = {{{10|}}} | data = <!--Check what namespace, and return the data for it. Respecting empty parameters on purpose. --> {{namespace detect | main = {{{main| {{{other|}}} }}} | talk = {{{talk| {{{other|}}} }}} | user = {{{user| {{{other|}}} }}} | wikipedia = {{{wikipedia| {{{project| {{{other|}}} }}} }}} | file = {{{file| {{{image| {{{other|}}} }}} }}} | mediawiki = {{{mediawiki| {{{other|}}} }}} | template = {{{template| {{{other|}}} }}} | help = {{{help| {{{other|}}} }}} | category = {{{category| {{{other|}}} }}} | portal = {{{portal| {{{other|}}} }}} | book = {{{book| {{{other|}}} }}} | other = {{{other|}}} <!--Namespace special or a new namespace--> | page = {{{page|}}} <!--For testing and demonstration--> }} }} }} }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 67cff275b8dff3ea8c85c8e8db39ca34448e5e56 10 37 117 116 2013-04-29T12:30:28Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <noinclude>'''Actual code of this blacklist:'''<pre></noinclude>{{if pagename <!-- Start of blacklist --> | Main Page = hide <!-- Don't categorise the main page --> <!-- Don't categorise on centralised cascade page or its subpages --> | Wikipedia:Cascade-protected items/+ = hide <!-- Don't categorise userboxes in their own "template space" --> | User:UBX/+ = hide | User talk:UBX/+ = hide | Wikipedia:Template messages/* = hide <!-- Don't categorise on its subpages --> | /archiv* = hide <!-- Don't categorise on /archive pages --> <!-- End of blacklist --> | page = {{{page|}}} <!-- Never change this one, see the doc --> }}<noinclude></pre> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> b152c913c7d6755273326ec0648587b9b18d2979 116 2011-10-07T21:12:06Z Davidgothberg 0 Adding "User talk:UBX/+". Userboxes are sometimes demonstrated on the boxes' own talk pages, so "userbox talk space" needs blacklisting too. <noinclude>'''Actual code of this blacklist:'''<pre></noinclude>{{if pagename <!-- Start of blacklist --> | Main Page = hide <!-- Don't categorise the main page --> <!-- Don't categorise on centralised cascade page or its subpages --> | Wikipedia:Cascade-protected items/+ = hide <!-- Don't categorise userboxes in their own "template space" --> | User:UBX/+ = hide | User talk:UBX/+ = hide | Wikipedia:Template messages/* = hide <!-- Don't categorise on its subpages --> | /archiv* = hide <!-- Don't categorise on /archive pages --> <!-- End of blacklist --> | page = {{{page|}}} <!-- Never change this one, see the doc --> }}<noinclude></pre> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> b152c913c7d6755273326ec0648587b9b18d2979 10 38 119 118 2013-04-29T12:30:28Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#iferror: {{#expr: 1 + {{{data|}}} }} | {{{data|}}} <!--Not a number, return "data" as is--> | {{{ {{{data|}}} |}}} <!--"data" is a number, return that numbered parameter--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 48d906542dfe053be2e00190637ed322717506f9 118 2011-09-30T14:10:07Z MSGJ 0 moved [[Template:Cat handler/numbered]] to [[Template:Category handler/numbered]]: expand name {{#iferror: {{#expr: 1 + {{{data|}}} }} | {{{data|}}} <!--Not a number, return "data" as is--> | {{{ {{{data|}}} |}}} <!--"data" is a number, return that numbered parameter--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 48d906542dfe053be2e00190637ed322717506f9 10 111 264 263 2013-04-29T15:30:55Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <includeonly>{{ #if: {{{inventor-surname|{{{inventor1-surname|{{{inventor-last|{{{inventor1-last|{{{inventor|{{{invent1|{{{invent-1|{{{country-code|{{{3|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} <!-- CITATIONS FOR PATENTS --> |{{Citation/patent |Surname1 = {{{inventor-surname|{{{inventor1-surname|{{{inventor-last|{{{inventor1-last|{{{inventor|{{{invent-1|{{{invent1|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |Surname2={{{inventor2-surname|{{{inventor2-last|{{{inventor2|{{{invent2|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Surname3={{{inventor3-surname|{{{inventor3-last|{{{inventor3|{{{invent3|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Surname4={{{inventor4-surname|{{{inventor4-last|{{{inventor4|{{{invent4|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Given1 = {{{inventor-given|{{{inventor1-given|{{{inventor-first|{{{inventor1-first|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Given2={{{inventor2-given|{{{inventor2-first|}}}}}} |Given3={{{inventor3-given|{{{inventor3-first|}}}}}} |Given4={{{inventor4-given|{{{inventor4-first|}}}}}} |Inventorlink1={{{inventorlink1|{{{inventorlink|}}}}}} |Inventorlink2={{{inventorlink2|}}} |Inventorlink3={{{inventorlink3|}}} |Inventorlink4={{{inventorlink4|}}} |Title={{{title|}}} |CountryCode={{{country-code|{{{country|{{{1|}}}}}}}}} |PublicationNumber={{{publication-number|{{{patent-number|{{{number|{{{2|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Description={{{description|{{{status|{{{3|}}}}}}}}} |PublicationDate={{{publication-date|{{{pubdate|}}}}}} |IssueDate={{{issue-date|{{{gdate|}}}}}} |Year={{{year}}} |FilingDate={{{fdate|}}} |PriorityDate={{{pridate|}}} |Assignee1={{{assign1|}}} |Assignee2={{{assign2|}}} |Ref={{{ref|harv}}} |Sep = {{#ifeq:{{{separator|{{{seperator}}}}}}|;|&#059;|{{{separator|{{{seperator|,}}}}}}}} |PS = {{#if:{{{quote|}}}||{{{postscript|}}}|.}} |AuthorSep = {{#ifeq:{{{author-separator|}}}|;|&#059;|{{{author-separator|&#059;}}}}}&#32; }}<!-- CITATIONS FOR THINGS LIKE BOOKS AND PERIODICALS --> |{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=citation |separator=, |ref=harv |postscript= }} }}{{#if:{{{accessdaymonth|}}}{{{accessmonthday|}}}{{{accessday|}}}{{{accessmonth|}}}{{{accessyear|}}}{{{day|}}}{{{access-date|}}}{{{dateformat|}}}|[[Category:Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters|{{NAMESPACE}} {{PAGENAME}}]]}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 81ad10fa6604ce54b31e70703c5c81a45876a8f2 263 2013-04-03T23:44:03Z Dragons flight 0 install Lua based citations for books / journals / etc. <includeonly>{{ #if: {{{inventor-surname|{{{inventor1-surname|{{{inventor-last|{{{inventor1-last|{{{inventor|{{{invent1|{{{invent-1|{{{country-code|{{{3|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} <!-- CITATIONS FOR PATENTS --> |{{Citation/patent |Surname1 = {{{inventor-surname|{{{inventor1-surname|{{{inventor-last|{{{inventor1-last|{{{inventor|{{{invent-1|{{{invent1|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |Surname2={{{inventor2-surname|{{{inventor2-last|{{{inventor2|{{{invent2|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Surname3={{{inventor3-surname|{{{inventor3-last|{{{inventor3|{{{invent3|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Surname4={{{inventor4-surname|{{{inventor4-last|{{{inventor4|{{{invent4|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Given1 = {{{inventor-given|{{{inventor1-given|{{{inventor-first|{{{inventor1-first|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Given2={{{inventor2-given|{{{inventor2-first|}}}}}} |Given3={{{inventor3-given|{{{inventor3-first|}}}}}} |Given4={{{inventor4-given|{{{inventor4-first|}}}}}} |Inventorlink1={{{inventorlink1|{{{inventorlink|}}}}}} |Inventorlink2={{{inventorlink2|}}} |Inventorlink3={{{inventorlink3|}}} |Inventorlink4={{{inventorlink4|}}} |Title={{{title|}}} |CountryCode={{{country-code|{{{country|{{{1|}}}}}}}}} |PublicationNumber={{{publication-number|{{{patent-number|{{{number|{{{2|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Description={{{description|{{{status|{{{3|}}}}}}}}} |PublicationDate={{{publication-date|{{{pubdate|}}}}}} |IssueDate={{{issue-date|{{{gdate|}}}}}} |Year={{{year}}} |FilingDate={{{fdate|}}} |PriorityDate={{{pridate|}}} |Assignee1={{{assign1|}}} |Assignee2={{{assign2|}}} |Ref={{{ref|harv}}} |Sep = {{#ifeq:{{{separator|{{{seperator}}}}}}|;|&#059;|{{{separator|{{{seperator|,}}}}}}}} |PS = {{#if:{{{quote|}}}||{{{postscript|}}}|.}} |AuthorSep = {{#ifeq:{{{author-separator|}}}|;|&#059;|{{{author-separator|&#059;}}}}}&#32; }}<!-- CITATIONS FOR THINGS LIKE BOOKS AND PERIODICALS --> |{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=citation |separator=, |ref=harv |postscript= }} }}{{#if:{{{accessdaymonth|}}}{{{accessmonthday|}}}{{{accessday|}}}{{{accessmonth|}}}{{{accessyear|}}}{{{day|}}}{{{access-date|}}}{{{dateformat|}}}|[[Category:Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters|{{NAMESPACE}} {{PAGENAME}}]]}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 81ad10fa6604ce54b31e70703c5c81a45876a8f2 10 167 376 375 2013-04-29T15:31:06Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <span class="citation {{{Citation class|{{{Citation type|}}}}}}" {{ #switch:{{{Ref|}}} ||none = |#default = id="{{anchorencode:{{{Ref}}}}}" |harv = {{#if:{{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}} |id="CITEREF{{anchorencode:{{#if:{{{Surname1|}}} |{{{Surname1}}}{{{Surname2|}}}{{{Surname3|}}}{{{Surname4|}}} |{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname2|}}}{{{EditorSurname3|}}}{{{EditorSurname4|}}} }}{{{Year|{{{Date|}}}}}}}}" }} }}>{{ <!--============ Author or editor and date ============--> #if:{{{Surname1|}}} |{{ #if: {{{AuthorMask|}}} |{{ #iferror: {{ #expr: 1*{{{AuthorMask}}} }} |{{{AuthorMask}}} |{{loop|{{{AuthorMask}}}|2=&mdash;}} }} |{{ #if: {{{Authorlink1|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink1}}} |{{{Surname1}}}{{ #if: {{{Given1|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given1}}} }}]] |{{{Surname1}}}{{ #if: {{{Given1|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given1}}} }} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname2|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<2 |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #iferror: {{ #expr: 1*0.0{{{AuthorMask|}}} }} |&#32;<!-- then punctuation should be included in AuthorMask --> |{{ #if: {{{Surname3|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink2|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink2}}} |{{{Surname2}}}{{ #if: {{{Given2|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given2}}} }}]] |{{{Surname2}}}{{ #if: {{{Given2|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given2}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname3|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<3 |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname4|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink3|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink3}}} |{{{Surname3}}}{{ #if: {{{Given3|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given3}}} }}]] |{{{Surname3}}}{{ #if: {{{Given3|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given3}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname4|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<4 |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname5|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink4|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink4}}} |{{{Surname4}}}{{ #if: {{{Given4|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given4}}} }}]] |{{{Surname4}}}{{ #if: {{{Given4|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given4}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname5|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<5 |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname6|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink5|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink5}}} |{{{Surname5}}}{{ #if: {{{Given5|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given5}}} }}]] |{{{Surname5}}}{{ #if: {{{Given5|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given5}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname6|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<6 |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname7|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink6|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink6}}} |{{{Surname6}}}{{ #if: {{{Given6|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given6}}} }}]] |{{{Surname6}}}{{ #if: {{{Given6|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given6}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname7|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<7 |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname8|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink7|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink7}}} |{{{Surname7}}}{{ #if: {{{Given7|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given7}}} }}]] |{{{Surname7}}}{{ #if: {{{Given7|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given7}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname8|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<8 |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname9|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink8|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink8}}} |{{{Surname8}}}{{ #if: {{{Given8|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given8}}} }}]] |{{{Surname8}}}{{ #if: {{{Given8|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given8}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname9|}}} |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Coauthors|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}{{{Coauthors|}}}| }}{{ #if: {{{Date|}}} |&#32;({{{Date}}}){{ #if:{{{YearNote|}}} |&#32;[{{{YearNote}}}] }} }} |{{<!-- ============== No author: display editors first == --> #if: {{{EditorSurname1|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Editorlink1|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink1}}} |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven1}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven1}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname2|}}} |{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Editorlink2|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink2}}} |{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven2|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven2}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven2|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven2}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}} |{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname4|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Editorlink3|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink3}}} |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven3}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven3}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{EditorSurname4|}}} |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} }} }} }}, ed{{#if:{{{EditorSurname2|}}}|s}}{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}}{{ #if: {{{Date|}}} |&#32;({{{Date}}}){{ #if:{{{YearNote|}}} |&#32;[{{{YearNote}}}] }} }} }} }}{{ <!--============ Title of included work ============--> #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{#if:{{{Periodical|}}}||{{#if:{{{TransItalic|}}}||{{{TransTitle|}}}}}}} |{{ #if:{{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32; }}{{Citation/make link | 1={{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{{IncludedWorkURL}}} |{{ #if: {{{URL|}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }} | 2={{ #if: {{{Periodical|}}} |''<nowiki />{{{IncludedWorkTitle}}}<nowiki />'' |"{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{ #if: {{{TransTitle|}}} |{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |&#32; }}&#91;{{{TransTitle}}}&#93; }}" }} }} }}{{ <!--============ Place (if different than PublicationPlace) ============--> #if: {{{Place|}}} |{{ #ifeq: {{{Place|}}} | {{{PublicationPlace|}}} | |{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;written at {{{Place}}} }} }} }}{{ <!--============ Editor of compilation ============--> #if: {{{EditorSurname1|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{Sep|}}}|.|I|i}}n&#32; }}{{ #if: {{{Editorlink1|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink1}}} |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven1}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven1}}} }}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname2|}}} |{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Editorlink2|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink2}}}|{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven2|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven2}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven2|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven2}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}} |{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname4|}}} |&#059;&#32; |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Editorlink3|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink3}}}|{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven3}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven3}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{EditorSurname4|}}} |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} }} }} }}{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} | |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;ed{{#if:{{{EditorSurname2|}}}|s}}{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.||.}} }} }} }}{{ <!--============ Periodicals ============--> #if: {{{Periodical|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Other|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{Other|}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;}}{{ #if: {{{Title|}}}{{{TransTitle|}}} |{{Citation/make link | 1={{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{ #if: {{{URL|}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }} |{{ #if: {{{URL|}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }} | 2="{{{Title}}}{{ #if: {{{TransTitle|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Title|}}} |&#32; }}&#91;{{{TransTitle}}}&#93; }}" }}{{ #if: {{{TitleNote|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{TitleNote}}} }} }} }}{{ #if: {{{language|}}} |&#32;(in {{{language}}}) }}{{ #if: {{{format|}}} |&#32;({{{format}}}) }}{{ #if: {{{Periodical|}}} |{{ #if:{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{{Title|}}}{{{TransTitle|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32; }}''<nowiki />{{{Periodical}}}<nowiki />''{{ #if: {{{Series|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{Series}}} }}{{ #if: {{{PublicationPlace|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Publisher|}}} |&#32;({{{PublicationPlace}}}<nowiki>: </nowiki>{{{Publisher}}}) |&#32;({{{PublicationPlace}}}) }} |{{ #if: {{{Publisher|}}} |&#32;({{{Publisher}}}) }} }}{{ #if: {{{Volume|}}} |&#32;{{#if:{{{Periodical|}}}|'''<nowiki />{{{Volume}}}<nowiki />'''|{{{Volume}}}}}{{ #if: {{{Issue|}}} |&#32;({{{Issue}}}) }} |{{ #if: {{{Issue|}}} |&#32;({{{Issue}}}) }} }}{{ #if: {{{At|}}} |<nowiki>: </nowiki> {{{At}}} }} |{{ <!--============ Anything else with a title, including books ============--> #if: {{{Title|}}}{{{TransItalic|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{{Periodical|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} }}&#32;{{Citation/make link | 1={{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{ #if: {{{URL|}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }} |{{ #if: {{{URL|}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }} | 2=''<nowiki />{{{Title|}}}{{ #if:{{{TransItalic|}}}|&#32;&#91;{{{TransItalic}}}&#93; }}<nowiki />'' }} }}{{ #if: {{{TitleType|}}} |&#32;({{{TitleType}}}) }}{{ #if: {{{Series|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{Series}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Volume|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;'''<nowiki />{{{Volume}}}<nowiki />''' }}{{ #if: {{{Other|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{Other|}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Edition|}}} |&#32;({{{Edition}}} ed.) }}{{ #if: {{{PublicationPlace|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{PublicationPlace}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Publisher|}}} |{{ #if: {{{PublicationPlace|}}} |<nowiki>:</nowiki> |{{{Sep|,}}} }}&#32;{{{Publisher}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ Date (if no author/editor) ============--> #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}} | |{{ #if: {{{Date|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{Date}}}{{ #if:{{{YearNote|}}} |&#32;[{{{YearNote}}}] }} }} }}{{ <!--============ Publication date ============--> #if: {{{PublicationDate|}}} |{{ #ifeq: {{{PublicationDate|}}} | {{{Date|}}} | |{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname1|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{PublicationDate}}} |&#32;(published {{{PublicationDate}}}) }} |{{ #if: {{{Periodical|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{PublicationDate}}} |&#32;(published {{{PublicationDate}}}) }} }} }} }}{{ <!--============ Page within included work ============--> #if: {{{Periodical|}}} | |{{ #if: {{{At|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{At}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ arXiv ==============--> #if: {{{ARXIV|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=arxiv |input1={{{ARXIV|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ ASIN ===============--> #if: {{{ASIN|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=asin |input1={{{ASIN|}}} |input2={{{ASIN-TLD|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ BIBCODE ============--> #if: {{{BIBCODE|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=bibcode |input1={{{BIBCODE|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ DOI ================--> #if:{{{DOI|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=doi |input1={{{DOI|}}} |input2={{{DoiBroken|}}} |input3={{{template doc demo|}}}}} }}{{ <!--============ ISBN ===============--> #if: {{{ISBN|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=isbn |input1={{{ISBN|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ ISSN ===============--> #if: {{{ISSN|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=issn |input1={{{ISSN|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ JFM ================--> #if: {{{JFM|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=jfm |input1={{{JFM|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ JSTOR ==============--> #if: {{{JSTOR|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=jstor |input1={{{JSTOR|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ LCCN ===============--> #if: {{{LCCN|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=lccn |input1={{{LCCN|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ MR =================--> #if: {{{MR|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=mr |input1={{{MR|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ OCLC ===============--> #if: {{{OCLC|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=oclc |input1={{{OCLC|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ OL =================--> #if: {{{OL|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=ol |input1={{{OL|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ OSTI ===============--> #if: {{{OSTI|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=osti |input1={{{OSTI|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ PMC ================--> #if: {{{PMC|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=pmc |input1={{{PMC|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ PMID ===============--> #if: {{{PMID|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=pmid |input1={{{PMID|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ RFC ================--> #if: {{{RFC|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=rfc|input1={{{RFC|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ SSRN ================--> #if: {{{SSRN|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=ssrn |input1={{{SSRN|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ ZBL ================--> #if: {{{ZBL|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=zbl |input1={{{ZBL|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ Misc. Identifier ============--> #if: {{{ID|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{ID}}} }}{{ <!--============ Archive data, etc ===========--> #if: {{{Archive|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{Archive}}}[[Category:Pages using deprecated citation archive parameters]] |{{ #if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}{{{ArchiveDate|}}} | {{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{#ifeq: {{{DeadURL|}}} | no | {{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}} |{{Citation/make link|{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|A|a}}rchived}}&#32;from the original |{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|A|a}}rchived }} | {{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|A|a}}rchived{{#if:{{{OriginalURL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|&#32;from {{Citation/make link|{{{OriginalURL|{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}}}}|the original}}}} }} }}{{#if:{{{ArchiveDate|}}}|&#32;on {{{ArchiveDate}}}}}{{ #if:{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}||A}}{{#if:{{{OriginalURL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}||B}}{{#if:{{{ArchiveDate|}}}||C}} |. {{citation error|nocat={{{template doc demo|}}} |If you specify <code>&#124;{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|archiveurl|archivedate}}&#61;</code>{{#ifeq:{{{DeadURL|}}}|no|{{#if:{{{OriginalURL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}||&#32;and <code>&#124;deadurl&#61;no</code>}}}}, you must {{#if:{{{OriginalURL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}| also specify <code>&#124;{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|archivedate|archiveurl}}&#61;</code>| {{#ifeq:{{{DeadURL|}}}|no|also|first}} specify <code>&#124;url&#61;</code>}}}} }} }} }}{{ <!--============ URL and AccessDate ============--> #if: {{{URL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}{{#ifeq:{{{DeadURL|}}}|no|{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|}} |{{ #if: {{{Title|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{{TransTitle|}}} |<span class="printonly">{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{{IncludedWorkURL}}} |{{{URL}}} }}</span> |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{{IncludedWorkURL}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{AccessDate|}}} | <span class="reference-accessdate">{{#ifeq:{{{Sep|}}}|,|,&#32;r|.&#32;R}}etrieved {{{AccessDate}}}</span> }} }}{{#if:{{{laysummary|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;[{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: {{{laysource|}}}|&nbsp;&ndash;&nbsp;''<nowiki />{{{laysource}}}<nowiki />''}} }}{{#if:{{{laydate|}}} | &#32;({{{laydate}}}) }}{{#if:{{{quote|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;"{{{quote}}}" }}{{{PS|}}}</span><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 1cc6d923cf5fad5d68c4a52dcb29e015a2fd20fb 375 2012-11-12T22:25:46Z Tim Starling 0 remove COINS metadata to improve performance, see talk page <span class="citation {{{Citation class|{{{Citation type|}}}}}}" {{ #switch:{{{Ref|}}} ||none = |#default = id="{{anchorencode:{{{Ref}}}}}" |harv = {{#if:{{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}} |id="CITEREF{{anchorencode:{{#if:{{{Surname1|}}} |{{{Surname1}}}{{{Surname2|}}}{{{Surname3|}}}{{{Surname4|}}} |{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname2|}}}{{{EditorSurname3|}}}{{{EditorSurname4|}}} }}{{{Year|{{{Date|}}}}}}}}" }} }}>{{ <!--============ Author or editor and date ============--> #if:{{{Surname1|}}} |{{ #if: {{{AuthorMask|}}} |{{ #iferror: {{ #expr: 1*{{{AuthorMask}}} }} |{{{AuthorMask}}} |{{loop|{{{AuthorMask}}}|2=&mdash;}} }} |{{ #if: {{{Authorlink1|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink1}}} |{{{Surname1}}}{{ #if: {{{Given1|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given1}}} }}]] |{{{Surname1}}}{{ #if: {{{Given1|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given1}}} }} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname2|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<2 |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #iferror: {{ #expr: 1*0.0{{{AuthorMask|}}} }} |&#32;<!-- then punctuation should be included in AuthorMask --> |{{ #if: {{{Surname3|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink2|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink2}}} |{{{Surname2}}}{{ #if: {{{Given2|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given2}}} }}]] |{{{Surname2}}}{{ #if: {{{Given2|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given2}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname3|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<3 |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname4|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink3|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink3}}} |{{{Surname3}}}{{ #if: {{{Given3|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given3}}} }}]] |{{{Surname3}}}{{ #if: {{{Given3|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given3}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname4|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<4 |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname5|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink4|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink4}}} |{{{Surname4}}}{{ #if: {{{Given4|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given4}}} }}]] |{{{Surname4}}}{{ #if: {{{Given4|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given4}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname5|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<5 |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname6|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink5|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink5}}} |{{{Surname5}}}{{ #if: {{{Given5|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given5}}} }}]] |{{{Surname5}}}{{ #if: {{{Given5|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given5}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname6|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<6 |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname7|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink6|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink6}}} |{{{Surname6}}}{{ #if: {{{Given6|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given6}}} }}]] |{{{Surname6}}}{{ #if: {{{Given6|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given6}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname7|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<7 |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname8|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink7|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink7}}} |{{{Surname7}}}{{ #if: {{{Given7|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given7}}} }}]] |{{{Surname7}}}{{ #if: {{{Given7|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given7}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname8|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<8 |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname9|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink8|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink8}}} |{{{Surname8}}}{{ #if: {{{Given8|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given8}}} }}]] |{{{Surname8}}}{{ #if: {{{Given8|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given8}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname9|}}} |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Coauthors|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}{{{Coauthors|}}}| }}{{ #if: {{{Date|}}} |&#32;({{{Date}}}){{ #if:{{{YearNote|}}} |&#32;[{{{YearNote}}}] }} }} |{{<!-- ============== No author: display editors first == --> #if: {{{EditorSurname1|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Editorlink1|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink1}}} |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven1}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven1}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname2|}}} |{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Editorlink2|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink2}}} |{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven2|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven2}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven2|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven2}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}} |{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname4|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Editorlink3|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink3}}} |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven3}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven3}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{EditorSurname4|}}} |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} }} }} }}, ed{{#if:{{{EditorSurname2|}}}|s}}{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}}{{ #if: {{{Date|}}} |&#32;({{{Date}}}){{ #if:{{{YearNote|}}} |&#32;[{{{YearNote}}}] }} }} }} }}{{ <!--============ Title of included work ============--> #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{#if:{{{Periodical|}}}||{{#if:{{{TransItalic|}}}||{{{TransTitle|}}}}}}} |{{ #if:{{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32; }}{{Citation/make link | 1={{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{{IncludedWorkURL}}} |{{ #if: {{{URL|}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }} | 2={{ #if: {{{Periodical|}}} |''<nowiki />{{{IncludedWorkTitle}}}<nowiki />'' |"{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{ #if: {{{TransTitle|}}} |{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |&#32; }}&#91;{{{TransTitle}}}&#93; }}" }} }} }}{{ <!--============ Place (if different than PublicationPlace) ============--> #if: {{{Place|}}} |{{ #ifeq: {{{Place|}}} | {{{PublicationPlace|}}} | |{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;written at {{{Place}}} }} }} }}{{ <!--============ Editor of compilation ============--> #if: {{{EditorSurname1|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{Sep|}}}|.|I|i}}n&#32; }}{{ #if: {{{Editorlink1|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink1}}} |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven1}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven1}}} }}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname2|}}} |{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Editorlink2|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink2}}}|{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven2|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven2}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven2|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven2}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}} |{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname4|}}} |&#059;&#32; |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Editorlink3|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink3}}}|{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven3}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven3}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{EditorSurname4|}}} |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} }} }} }}{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} | |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;ed{{#if:{{{EditorSurname2|}}}|s}}{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.||.}} }} }} }}{{ <!--============ Periodicals ============--> #if: {{{Periodical|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Other|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{Other|}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;}}{{ #if: {{{Title|}}}{{{TransTitle|}}} |{{Citation/make link | 1={{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{ #if: {{{URL|}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }} |{{ #if: {{{URL|}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }} | 2="{{{Title}}}{{ #if: {{{TransTitle|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Title|}}} |&#32; }}&#91;{{{TransTitle}}}&#93; }}" }}{{ #if: {{{TitleNote|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{TitleNote}}} }} }} }}{{ #if: {{{language|}}} |&#32;(in {{{language}}}) }}{{ #if: {{{format|}}} |&#32;({{{format}}}) }}{{ #if: {{{Periodical|}}} |{{ #if:{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{{Title|}}}{{{TransTitle|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32; }}''<nowiki />{{{Periodical}}}<nowiki />''{{ #if: {{{Series|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{Series}}} }}{{ #if: {{{PublicationPlace|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Publisher|}}} |&#32;({{{PublicationPlace}}}<nowiki>: </nowiki>{{{Publisher}}}) |&#32;({{{PublicationPlace}}}) }} |{{ #if: {{{Publisher|}}} |&#32;({{{Publisher}}}) }} }}{{ #if: {{{Volume|}}} |&#32;{{#if:{{{Periodical|}}}|'''<nowiki />{{{Volume}}}<nowiki />'''|{{{Volume}}}}}{{ #if: {{{Issue|}}} |&#32;({{{Issue}}}) }} |{{ #if: {{{Issue|}}} |&#32;({{{Issue}}}) }} }}{{ #if: {{{At|}}} |<nowiki>: </nowiki> {{{At}}} }} |{{ <!--============ Anything else with a title, including books ============--> #if: {{{Title|}}}{{{TransItalic|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{{Periodical|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} }}&#32;{{Citation/make link | 1={{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{ #if: {{{URL|}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }} |{{ #if: {{{URL|}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }} | 2=''<nowiki />{{{Title|}}}{{ #if:{{{TransItalic|}}}|&#32;&#91;{{{TransItalic}}}&#93; }}<nowiki />'' }} }}{{ #if: {{{TitleType|}}} |&#32;({{{TitleType}}}) }}{{ #if: {{{Series|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{Series}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Volume|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;'''<nowiki />{{{Volume}}}<nowiki />''' }}{{ #if: {{{Other|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{Other|}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Edition|}}} |&#32;({{{Edition}}} ed.) }}{{ #if: {{{PublicationPlace|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{PublicationPlace}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Publisher|}}} |{{ #if: {{{PublicationPlace|}}} |<nowiki>:</nowiki> |{{{Sep|,}}} }}&#32;{{{Publisher}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ Date (if no author/editor) ============--> #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}} | |{{ #if: {{{Date|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{Date}}}{{ #if:{{{YearNote|}}} |&#32;[{{{YearNote}}}] }} }} }}{{ <!--============ Publication date ============--> #if: {{{PublicationDate|}}} |{{ #ifeq: {{{PublicationDate|}}} | {{{Date|}}} | |{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname1|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{PublicationDate}}} |&#32;(published {{{PublicationDate}}}) }} |{{ #if: {{{Periodical|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{PublicationDate}}} |&#32;(published {{{PublicationDate}}}) }} }} }} }}{{ <!--============ Page within included work ============--> #if: {{{Periodical|}}} | |{{ #if: {{{At|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{At}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ arXiv ==============--> #if: {{{ARXIV|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=arxiv |input1={{{ARXIV|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ ASIN ===============--> #if: {{{ASIN|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=asin |input1={{{ASIN|}}} |input2={{{ASIN-TLD|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ BIBCODE ============--> #if: {{{BIBCODE|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=bibcode |input1={{{BIBCODE|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ DOI ================--> #if:{{{DOI|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=doi |input1={{{DOI|}}} |input2={{{DoiBroken|}}} |input3={{{template doc demo|}}}}} }}{{ <!--============ ISBN ===============--> #if: {{{ISBN|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=isbn |input1={{{ISBN|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ ISSN ===============--> #if: {{{ISSN|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=issn |input1={{{ISSN|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ JFM ================--> #if: {{{JFM|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=jfm |input1={{{JFM|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ JSTOR ==============--> #if: {{{JSTOR|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=jstor |input1={{{JSTOR|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ LCCN ===============--> #if: {{{LCCN|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=lccn |input1={{{LCCN|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ MR =================--> #if: {{{MR|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=mr |input1={{{MR|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ OCLC ===============--> #if: {{{OCLC|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=oclc |input1={{{OCLC|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ OL =================--> #if: {{{OL|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=ol |input1={{{OL|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ OSTI ===============--> #if: {{{OSTI|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=osti |input1={{{OSTI|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ PMC ================--> #if: {{{PMC|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=pmc |input1={{{PMC|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ PMID ===============--> #if: {{{PMID|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=pmid |input1={{{PMID|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ RFC ================--> #if: {{{RFC|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=rfc|input1={{{RFC|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ SSRN ================--> #if: {{{SSRN|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=ssrn |input1={{{SSRN|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ ZBL ================--> #if: {{{ZBL|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{citation/identifier |identifier=zbl |input1={{{ZBL|}}} }} }}{{ <!--============ Misc. Identifier ============--> #if: {{{ID|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{ID}}} }}{{ <!--============ Archive data, etc ===========--> #if: {{{Archive|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{{Archive}}}[[Category:Pages using deprecated citation archive parameters]] |{{ #if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}{{{ArchiveDate|}}} | {{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{#ifeq: {{{DeadURL|}}} | no | {{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}} |{{Citation/make link|{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|A|a}}rchived}}&#32;from the original |{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|A|a}}rchived }} | {{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|A|a}}rchived{{#if:{{{OriginalURL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|&#32;from {{Citation/make link|{{{OriginalURL|{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}}}}|the original}}}} }} }}{{#if:{{{ArchiveDate|}}}|&#32;on {{{ArchiveDate}}}}}{{ #if:{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}||A}}{{#if:{{{OriginalURL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}||B}}{{#if:{{{ArchiveDate|}}}||C}} |. {{citation error|nocat={{{template doc demo|}}} |If you specify <code>&#124;{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|archiveurl|archivedate}}&#61;</code>{{#ifeq:{{{DeadURL|}}}|no|{{#if:{{{OriginalURL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}||&#32;and <code>&#124;deadurl&#61;no</code>}}}}, you must {{#if:{{{OriginalURL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}| also specify <code>&#124;{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|archivedate|archiveurl}}&#61;</code>| {{#ifeq:{{{DeadURL|}}}|no|also|first}} specify <code>&#124;url&#61;</code>}}}} }} }} }}{{ <!--============ URL and AccessDate ============--> #if: {{{URL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}{{#ifeq:{{{DeadURL|}}}|no|{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|}} |{{ #if: {{{Title|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{{TransTitle|}}} |<span class="printonly">{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{{IncludedWorkURL}}} |{{{URL}}} }}</span> |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{{IncludedWorkURL}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{AccessDate|}}} | <span class="reference-accessdate">{{#ifeq:{{{Sep|}}}|,|,&#32;r|.&#32;R}}etrieved {{{AccessDate}}}</span> }} }}{{#if:{{{laysummary|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;[{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: {{{laysource|}}}|&nbsp;&ndash;&nbsp;''<nowiki />{{{laysource}}}<nowiki />''}} }}{{#if:{{{laydate|}}} | &#32;({{{laydate}}}) }}{{#if:{{{quote|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;"{{{quote}}}" }}{{{PS|}}}</span><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 1cc6d923cf5fad5d68c4a52dcb29e015a2fd20fb 10 168 378 377 2013-04-29T15:31:06Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#if:{{{1|}}} |[{{{1}}} {{{2}}}] |{{{2}}} }}<noinclude><!-- Code notes (here so that people /read/ it) 1. Parameter #2 is always nonempty when called from {{Citation/core}}. 2. It's up to {{Citation/core}} to stop italicized "'foo' & 'bar'" from becoming "'''foo' & 'bar'''". Citation/core does this by having a <nowiki></nowiki> at both beginning and end of the call to this template. Since this is only needed once, it's more efficient to do it in {{Citation/core}} than here. -->{{documentation}}</noinclude> b155649f77e662a0fd26031f48441efcec5f1ba5 377 2011-01-07T10:18:51Z Courcelles 0 Protected Template:Citation/make link: Not reprotected after history merge. Over 1 million transclusions ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite)) {{#if:{{{1|}}} |[{{{1}}} {{{2}}}] |{{{2}}} }}<noinclude><!-- Code notes (here so that people /read/ it) 1. Parameter #2 is always nonempty when called from {{Citation/core}}. 2. It's up to {{Citation/core}} to stop italicized "'foo' & 'bar'" from becoming "'''foo' & 'bar'''". Citation/core does this by having a <nowiki></nowiki> at both beginning and end of the call to this template. Since this is only needed once, it's more efficient to do it in {{Citation/core}} than here. -->{{documentation}}</noinclude> b155649f77e662a0fd26031f48441efcec5f1ba5 10 112 266 265 2013-04-29T15:30:55Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst |<includeonly>{{subst:Unsubst|Citation needed| name|{{{name|¬}}}|reason|{{{reason|¬}}}| date|{{{date|{{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}}}} }}</includeonly>| {{Fix |name={{{name|Citation needed}}} |link=Wikipedia:Citation needed |text=citation needed |class=Template-Fact |title={{{reason|This claim needs references to reliable sources.}}} |date={{{date|}}} |cat=[[Category:All articles with unsourced statements]] |cat-date=Category:Articles with unsourced statements }}{{#if:{{{1|}}}|[[Category:Pages containing citation needed template with deprecated parameters]]}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 73a9c31444f409057252d5cbcbe6d0173ecc40dc 265 2013-04-06T03:37:30Z Jason Quinn 0 added period to reason text {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst |<includeonly>{{subst:Unsubst|Citation needed| name|{{{name|¬}}}|reason|{{{reason|¬}}}| date|{{{date|{{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}}}} }}</includeonly>| {{Fix |name={{{name|Citation needed}}} |link=Wikipedia:Citation needed |text=citation needed |class=Template-Fact |title={{{reason|This claim needs references to reliable sources.}}} |date={{{date|}}} |cat=[[Category:All articles with unsourced statements]] |cat-date=Category:Articles with unsourced statements }}{{#if:{{{1|}}}|[[Category:Pages containing citation needed template with deprecated parameters]]}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 73a9c31444f409057252d5cbcbe6d0173ecc40dc 10 169 380 379 2013-04-29T15:31:06Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <includeonly>{{Citation/core |Citation class=audio-visual |Surname1={{{last|{{{people|{{{last1|{{{author|{{{author1|{{{authors|{{{surname|{{{surname1|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |Surname2={{{last2|{{{author2|{{{surname2|}}}}}}}}} |Surname3={{{last3|{{{author3|{{{surname3|}}}}}}}}} |Surname4={{{last4|{{{author4|{{{surname4|}}}}}}}}} |Surname5={{{last5|{{{author5|{{{surname5|}}}}}}}}} |Surname6={{{last6|{{{author6|{{{surname6|}}}}}}}}} |Surname7={{{last7|{{{author7|{{{surname7|}}}}}}}}} |Surname8={{{last8|{{{author8|{{{surname8|}}}}}}}}} |Surname9={{{last9|{{{author9|{{{surname9|}}}}}}}}} |Given1={{{first|{{{first1|{{{given|{{{given1|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Given2={{{first2|{{{given2|}}}}}} |Given3={{{first3|{{{given3|}}}}}} |Given4={{{first4|{{{given4|}}}}}} |Given5={{{first5|{{{given5|}}}}}} |Given6={{{first6|{{{given6|}}}}}} |Given7={{{first7|{{{given7|}}}}}} |Given8={{{first8|{{{given8|}}}}}} |Given9={{{first9|{{{given9|}}}}}} |Authorlink1={{{authorlink|{{{authorlink1|{{{author-link|{{{author1-link|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Authorlink2={{{authorlink2|{{{author2-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink3={{{authorlink3|{{{author3-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink4={{{authorlink4|{{{author4-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink5={{{authorlink5|{{{author5-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink6={{{authorlink6|{{{author6-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink7={{{authorlink7|{{{author7-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink8={{{authorlink8|{{{author8-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink9={{{authorlink9|{{{author9-link|}}}}}} |Coauthors={{{coauthors|{{{coauthor|}}}}}} |Other={{{others|}}} |Year={{{year|{{ <!-- attempt to derive year from date, if possible --> #if: {{{date|}}} |{{ #iferror:{{#time:Y|{{{date|}}} }} |{{#iferror:{{#time:Y|{{{publication-date|einval}}} }}||{{#time:Y|{{{publication-date|}}} }}}} |{{#time:Y|{{{date|}}} }} }} |{{{publication-date|}}} <!-- last resort --> }} }}} |YearNote={{{origyear|}}} |Date={{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{{date}}}|{{{day|}}} {{{month|}}} {{{year|{{{publication-date|}}}}}}}} |Title={{{title|}}} |TransTitle={{{trans_chapter|}}} |TransItalic={{{trans_title|}}} |IncludedWorkTitle={{{chapter|{{{contribution|}}}}}} |TitleType={{{type|{{{medium|}}}}}} |language={{{language|}}} |URL={{#if:{{{archiveurl|}}} |{{#ifeq: {{{deadurl|}}} | no | {{{url|}}} | {{{archiveurl|}}}}} |{{{url|}}} }} |IncludedWorkURL={{{chapter-url|{{{chapterurl|{{{contribution-url|}}}}}}}}} |AccessDate={{{accessdate|}}} |OriginalURL={{{url|}}} |ArchiveURL={{{archiveurl|}}} |ArchiveDate={{{archivedate|}}} |DeadURL={{{deadurl|}}} |format={{{format|}}} |At={{#if:{{{minutes|}}}|{{{minutes}}} minutes in |{{#if:{{{time|}}}|{{{timecaption|Event occurs at}}} {{{time}}} |{{#if: {{{page|}}}|{{#if:{{{nopp|}}}||p.&nbsp;}}{{{page}}} |{{#if: {{{pages|}}}|{{#if:{{{nopp|}}}||pp.&nbsp;}}{{{pages}}} |{{{at|}}}}}}}}} }} |Edition={{{edition|}}} |Series={{{series|{{{version|}}}}}} |Volume={{{volume|}}} |Publisher={{{publisher|{{{distributor|}}}}}} |Place={{{location|{{{place|}}}}}} |PublicationPlace={{{location|{{{place|{{{publication-place|}}}}}}}}} |PublicationDate={{{publication-date|}}} |EditorSurname1={{{editor-last|{{{editor1-last|{{{editor|{{{editors|{{{editor-surname|{{{editor1-surname|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |EditorSurname2={{{editor2-last|{{{editor2-surname|}}}}}} |EditorSurname3={{{editor3-last|{{{editor3-surname|}}}}}} |EditorSurname4={{{editor4-last|{{{editor4-surname|}}}}}} |EditorGiven1={{{editor-first|{{{editor1-first|{{{editor-given|{{{editor1-given|}}}}}}}}}}}} |EditorGiven2={{{editor2-first|{{{editor2-given|}}}}}} |EditorGiven3={{{editor3-first|{{{editor3-given|}}}}}} |EditorGiven4={{{editor4-first|{{{editor4-given|}}}}}} |Editorlink1={{{editor-link|{{{editor1-link|}}}}}} |Editorlink2={{{editor2-link|}}} |Editorlink3={{{editor3-link|}}} |Editorlink4={{{editor4-link|}}} |ARXIV={{{arxiv|}}} |ASIN={{{asin|{{{ASIN|}}}}}} |ASIN-TLD={{{asin-tld|}}} |BIBCODE={{{bibcode|}}} |DOI={{{doi|{{{DOI|}}}}}} |DoiBroken={{{doi_brokendate|{{{doi_inactivedate|}}}}}} |ISBN={{{isbn|{{{ISBN|}}}}}} |ISSN={{{issn|{{{ISSN|}}}}}} |JFM={{{jfm|{{{JFM|}}}}}} |JSTOR={{{jstor|{{{JSTOR|}}}}}} |LCCN={{{lccn|{{{LCCN|}}}}}} |MR={{{mr|{{{MR|}}}}}} |OCLC={{{oclc|{{{OCLC|}}}}}} |OL={{{ol|{{{OL|}}}}}} |OSTI={{{osti|{{{OSTI|}}}}}} |PMC={{{pmc|{{{PMC|}}}}}} |PMID={{{pmid|{{{PMID|}}}}}} |RFC={{{rfc|{{{RFC|}}}}}} |SSRN={{{ssrn|{{{SSRN|}}}}}} |ZBL={{{zbl|}}} |ID={{{id|{{{ID|}}}}}} |laysummary={{{laysummary|}}} |laydate={{{laydate|}}} |laysource={{{laysource|}}} |quote={{{quote|}}} |Ref={{{ref|}}} |amp={{{lastauthoramp|}}} |AuthorMask={{{author-mask|{{{authormask|}}}}}} |AuthorSep={{#ifeq:{{{author-separator|}}}|;|&#059;|{{{author-separator|&#059;}}}}}&#32; |NameSep={{{author-name-separator|,}}}&#32; |PS={{#if:{{{quote|}}}||{{{postscript|.}}}}} |Sep={{#ifeq:{{{separator|{{{seperator}}} }}}|;|&#059;|{{{separator|{{{seperator|.}}} }}} }} |template doc demo={{{template doc demo|}}} |Trunc={{#if:{{{display-authors|}}}|{{{display-authors}}}|8}} }}{{#if:{{{access-date|}}}{{{accessdaymonth|}}}{{{accessday|}}}{{{accessmonthday|}}}{{{accessmonth|}}}{{{accessyear|}}}{{{dateformat|}}}{{{day|}}}{{{doilabel|}}}{{{date2|}}}{{{month2|}}}{{{year2|}}} |[[Category:Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters|{{NAMESPACE}} {{PAGENAME}}]]}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 944d0316547f9f40166bdce416f17fa4693e89dd 379 2013-01-02T00:41:45Z Mr. Stradivarius 0 Add "includeonly" tags per edit-protected request <includeonly>{{Citation/core |Citation class=audio-visual |Surname1={{{last|{{{people|{{{last1|{{{author|{{{author1|{{{authors|{{{surname|{{{surname1|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |Surname2={{{last2|{{{author2|{{{surname2|}}}}}}}}} |Surname3={{{last3|{{{author3|{{{surname3|}}}}}}}}} |Surname4={{{last4|{{{author4|{{{surname4|}}}}}}}}} |Surname5={{{last5|{{{author5|{{{surname5|}}}}}}}}} |Surname6={{{last6|{{{author6|{{{surname6|}}}}}}}}} |Surname7={{{last7|{{{author7|{{{surname7|}}}}}}}}} |Surname8={{{last8|{{{author8|{{{surname8|}}}}}}}}} |Surname9={{{last9|{{{author9|{{{surname9|}}}}}}}}} |Given1={{{first|{{{first1|{{{given|{{{given1|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Given2={{{first2|{{{given2|}}}}}} |Given3={{{first3|{{{given3|}}}}}} |Given4={{{first4|{{{given4|}}}}}} |Given5={{{first5|{{{given5|}}}}}} |Given6={{{first6|{{{given6|}}}}}} |Given7={{{first7|{{{given7|}}}}}} |Given8={{{first8|{{{given8|}}}}}} |Given9={{{first9|{{{given9|}}}}}} |Authorlink1={{{authorlink|{{{authorlink1|{{{author-link|{{{author1-link|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Authorlink2={{{authorlink2|{{{author2-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink3={{{authorlink3|{{{author3-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink4={{{authorlink4|{{{author4-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink5={{{authorlink5|{{{author5-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink6={{{authorlink6|{{{author6-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink7={{{authorlink7|{{{author7-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink8={{{authorlink8|{{{author8-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink9={{{authorlink9|{{{author9-link|}}}}}} |Coauthors={{{coauthors|{{{coauthor|}}}}}} |Other={{{others|}}} |Year={{{year|{{ <!-- attempt to derive year from date, if possible --> #if: {{{date|}}} |{{ #iferror:{{#time:Y|{{{date|}}} }} |{{#iferror:{{#time:Y|{{{publication-date|einval}}} }}||{{#time:Y|{{{publication-date|}}} }}}} |{{#time:Y|{{{date|}}} }} }} |{{{publication-date|}}} <!-- last resort --> }} }}} |YearNote={{{origyear|}}} |Date={{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{{date}}}|{{{day|}}} {{{month|}}} {{{year|{{{publication-date|}}}}}}}} |Title={{{title|}}} |TransTitle={{{trans_chapter|}}} |TransItalic={{{trans_title|}}} |IncludedWorkTitle={{{chapter|{{{contribution|}}}}}} |TitleType={{{type|{{{medium|}}}}}} |language={{{language|}}} |URL={{#if:{{{archiveurl|}}} |{{#ifeq: {{{deadurl|}}} | no | {{{url|}}} | {{{archiveurl|}}}}} |{{{url|}}} }} |IncludedWorkURL={{{chapter-url|{{{chapterurl|{{{contribution-url|}}}}}}}}} |AccessDate={{{accessdate|}}} |OriginalURL={{{url|}}} |ArchiveURL={{{archiveurl|}}} |ArchiveDate={{{archivedate|}}} |DeadURL={{{deadurl|}}} |format={{{format|}}} |At={{#if:{{{minutes|}}}|{{{minutes}}} minutes in |{{#if:{{{time|}}}|{{{timecaption|Event occurs at}}} {{{time}}} |{{#if: {{{page|}}}|{{#if:{{{nopp|}}}||p.&nbsp;}}{{{page}}} |{{#if: {{{pages|}}}|{{#if:{{{nopp|}}}||pp.&nbsp;}}{{{pages}}} |{{{at|}}}}}}}}} }} |Edition={{{edition|}}} |Series={{{series|{{{version|}}}}}} |Volume={{{volume|}}} |Publisher={{{publisher|{{{distributor|}}}}}} |Place={{{location|{{{place|}}}}}} |PublicationPlace={{{location|{{{place|{{{publication-place|}}}}}}}}} |PublicationDate={{{publication-date|}}} |EditorSurname1={{{editor-last|{{{editor1-last|{{{editor|{{{editors|{{{editor-surname|{{{editor1-surname|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |EditorSurname2={{{editor2-last|{{{editor2-surname|}}}}}} |EditorSurname3={{{editor3-last|{{{editor3-surname|}}}}}} |EditorSurname4={{{editor4-last|{{{editor4-surname|}}}}}} |EditorGiven1={{{editor-first|{{{editor1-first|{{{editor-given|{{{editor1-given|}}}}}}}}}}}} |EditorGiven2={{{editor2-first|{{{editor2-given|}}}}}} |EditorGiven3={{{editor3-first|{{{editor3-given|}}}}}} |EditorGiven4={{{editor4-first|{{{editor4-given|}}}}}} |Editorlink1={{{editor-link|{{{editor1-link|}}}}}} |Editorlink2={{{editor2-link|}}} |Editorlink3={{{editor3-link|}}} |Editorlink4={{{editor4-link|}}} |ARXIV={{{arxiv|}}} |ASIN={{{asin|{{{ASIN|}}}}}} |ASIN-TLD={{{asin-tld|}}} |BIBCODE={{{bibcode|}}} |DOI={{{doi|{{{DOI|}}}}}} |DoiBroken={{{doi_brokendate|{{{doi_inactivedate|}}}}}} |ISBN={{{isbn|{{{ISBN|}}}}}} |ISSN={{{issn|{{{ISSN|}}}}}} |JFM={{{jfm|{{{JFM|}}}}}} |JSTOR={{{jstor|{{{JSTOR|}}}}}} |LCCN={{{lccn|{{{LCCN|}}}}}} |MR={{{mr|{{{MR|}}}}}} |OCLC={{{oclc|{{{OCLC|}}}}}} |OL={{{ol|{{{OL|}}}}}} |OSTI={{{osti|{{{OSTI|}}}}}} |PMC={{{pmc|{{{PMC|}}}}}} |PMID={{{pmid|{{{PMID|}}}}}} |RFC={{{rfc|{{{RFC|}}}}}} |SSRN={{{ssrn|{{{SSRN|}}}}}} |ZBL={{{zbl|}}} |ID={{{id|{{{ID|}}}}}} |laysummary={{{laysummary|}}} |laydate={{{laydate|}}} |laysource={{{laysource|}}} |quote={{{quote|}}} |Ref={{{ref|}}} |amp={{{lastauthoramp|}}} |AuthorMask={{{author-mask|{{{authormask|}}}}}} |AuthorSep={{#ifeq:{{{author-separator|}}}|;|&#059;|{{{author-separator|&#059;}}}}}&#32; |NameSep={{{author-name-separator|,}}}&#32; |PS={{#if:{{{quote|}}}||{{{postscript|.}}}}} |Sep={{#ifeq:{{{separator|{{{seperator}}} }}}|;|&#059;|{{{separator|{{{seperator|.}}} }}} }} |template doc demo={{{template doc demo|}}} |Trunc={{#if:{{{display-authors|}}}|{{{display-authors}}}|8}} }}{{#if:{{{access-date|}}}{{{accessdaymonth|}}}{{{accessday|}}}{{{accessmonthday|}}}{{{accessmonth|}}}{{{accessyear|}}}{{{dateformat|}}}{{{day|}}}{{{doilabel|}}}{{{date2|}}}{{{month2|}}}{{{year2|}}} |[[Category:Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters|{{NAMESPACE}} {{PAGENAME}}]]}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 944d0316547f9f40166bdce416f17fa4693e89dd 10 113 268 267 2013-04-29T15:30:55Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=book }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 97bfea66095640c9d443b520af607f0ec7118114 267 2013-03-24T23:24:50Z Dragons flight 0 install Lua version <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=book }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 97bfea66095640c9d443b520af607f0ec7118114 10 114 270 269 2013-04-29T15:30:55Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <includeonly>{{#invoke:Citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=journal }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 50b33a0bde8c0dc83f3753f7873bcb448b565944 269 2013-03-23T00:58:29Z Dragons flight 0 install Lua version <includeonly>{{#invoke:Citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=journal }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 50b33a0bde8c0dc83f3753f7873bcb448b565944 10 115 272 271 2013-04-29T15:30:56Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=news }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> d8c42e9ff15cc4f8c922db4f02cd5ea0ef1c14ee 271 2013-03-21T01:04:32Z Dragons flight 0 no longer needed <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=news }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> d8c42e9ff15cc4f8c922db4f02cd5ea0ef1c14ee 10 170 382 381 2013-04-29T15:31:06Z Cyrus 1 1 revision #REDIRECT [[Template:Cite AV media]] 5e628794539eb0deaf32f9d5e1f01bd11a4e7467 381 2013-01-01T04:49:31Z Delldot 0 Delldot moved page [[Template:Cite video]] to [[Template:Cite AV media]]: [[Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2012_December_10#Template:Cite_video]] #REDIRECT [[Template:Cite AV media]] 5e628794539eb0deaf32f9d5e1f01bd11a4e7467 10 39 121 120 2013-04-29T12:30:28Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> ea1b0f38afd9728a1cf9f2e3f540887a402fab8e 120 2013-03-29T00:46:35Z Dragons flight 0 install Lua version <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> ea1b0f38afd9728a1cf9f2e3f540887a402fab8e 10 116 274 273 2013-04-29T15:30:56Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#ifexpr:{{#expr:{{#iferror:{{#time:U|{{{date}}}}}|2000000000}}>=1341100800}}*{{#if:{{{reason|<noinclude>x</noinclude>}}}|0|1}}*{{#ifeq:{{{nocat}}}|true|0|1}} |{{error|You must add a {{para|reason}} parameter to this Cleanup template - replace it with <code><nowiki>{{Cleanup|</nowiki>{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1|}}}{{!}}|}}{{#if:{{{date|}}}|<nowiki>date=</nowiki>{{{date|}}}{{!}}}}<nowiki>reason=<Fill reason here>}}</nowiki></code>, or remove Cleanup template. {{clear}} }}{{Category handler |nocat = {{{nocat|}}} |main = {{DMC|Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field|from|{{{date|}}}}} }} |{{main other |{{ambox | name = Cleanup | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly><includeonly>substcheck}}</includeonly> | type = style | class = ambox-Cleanup | small = {{{small|}}} | sect = {{{1|}}} | issue = '''may require [[Wikipedia:cleanup|cleanup]] to meet Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|quality standards]]'''. {{#if:{{{2|{{{reason|}}}}}} |The specific problem is: '''{{{2|{{{reason}}}}}}'''. }} | talk = {{{talk|{{{talksection|}}}}}} | fix = {{#if:{{{2|{{{reason|}}}}}}| |No [[Template:Cleanup/doc|cleanup reason]] has been specified. }} Please help [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} improve this {{{1|{{SUBJECTSPACE formatted}}}}}] if you can. | date = {{{date|}}} | cat = Articles needing cleanup | all = All articles needing cleanup | cat2 = Cleanup tagged articles with{{#if:{{{2|{{{reason|}}}}}}||out}} a reason field }} |{{mbox | demospace = {{{demospace|}}} | type = style | text = This {{{1|{{SUBJECTSPACE formatted}}}}} '''may require [[Wikipedia:cleanup|cleanup]] to meet Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|quality standards]]'''. {{#if:{{{2|{{{reason|}}}}}} |The specific problem is: '''{{{2|{{{reason}}}}}}'''. |No [[Template:Cleanup/doc|cleanup reason]] has been specified. }} Please help [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} improve this {{{1|{{SUBJECTSPACE formatted}}}}}] if you can{{#ifeq:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}|{{NAMESPACE}} |&#59; the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}{{#if:{{{talksection|}}}|&#35;{{{talksection}}}}}|talk page]] may contain suggestions. |. }} }} | demospace = {{{demospace|<noinclude>main</noinclude>}}} }}{{Category handler |page = {{SUBJECTPAGENAME}} |nocat = {{{nocat|}}} |category = {{DMC|Wikipedia categories needing cleanup|from|{{{date|}}}}} |template = {{#ifeq:{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1}}|Template:Cleanup||{{DMC|Wikipedia templates needing cleanup|from|{{{date|}}}}}}} |other = {{DMCA|Wikipedia pages needing cleanup|from|{{{date|}}}}} }} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> a627d584a2cafa0bfc2f8472572c8ce96d14d8cc 273 2013-01-08T01:26:44Z Mr. Stradivarius 0 Update one instance of {{DMC}} to {{DMCA}} per protected edit request {{#ifexpr:{{#expr:{{#iferror:{{#time:U|{{{date}}}}}|2000000000}}>=1341100800}}*{{#if:{{{reason|<noinclude>x</noinclude>}}}|0|1}}*{{#ifeq:{{{nocat}}}|true|0|1}} |{{error|You must add a {{para|reason}} parameter to this Cleanup template - replace it with <code><nowiki>{{Cleanup|</nowiki>{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1|}}}{{!}}|}}{{#if:{{{date|}}}|<nowiki>date=</nowiki>{{{date|}}}{{!}}}}<nowiki>reason=<Fill reason here>}}</nowiki></code>, or remove Cleanup template. {{clear}} }}{{Category handler |nocat = {{{nocat|}}} |main = {{DMC|Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field|from|{{{date|}}}}} }} |{{main other |{{ambox | name = Cleanup | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly><includeonly>substcheck}}</includeonly> | type = style | class = ambox-Cleanup | small = {{{small|}}} | sect = {{{1|}}} | issue = '''may require [[Wikipedia:cleanup|cleanup]] to meet Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|quality standards]]'''. {{#if:{{{2|{{{reason|}}}}}} |The specific problem is: '''{{{2|{{{reason}}}}}}'''. }} | talk = {{{talk|{{{talksection|}}}}}} | fix = {{#if:{{{2|{{{reason|}}}}}}| |No [[Template:Cleanup/doc|cleanup reason]] has been specified. }} Please help [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} improve this {{{1|{{SUBJECTSPACE formatted}}}}}] if you can. | date = {{{date|}}} | cat = Articles needing cleanup | all = All articles needing cleanup | cat2 = Cleanup tagged articles with{{#if:{{{2|{{{reason|}}}}}}||out}} a reason field }} |{{mbox | demospace = {{{demospace|}}} | type = style | text = This {{{1|{{SUBJECTSPACE formatted}}}}} '''may require [[Wikipedia:cleanup|cleanup]] to meet Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|quality standards]]'''. {{#if:{{{2|{{{reason|}}}}}} |The specific problem is: '''{{{2|{{{reason}}}}}}'''. |No [[Template:Cleanup/doc|cleanup reason]] has been specified. }} Please help [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} improve this {{{1|{{SUBJECTSPACE formatted}}}}}] if you can{{#ifeq:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}|{{NAMESPACE}} |&#59; the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}{{#if:{{{talksection|}}}|&#35;{{{talksection}}}}}|talk page]] may contain suggestions. |. }} }} | demospace = {{{demospace|<noinclude>main</noinclude>}}} }}{{Category handler |page = {{SUBJECTPAGENAME}} |nocat = {{{nocat|}}} |category = {{DMC|Wikipedia categories needing cleanup|from|{{{date|}}}}} |template = {{#ifeq:{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1}}|Template:Cleanup||{{DMC|Wikipedia templates needing cleanup|from|{{{date|}}}}}}} |other = {{DMCA|Wikipedia pages needing cleanup|from|{{{date|}}}}} }} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> a627d584a2cafa0bfc2f8472572c8ce96d14d8cc 10 74 190 189 2013-04-29T12:55:01Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <div style="clear:{{{1|both}}};"></div><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 38bab3e3d7fbd3d6800d46556e60bc6bac494d72 189 2011-11-06T11:02:10Z Edokter 0 Enable selective clear <div style="clear:{{{1|both}}};"></div><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 38bab3e3d7fbd3d6800d46556e60bc6bac494d72 10 40 123 122 2013-04-29T12:30:28Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <includeonly>-moz-column-count: {{{1|2}}}; -webkit-column-count: {{{1|2}}}; column-count: {{{1|2}}};</includeonly><noinclude> <!-- ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS TO THE /doc PAGE, NOT HERE, THANKS --> {{documentation}} </noinclude> ac81f7cd0bc21b837b614a96ce8b5e9aeb934b11 122 2011-06-13T01:52:47Z Edokter 0 vendor-neutral last <includeonly>-moz-column-count: {{{1|2}}}; -webkit-column-count: {{{1|2}}}; column-count: {{{1|2}}};</includeonly><noinclude> <!-- ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS TO THE /doc PAGE, NOT HERE, THANKS --> {{documentation}} </noinclude> ac81f7cd0bc21b837b614a96ce8b5e9aeb934b11 10 133 308 307 2013-04-29T15:30:59Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <includeonly>-moz-column-width: {{{1|30em}}}; -webkit-column-width: {{{1|30em}}}; column-width: {{{1|30em}}};</includeonly><noinclude> <!-- ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS TO THE /doc PAGE, NOT HERE, THANKS --> {{documentation}} </noinclude> d8a4fd0606a1303c244e2e2bdb8a8de721c09209 307 2011-06-13T01:53:20Z Edokter 0 vendor-neutral last <includeonly>-moz-column-width: {{{1|30em}}}; -webkit-column-width: {{{1|30em}}}; column-width: {{{1|30em}}};</includeonly><noinclude> <!-- ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS TO THE /doc PAGE, NOT HERE, THANKS --> {{documentation}} </noinclude> d8a4fd0606a1303c244e2e2bdb8a8de721c09209 10 117 276 275 2013-04-29T15:30:56Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{ sister | position = {{{position|}}} | project = commons | text = Wikimedia Commons has media related to: '''''[[commons:{{{1|Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}}}}|{{{2|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]]''''' }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}<!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc sub-page --></noinclude> 4788bcf37131f432529bdf4322663aa13774a513 275 2012-08-20T09:47:32Z Thumperward 0 minor whitespace cleanup {{ sister | position = {{{position|}}} | project = commons | text = Wikimedia Commons has media related to: '''''[[commons:{{{1|Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}}}}|{{{2|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]]''''' }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}<!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc sub-page --></noinclude> 4788bcf37131f432529bdf4322663aa13774a513 10 118 278 277 2013-04-29T15:30:56Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{Commons | position = {{{position|}}} <!-- {{#if:x|}} strips whitespace from parameter 1, in case it is fed like this: {{Commons category| Some cat }}. --> |Category:{{#if:x| {{{1| {{PAGENAME}} }}} }}<!-- -->|{{{2|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}<!-- -->}}<includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}}||[[Category:Commons category template with no category set]]}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude><includeonly><!-- Some tracking categories to see if we're ready to switch to Wikidata --> {{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}}||{{ns:14}}=<!-- Only articles and categories. --> {{#if:{{#property:P373}} | {{#if:{{{1|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{#property:P373}}|{{{1|}}} | [[Category:Commons category with local link same as on Wikidata]] <!-- We want to end up here --> | [[Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata]] <!-- Figure out the best link --> }} | {{#ifeq:{{#property:P373}}|{{PAGENAME}} | [[Category:Commons category with page title same as on Wikidata]] <!-- Ending up here is just fine --> | [[Category:Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata]] <!-- Figure out the best link here too --> }} }} | [[Category:Commons category without a link on Wikidata]] <!-- These we still need to import --> }} }}</includeonly> bcd6e087139d57f4e7a2b50f0820a7a9d2be89c4 277 2013-04-25T18:08:44Z Jdforrester 0 Adding Wikidata corruption tracking so we can find out if we're ready for the Wikidata switchover. {{Commons | position = {{{position|}}} <!-- {{#if:x|}} strips whitespace from parameter 1, in case it is fed like this: {{Commons category| Some cat }}. --> |Category:{{#if:x| {{{1| {{PAGENAME}} }}} }}<!-- -->|{{{2|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}<!-- -->}}<includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}}||[[Category:Commons category template with no category set]]}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude><includeonly><!-- Some tracking categories to see if we're ready to switch to Wikidata --> {{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}}||{{ns:14}}=<!-- Only articles and categories. --> {{#if:{{#property:P373}} | {{#if:{{{1|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{#property:P373}}|{{{1|}}} | [[Category:Commons category with local link same as on Wikidata]] <!-- We want to end up here --> | [[Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata]] <!-- Figure out the best link --> }} | {{#ifeq:{{#property:P373}}|{{PAGENAME}} | [[Category:Commons category with page title same as on Wikidata]] <!-- Ending up here is just fine --> | [[Category:Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata]] <!-- Figure out the best link here too --> }} }} | [[Category:Commons category without a link on Wikidata]] <!-- These we still need to import --> }} }}</includeonly> bcd6e087139d57f4e7a2b50f0820a7a9d2be89c4 10 148 338 337 2013-04-29T15:31:02Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <!--{{Copyedit-section}} begin-->{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{<includeonly>subst:</includeonly>NAMESPACE}}|<includeonly>[[Category:Pages with incorrectly substituted templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly>|}}{{Ambox | name = Copy edit-section | type = style | small = left | image = [[File:Acap.svg|24px]] | text = This section may require [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting|copy-editing]]{{#if:{{{for|}}}|&#32;for {{{for}}}}}. | date = {{{date|}}} }}{{DMCA|Wikipedia articles needing copy edit|from|{{{date|}}}|All articles needing copy edit}}<!--{{Copyedit-section}} end--><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS --></noinclude> f83404fd83011edf9cb9f3352e4f7207dc3951e5 337 2013-04-11T10:50:40Z Steinsplitter 0 revert, Vandalism <!--{{Copyedit-section}} begin-->{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{<includeonly>subst:</includeonly>NAMESPACE}}|<includeonly>[[Category:Pages with incorrectly substituted templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly>|}}{{Ambox | name = Copy edit-section | type = style | small = left | image = [[File:Acap.svg|24px]] | text = This section may require [[Wikipedia:Basic copyediting|copy-editing]]{{#if:{{{for|}}}|&#32;for {{{for}}}}}. | date = {{{date|}}} }}{{DMCA|Wikipedia articles needing copy edit|from|{{{date|}}}|All articles needing copy edit}}<!--{{Copyedit-section}} end--><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS --></noinclude> f83404fd83011edf9cb9f3352e4f7207dc3951e5 10 41 125 124 2013-04-29T12:30:29Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <!--{{Criticism section}} begin-->{{Ambox | name = Criticism section | type = content | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly><includeonly>substcheck}}</includeonly> | image = [[File:Unbalanced scales.svg|50x40px|link=]] | issue = This article's ''Criticism'' or ''Controversy'' section '''may compromise the article's [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]] of the subject'''. | fix = Please [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Article structure|integrate the section's contents]] into the article as a whole, or rewrite the material. | date = {{{date|}}} | cat = NPOV disputes | all = All NPOV disputes }}<!--{{Criticism section}} end--><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, please, not here! --> </noinclude> 7771c7c1ff830c2ed652341b5446c0f840a75a23 124 2012-07-02T23:34:55Z GoingBatty 0 update ambox syntax so that template displays well in compact form <!--{{Criticism section}} begin-->{{Ambox | name = Criticism section | type = content | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly><includeonly>substcheck}}</includeonly> | image = [[File:Unbalanced scales.svg|50x40px|link=]] | issue = This article's ''Criticism'' or ''Controversy'' section '''may compromise the article's [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]] of the subject'''. | fix = Please [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Article structure|integrate the section's contents]] into the article as a whole, or rewrite the material. | date = {{{date|}}} | cat = NPOV disputes | all = All NPOV disputes }}<!--{{Criticism section}} end--><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, please, not here! --> </noinclude> 7771c7c1ff830c2ed652341b5446c0f840a75a23 10 119 280 279 2013-04-29T15:30:56Z Cyrus 1 1 revision #redirect[[Template:Dated maintenance category]] 70c7ba5062747f9b8106537143e1050d2cdbc99e 279 2009-06-15T09:41:37Z MSGJ 0 templates merged #redirect[[Template:Dated maintenance category]] 70c7ba5062747f9b8106537143e1050d2cdbc99e 10 42 127 126 2013-04-29T12:30:29Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{Dated maintenance category |onlyarticles=yes |1={{{1|}}} |2={{{2|}}} |3={{{3|}}} |4={{{4|}}} |5={{{5|}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation|Template:Dated maintenance category/doc}} </noinclude> 6bbc57c75cc28708a0e71dd658224d5945d80d68 126 2009-06-16T18:18:41Z MSGJ 0 pp now on doc {{Dated maintenance category |onlyarticles=yes |1={{{1|}}} |2={{{2|}}} |3={{{3|}}} |4={{{4|}}} |5={{{5|}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation|Template:Dated maintenance category/doc}} </noinclude> 6bbc57c75cc28708a0e71dd658224d5945d80d68 10 43 129 128 2013-04-29T12:30:29Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#ifeq:{{FULLROOTPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Template messages|<!--Do not categorize-->|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{#if:{{NAMESPACE}}|0|1}}+{{#ifeq:{{{onlyarticles|no}}}|yes|0|1}} |{{#if:{{{3|}}} |[[Category:{{{1}}} {{{2}}} {{{3}}}]]<!-- -->{{#ifexist:Category:{{{1}}} {{{2}}} {{{3}}} |<!-- -->|[[Category:Articles with invalid date parameter in template]]<!-- -->}} |[[Category:{{#if:{{{5|}}} |{{{5}}}<!-- -->|{{{1}}}<!-- -->}}]]<!-- -->}}{{#if:{{{4|}}} |[[Category:{{{4}}}]]}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> f70d0c132f3b539268d9aed42fad90b9ebc31a9b 128 2010-11-07T00:17:31Z Plastikspork 0 err {{#ifeq:{{FULLROOTPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Template messages|<!--Do not categorize-->|<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{#if:{{NAMESPACE}}|0|1}}+{{#ifeq:{{{onlyarticles|no}}}|yes|0|1}} |{{#if:{{{3|}}} |[[Category:{{{1}}} {{{2}}} {{{3}}}]]<!-- -->{{#ifexist:Category:{{{1}}} {{{2}}} {{{3}}} |<!-- -->|[[Category:Articles with invalid date parameter in template]]<!-- -->}} |[[Category:{{#if:{{{5|}}} |{{{5}}}<!-- -->|{{{1}}}<!-- -->}}]]<!-- -->}}{{#if:{{{4|}}} |[[Category:{{{4}}}]]}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> f70d0c132f3b539268d9aed42fad90b9ebc31a9b 10 134 310 309 2013-04-29T15:31:00Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <!--{{Dead link}} begin-->{{Fix | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly><includeonly>substcheck}}</includeonly> | special = <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="{{{title|}}}{{#if:{{{date|}}}|&nbsp;since {{{date}}}}}" style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i>{{#if: {{{url|}}}|[http://web.archive.org/web/*/{{{url|}}} dead link]|[[Wikipedia:Link rot|dead link]]}}</i>&#93;</span></sup> | date = {{{date|}}} | cat = [[Category:All articles with dead external links]] | cat-date = Category:Articles with dead external links}}<!--{{Dead link}} end--><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS --> </noinclude> 98ce2f2a5d14ef410e8fad3bced24bf4a2e4f93e 309 2012-01-15T21:10:26Z Fastily 0 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Debresser/Template_sandbox&oldid=471484886 <!--{{Dead link}} begin-->{{Fix | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly><includeonly>substcheck}}</includeonly> | special = <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="{{{title|}}}{{#if:{{{date|}}}|&nbsp;since {{{date}}}}}" style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i>{{#if: {{{url|}}}|[http://web.archive.org/web/*/{{{url|}}} dead link]|[[Wikipedia:Link rot|dead link]]}}</i>&#93;</span></sup> | date = {{{date|}}} | cat = [[Category:All articles with dead external links]] | cat-date = Category:Articles with dead external links}}<!--{{Dead link}} end--><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS --> </noinclude> 98ce2f2a5d14ef410e8fad3bced24bf4a2e4f93e 10 135 312 311 2013-04-29T15:31:00Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{Rellink|extraclasses=boilerplate seealso|For more details on {{{2|this topic}}}, see [[{{{1}}}]].}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> d5c5e396400feee38432597d58e007d31d5ff324 311 2011-08-22T08:21:29Z Rich Farmbrough 0 {{Rellink|extraclasses=boilerplate seealso|For more details on {{{2|this topic}}}, see [[{{{1}}}]].}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> d5c5e396400feee38432597d58e007d31d5ff324 10 75 192 191 2013-04-29T12:55:01Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{Hatnote|Not to be confused with [[:{{{1}}}]]{{ #if: {{{3|}}}{{{4|}}} | , [[:{{{2}}}]], {{ #if: {{{4|}}} | [[:{{{3}}}]], or [[:{{{4}}}]] | or [[:{{{3}}}]] }} | {{ #if: {{{2|}}} | &nbsp;or [[:{{{2}}}]] }} }}.}}<noinclude><!-- splitting these lines causes {{Documentation}} template to terminate green shading when Distinguish is used in /doc pages. --> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 8acc19bc3d56643f1d8f9f20a7a7bf4d004ba12b 191 2012-11-18T07:30:44Z Dinoguy1000 0 right, I'm still an idiot =P&nbsp; {{Hatnote|Not to be confused with [[:{{{1}}}]]{{ #if: {{{3|}}}{{{4|}}} | , [[:{{{2}}}]], {{ #if: {{{4|}}} | [[:{{{3}}}]], or [[:{{{4}}}]] | or [[:{{{3}}}]] }} | {{ #if: {{{2|}}} | &nbsp;or [[:{{{2}}}]] }} }}.}}<noinclude><!-- splitting these lines causes {{Documentation}} template to terminate green shading when Distinguish is used in /doc pages. --> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 8acc19bc3d56643f1d8f9f20a7a7bf4d004ba12b 10 71 240 184 2013-04-29T12:56:13Z Cyrus 1 1 revision #REDIRECT [[Template:Documentation]]{{R from template shortcut}} [[Category:Template documentation]] [[Category:Wikipedia formatting and function templates]] 3edb64047dd1aba2872ee138b4c0ffca59e86579 184 2013-04-29T12:46:11Z Cyrus 1 Redirected page to [[Template:Documentation]] #REDIRECT [[Template:Documentation]]{{R from template shortcut}} [[Category:Template documentation]] [[Category:Wikipedia formatting and function templates]] 3edb64047dd1aba2872ee138b4c0ffca59e86579 239 184 2010-06-06T13:13:07Z TheDJ 0 {{R from template shortcut}} #REDIRECT [[Template:Documentation]]{{R from template shortcut}} [[Category:Template documentation]] [[Category:Wikipedia formatting and function templates]] 3edb64047dd1aba2872ee138b4c0ffca59e86579 10 76 194 193 2013-04-29T12:55:01Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <!-- Automatically add {{template sandbox notice}} when on a /sandbox page. -->{{#ifeq: {{SUBPAGENAME}} | sandbox | <div style="clear: both;"></div>{{template sandbox notice|{{{livepage|}}}}} }}<!-- Automatically add {{pp-template}} to protected templates. -->{{template other | {{#ifeq: {{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}} | sysop | {{pp-template|docusage=yes}} | {{#if: {{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}} | {{pp-template|docusage=yes}} | <!--Not protected, or only semi-move-protected--> }} }} }}<!-- Start of green doc box. -->{{documentation/start box2 | preload = {{{preload|}}} <!--Allow custom preloads--> | heading = {{{heading|¬}}} <!--Empty but defined means no header--> | heading-style = {{{heading-style|}}} | content = {{{content|}}} <!--Some namespaces must have the /doc, /sandbox and /testcases in talk space--> | docspace = {{documentation/docspace}} | 1 = {{{1|}}} <!--Other docname, if fed--> <!--The namespace is added in /start box2--> | template page = {{documentation/template page}} }}<!-- Start content --><!-- Start load the /doc content: Note: The line breaks between this comment and the next line are necessary so "=== Headings ===" at the start and end of docs are interpreted. --> {{#switch: {{#if:{{{content|}}}|1|0}}{{#if:{{{1|}}}|1|0}}{{#ifexist:{{{1|}}}|1|0}}{{#ifexist:{{documentation/docspace}}:{{documentation/template page}}/doc|1|0}} | 1000 | 1001 | 1010 | 1011 | 1100 | 1101 | 1110 | 1111 = {{{content|}}} | 0110 | 0111 = {{ {{{1}}} }} | 0001 | 0011 = {{ {{documentation/docspace}}:{{documentation/template page}}/doc }} | 0000 | 0100 | 0010 | 0101 = }} <!-- End load the /doc content: Note: The line breaks between this comment and the previous line are necessary so "=== Headings ===" at the start and end of docs are interpreted. -->{{documentation/end box2 | preload = {{{preload|}}} <!--Allow custom preloads--> | content = {{{content|}}} | link box = {{{link box|}}} <!--So "link box=off" works--> <!--Some namespaces must have the /doc, /sandbox and /testcases in talk space--> | docspace = {{documentation/docspace}} | 1 = {{{1|}}} <!--Other docname, if fed--> <!--The namespace is added in /end box2--> | template page = {{documentation/template page}} }}<!-- End of green doc box --><noinclude> <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> c0fd8a2f49acd825ed5e61a04bc8114446d05d31 193 2012-03-15T21:57:40Z Tra 0 add new parameter, per talk <!-- Automatically add {{template sandbox notice}} when on a /sandbox page. -->{{#ifeq: {{SUBPAGENAME}} | sandbox | <div style="clear: both;"></div>{{template sandbox notice|{{{livepage|}}}}} }}<!-- Automatically add {{pp-template}} to protected templates. -->{{template other | {{#ifeq: {{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}} | sysop | {{pp-template|docusage=yes}} | {{#if: {{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}} | {{pp-template|docusage=yes}} | <!--Not protected, or only semi-move-protected--> }} }} }}<!-- Start of green doc box. -->{{documentation/start box2 | preload = {{{preload|}}} <!--Allow custom preloads--> | heading = {{{heading|¬}}} <!--Empty but defined means no header--> | heading-style = {{{heading-style|}}} | content = {{{content|}}} <!--Some namespaces must have the /doc, /sandbox and /testcases in talk space--> | docspace = {{documentation/docspace}} | 1 = {{{1|}}} <!--Other docname, if fed--> <!--The namespace is added in /start box2--> | template page = {{documentation/template page}} }}<!-- Start content --><!-- Start load the /doc content: Note: The line breaks between this comment and the next line are necessary so "=== Headings ===" at the start and end of docs are interpreted. --> {{#switch: {{#if:{{{content|}}}|1|0}}{{#if:{{{1|}}}|1|0}}{{#ifexist:{{{1|}}}|1|0}}{{#ifexist:{{documentation/docspace}}:{{documentation/template page}}/doc|1|0}} | 1000 | 1001 | 1010 | 1011 | 1100 | 1101 | 1110 | 1111 = {{{content|}}} | 0110 | 0111 = {{ {{{1}}} }} | 0001 | 0011 = {{ {{documentation/docspace}}:{{documentation/template page}}/doc }} | 0000 | 0100 | 0010 | 0101 = }} <!-- End load the /doc content: Note: The line breaks between this comment and the previous line are necessary so "=== Headings ===" at the start and end of docs are interpreted. -->{{documentation/end box2 | preload = {{{preload|}}} <!--Allow custom preloads--> | content = {{{content|}}} | link box = {{{link box|}}} <!--So "link box=off" works--> <!--Some namespaces must have the /doc, /sandbox and /testcases in talk space--> | docspace = {{documentation/docspace}} | 1 = {{{1|}}} <!--Other docname, if fed--> <!--The namespace is added in /end box2--> | template page = {{documentation/template page}} }}<!-- End of green doc box --><noinclude> <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> c0fd8a2f49acd825ed5e61a04bc8114446d05d31 10 77 196 195 2013-04-29T12:55:01Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:0}} | {{ns:File}} | {{ns:MediaWiki}} | {{ns:Category}} = {{TALKSPACE}} | #default = {{SUBJECTSPACE}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation|content= This subtemplate of {{tl|documentation}} is used to determine the namespace of the documentation page. }}</noinclude> 3f8c9307e17e8c27c28733376f3ed4d8e04df50f 195 2010-11-13T23:42:41Z Plastikspork 0 Protected Template:Documentation/docspace: [[WP:HRT|Highly visible template]]: Will be used by [[Template:Documentation]] ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite)) {{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:0}} | {{ns:File}} | {{ns:MediaWiki}} | {{ns:Category}} = {{TALKSPACE}} | #default = {{SUBJECTSPACE}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation|content= This subtemplate of {{tl|documentation}} is used to determine the namespace of the documentation page. }}</noinclude> 3f8c9307e17e8c27c28733376f3ed4d8e04df50f 10 78 198 197 2013-04-29T12:55:01Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <noinclude><div></noinclude><div style="clear: both;"></div><!--So right or left floating items don't stick out of the doc box.--> </div><!--End of green doc box--><!-- Link box below for the doc meta-data: -->{{#if: <!--Check if we should show the link box--> {{#ifeq: {{{link box|}}} | off | | {{{doc exist|yes}}}{{ #switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:User}} | {{ns:Template}} = yes }} }} | {{fmbox | id = documentation-meta-data | image = none | style = background-color: #ecfcf4; | textstyle = font-style: italic; | text = {{#if: {{{link box|}}} | {{{link box}}} <!--Use custom link box content--> | {{#if: {{{doc exist|yes}}} | <!--/doc exists, link to it--> The above [[Wikipedia:Template documentation|documentation]] is [[Wikipedia:Transclusion|transcluded]] from [[{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}]]. <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|action=edit}} edit] &#124; [{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|action=history}} history])</small> <br /> }}<!-- Add links to /sandbox and /testcases when appropriate: -->{{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:User}} | {{ns:Template}} = Editors can experiment in this template's {{ #ifexist: {{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}} | [[{{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}}|sandbox]] <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl: {{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}} | action=edit }} edit] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [{{fullurl:Special:ComparePages | page1={{urlencode:{{{template page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}&page2={{urlencode:{{{sandbox|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox}}}}}}} diff])</small> | sandbox <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl: {{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}} | action=edit&preload=Template:Documentation/preload-sandbox }} create] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [{{fullurl: {{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}} | action=edit&preload={{urlencode:{{{template page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}&summary={{urlencode:Create sandbox version of [[{{{template page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}]]}} }} mirror])</small> }} and {{ #ifexist: {{{testcases| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases }}} | [[{{{testcases| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases }}}|testcases]] <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl: {{{testcases| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases }}} | action=edit }} edit])</small> | testcases <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl: {{{testcases| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases }}} | action=edit&preload=Template:Documentation/preload-testcases }} create])</small> }} pages. <br /> }}<!-- Show the cats text, but not if "content" fed or "docname fed" since then it is unclear where to add the cats. -->{{#if: {{{content|}}} {{{docname fed|}}} | | Please add categories to the [[{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|/doc]] subpage. }}<!-- Show the "Subpages" link: -->{{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:File}} = <!--Don't show it--> | {{ns:Template}} = &#32;[[Special:PrefixIndex/{{{template page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}/|Subpages of this template]]. | #default = &#32;[[Special:PrefixIndex/{{{template page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}/|Subpages of this page]]. }} }}{{#ifexist:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Print |<br />A [[Help:Books/for experts#Improving the book layout|print version]] of this template exists at [[/Print]]. If you make a change to this template, please update the print version as well.[[Category:Templates with print versions]] }} }} }}<!--End link box--><!-- Detect and report strange usage: -->{{#if: <!--Check if {{documentation}} is transcluded on a /doc or /testcases page--> {{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}} | doc | testcases = strange }} <!--More checks can be added here, just return anything to make the surrounding if-case trigger--> | <includeonly>[[Category:Wikipedia pages with strange ((documentation)) usage|{{main other|Main:}}{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]<!-- Sort on namespace --></includeonly> }}<noinclude> {{pp-template|small=yes}} </noinclude> 0750ab9281fcf31f027c75f4da2070281acb3ee2 197 2013-03-06T20:51:38Z WOSlinker 0 remove interwiki text <noinclude><div></noinclude><div style="clear: both;"></div><!--So right or left floating items don't stick out of the doc box.--> </div><!--End of green doc box--><!-- Link box below for the doc meta-data: -->{{#if: <!--Check if we should show the link box--> {{#ifeq: {{{link box|}}} | off | | {{{doc exist|yes}}}{{ #switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:User}} | {{ns:Template}} = yes }} }} | {{fmbox | id = documentation-meta-data | image = none | style = background-color: #ecfcf4; | textstyle = font-style: italic; | text = {{#if: {{{link box|}}} | {{{link box}}} <!--Use custom link box content--> | {{#if: {{{doc exist|yes}}} | <!--/doc exists, link to it--> The above [[Wikipedia:Template documentation|documentation]] is [[Wikipedia:Transclusion|transcluded]] from [[{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}]]. <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|action=edit}} edit] &#124; [{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|action=history}} history])</small> <br /> }}<!-- Add links to /sandbox and /testcases when appropriate: -->{{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:User}} | {{ns:Template}} = Editors can experiment in this template's {{ #ifexist: {{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}} | [[{{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}}|sandbox]] <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl: {{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}} | action=edit }} edit] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [{{fullurl:Special:ComparePages | page1={{urlencode:{{{template page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}&page2={{urlencode:{{{sandbox|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox}}}}}}} diff])</small> | sandbox <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl: {{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}} | action=edit&preload=Template:Documentation/preload-sandbox }} create] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [{{fullurl: {{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}} | action=edit&preload={{urlencode:{{{template page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}&summary={{urlencode:Create sandbox version of [[{{{template page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}]]}} }} mirror])</small> }} and {{ #ifexist: {{{testcases| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases }}} | [[{{{testcases| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases }}}|testcases]] <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl: {{{testcases| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases }}} | action=edit }} edit])</small> | testcases <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl: {{{testcases| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases }}} | action=edit&preload=Template:Documentation/preload-testcases }} create])</small> }} pages. <br /> }}<!-- Show the cats text, but not if "content" fed or "docname fed" since then it is unclear where to add the cats. -->{{#if: {{{content|}}} {{{docname fed|}}} | | Please add categories to the [[{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|/doc]] subpage. }}<!-- Show the "Subpages" link: -->{{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:File}} = <!--Don't show it--> | {{ns:Template}} = &#32;[[Special:PrefixIndex/{{{template page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}/|Subpages of this template]]. | #default = &#32;[[Special:PrefixIndex/{{{template page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}/|Subpages of this page]]. }} }}{{#ifexist:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Print |<br />A [[Help:Books/for experts#Improving the book layout|print version]] of this template exists at [[/Print]]. If you make a change to this template, please update the print version as well.[[Category:Templates with print versions]] }} }} }}<!--End link box--><!-- Detect and report strange usage: -->{{#if: <!--Check if {{documentation}} is transcluded on a /doc or /testcases page--> {{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}} | doc | testcases = strange }} <!--More checks can be added here, just return anything to make the surrounding if-case trigger--> | <includeonly>[[Category:Wikipedia pages with strange ((documentation)) usage|{{main other|Main:}}{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]<!-- Sort on namespace --></includeonly> }}<noinclude> {{pp-template|small=yes}} </noinclude> 0750ab9281fcf31f027c75f4da2070281acb3ee2 10 79 200 199 2013-04-29T12:55:01Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{documentation/end box | preload = {{{preload|}}} <!--Allow custom preloads--> | content = {{{content|}}} | link box = {{{link box|}}} <!--So "link box=off" works--> | docpage = {{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{{1|}}} | {{{docspace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}}/doc }} | doc exist = {{#ifexist: {{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{{1|}}} <!--Other docname fed--> | {{{docspace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}}/doc }} | yes }} | docname fed = {{#if: {{{1|}}} | yes }} | sandbox = {{{docspace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}}/sandbox | testcases = {{{docspace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}}/testcases | template page = {{NAMESPACE}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}} }}<noinclude> {{pp-template}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 89a7fd8fac80614cc6b014a5c3866c624a8163dc 199 2011-01-04T02:10:24Z Plastikspork 0 add {{documentation/end box | preload = {{{preload|}}} <!--Allow custom preloads--> | content = {{{content|}}} | link box = {{{link box|}}} <!--So "link box=off" works--> | docpage = {{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{{1|}}} | {{{docspace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}}/doc }} | doc exist = {{#ifexist: {{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{{1|}}} <!--Other docname fed--> | {{{docspace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}}/doc }} | yes }} | docname fed = {{#if: {{{1|}}} | yes }} | sandbox = {{{docspace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}}/sandbox | testcases = {{{docspace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}}/testcases | template page = {{NAMESPACE}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}} }}<noinclude> {{pp-template}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 89a7fd8fac80614cc6b014a5c3866c624a8163dc 10 80 202 201 2013-04-29T12:55:01Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <!-- Start of green doc box --><div id="template-documentation" class="template-documentation iezoomfix"><!-- Add the heading at the top of the doc box: -->{{#ifeq: {{{heading|¬}}} | <!--Defined but empty--> | <!--"heading=", do nothing--> | <div style="padding-bottom: 3px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; margin-bottom: 1ex;">{{ #if: {{{content|}}} | | <!--Add the [view][edit][history][purge] or [create] links--> <span class="editsection plainlinks" id="doc_editlinks">{{ #if: {{{doc exist|yes}}} | &#91;[[{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|view]]&#93; [[{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|action=edit}} edit]] [[{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|action=history}} history]] [{{purge|purge}}] | <!--/doc doesn't exist--> [[{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}| action=edit&preload={{ #if: {{{preload|}}} | {{urlencode:{{{preload}}}}} | {{#ifeq: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:File}} | Template:Documentation/preload-filespace | Template:Documentation/preload }} }} }} create]] }}</span> }} <span style="{{#if: {{{heading-style|}}} | {{{heading-style|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:Template}} | font-weight: bold; font-size: 125% | font-size: 150% }} }}">{{#switch: {{{heading|¬}}} | ¬ = <!--"heading" not defined in this or previous level--> {{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:Template}} = [[File:Template-info.png|50px|link=|alt=Documentation icon]] Template documentation | {{ns:Module}} = [[File:Template-info.png|50px|link=|alt=Documentation icon]] Module documentation | {{ns:File}} = Summary | #default = Documentation }} | #default = <!--"heading" has data or is empty but defined--> {{{heading|}}} }}</span></div> }}<noinclude><!-- close the div --></div> {{pp-template}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> b0ebdd409a49c121bfcb5c317d29ed128d1687e9 201 2013-03-18T21:13:23Z TheDJ 0 let's see about reusing this for modules at some point... <!-- Start of green doc box --><div id="template-documentation" class="template-documentation iezoomfix"><!-- Add the heading at the top of the doc box: -->{{#ifeq: {{{heading|¬}}} | <!--Defined but empty--> | <!--"heading=", do nothing--> | <div style="padding-bottom: 3px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; margin-bottom: 1ex;">{{ #if: {{{content|}}} | | <!--Add the [view][edit][history][purge] or [create] links--> <span class="editsection plainlinks" id="doc_editlinks">{{ #if: {{{doc exist|yes}}} | &#91;[[{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|view]]&#93; [[{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|action=edit}} edit]] [[{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|action=history}} history]] [{{purge|purge}}] | <!--/doc doesn't exist--> [[{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}| action=edit&preload={{ #if: {{{preload|}}} | {{urlencode:{{{preload}}}}} | {{#ifeq: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:File}} | Template:Documentation/preload-filespace | Template:Documentation/preload }} }} }} create]] }}</span> }} <span style="{{#if: {{{heading-style|}}} | {{{heading-style|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:Template}} | font-weight: bold; font-size: 125% | font-size: 150% }} }}">{{#switch: {{{heading|¬}}} | ¬ = <!--"heading" not defined in this or previous level--> {{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:Template}} = [[File:Template-info.png|50px|link=|alt=Documentation icon]] Template documentation | {{ns:Module}} = [[File:Template-info.png|50px|link=|alt=Documentation icon]] Module documentation | {{ns:File}} = Summary | #default = Documentation }} | #default = <!--"heading" has data or is empty but defined--> {{{heading|}}} }}</span></div> }}<noinclude><!-- close the div --></div> {{pp-template}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> b0ebdd409a49c121bfcb5c317d29ed128d1687e9 10 81 204 203 2013-04-29T12:55:01Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{documentation/start box | preload = {{{preload|}}} <!--Allow custom preloads--> | heading = {{{heading|¬}}} <!--Empty but defined means no header--> | heading-style = {{{heading-style|}}} | content = {{{content|}}} | docpage = {{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{{1|}}} | {{{docspace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}}/doc }} | doc exist = {{#ifexist: {{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{{1|}}} <!--Other docname fed--> | {{{docspace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}}/doc }} | yes }} }}<noinclude> {{pp-template}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 7f6e551e93e95214ccd215f6e000406b210a5326 203 2010-11-13T23:53:20Z Plastikspork 0 trim {{documentation/start box | preload = {{{preload|}}} <!--Allow custom preloads--> | heading = {{{heading|¬}}} <!--Empty but defined means no header--> | heading-style = {{{heading-style|}}} | content = {{{content|}}} | docpage = {{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{{1|}}} | {{{docspace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}}/doc }} | doc exist = {{#ifexist: {{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{{1|}}} <!--Other docname fed--> | {{{docspace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}}/doc }} | yes }} }}<noinclude> {{pp-template}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 7f6e551e93e95214ccd215f6e000406b210a5326 10 82 206 205 2013-04-29T12:55:02Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}} | sandbox | testcases = {{BASEPAGENAME}} | #default = {{PAGENAME}} }}<noinclude>{{documentation|content= This subtemplate of {{tl|documentation}} is used to determine the template page name. }}</noinclude> 83e55011b2f99551c294b68cb14f363d67bd2917 205 2010-11-13T23:41:37Z Plastikspork 0 Protected Template:Documentation/template page: [[WP:HRT|Highly visible template]]: Will be used by [[Template:Documentation]] ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite)) {{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}} | sandbox | testcases = {{BASEPAGENAME}} | #default = {{PAGENAME}} }}<noinclude>{{documentation|content= This subtemplate of {{tl|documentation}} is used to determine the template page name. }}</noinclude> 83e55011b2f99551c294b68cb14f363d67bd2917 10 83 208 207 2013-04-29T12:55:02Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <includeonly>{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}} | {{{override|doc}}} | <!-- doc page --> </includeonly>{{ #ifeq: {{{doc-notice|show}}} | show | {{mbox | type = notice | image = [[File:Edit-copy green.svg|40px]] | text = '''This is a [[Wikipedia:Template documentation|documentation]] [[Wikipedia:Subpages|subpage]] for {{{1|[[:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}]]}}}'''.<br />It contains usage information, [[Wikipedia:Categorization|categories]] and other content that is not part of the original {{ #if: {{{text2|}}} | {{{text2}}} | {{ #if: {{{text1|}}} | {{{text1}}} | {{ #ifeq: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:User}} | {{lc:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}}} template page | {{ #if: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} |{{lc:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}}} page|article}}}}}}}}. }} }}{{DEFAULTSORT:{{{defaultsort|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}{{ #if: {{{inhibit|}}} | <!-- skip --> | <includeonly>{{#ifexist:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|[[Category:{{ #switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | Template = Template | Module = Module | User = User | #default = Wikipedia }} documentation pages]]|[[Category:Documentation subpages without corresponding pages]]}}</includeonly> }}<includeonly> | <!-- if not on a /doc subpage, do nothing --> }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 0d884a165e4ff1eba5330c1bdf9d24d4551f64e1 207 2013-03-21T13:14:54Z TheDJ 0 add support for module categories <includeonly>{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}} | {{{override|doc}}} | <!-- doc page --> </includeonly>{{ #ifeq: {{{doc-notice|show}}} | show | {{mbox | type = notice | image = [[File:Edit-copy green.svg|40px]] | text = '''This is a [[Wikipedia:Template documentation|documentation]] [[Wikipedia:Subpages|subpage]] for {{{1|[[:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}]]}}}'''.<br />It contains usage information, [[Wikipedia:Categorization|categories]] and other content that is not part of the original {{ #if: {{{text2|}}} | {{{text2}}} | {{ #if: {{{text1|}}} | {{{text1}}} | {{ #ifeq: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:User}} | {{lc:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}}} template page | {{ #if: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} |{{lc:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}}} page|article}}}}}}}}. }} }}{{DEFAULTSORT:{{{defaultsort|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}{{ #if: {{{inhibit|}}} | <!-- skip --> | <includeonly>{{#ifexist:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|[[Category:{{ #switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | Template = Template | Module = Module | User = User | #default = Wikipedia }} documentation pages]]|[[Category:Documentation subpages without corresponding pages]]}}</includeonly> }}<includeonly> | <!-- if not on a /doc subpage, do nothing --> }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 0d884a165e4ff1eba5330c1bdf9d24d4551f64e1 10 136 314 313 2013-04-29T15:31:00Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <!--{{Dubious}} begin-->{{Fix | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly><includeonly>substcheck}}</includeonly> | link = Wikipedia:Disputed statement | text = dubious | post-text = <span class="metadata"> &ndash; [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}#{{{1|Dubious}}}|discuss]]</span> | title = The material near this tag may not be factual or accurate. | date = {{{date|}}} | cat = [[Category:All accuracy disputes]] | cat-date = Category:Articles with disputed statements }}<!--{{Dubious}} end--><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 5d3f995e6c715bf031650edb8da7b2ab3c2201b2 313 2013-04-10T05:28:26Z Jason Quinn 0 "in the vicinity of" -> "near"... less wordy and simpler English for non-native speakers <!--{{Dubious}} begin-->{{Fix | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly><includeonly>substcheck}}</includeonly> | link = Wikipedia:Disputed statement | text = dubious | post-text = <span class="metadata"> &ndash; [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}#{{{1|Dubious}}}|discuss]]</span> | title = The material near this tag may not be factual or accurate. | date = {{{date|}}} | cat = [[Category:All accuracy disputes]] | cat-date = Category:Articles with disputed statements }}<!--{{Dubious}} end--><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 5d3f995e6c715bf031650edb8da7b2ab3c2201b2 10 137 316 315 2013-04-29T15:31:00Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{ sidebar | name = Economics sidebar | class = hlist | titleclass = navbox-title | titlestyle = background-color: #ccd; border: 1px solid #bebebe | title = [[Economics]] | headingstyle = border: 1px solid #bebebe; background-color: #dde | image = [[file:GDP PPP Per Capita IMF 2008.svg|frameless]] | caption = [[:Category:Economies by country|GDP per capita by country]] | heading2 = [[JEL classification codes|General classifications]] | content2 = * [[Microeconomics]] * [[Macroeconomics]] * [[History of economic thought]] * [[Economic methodology|Methodology]] * [[Heterodox economics|Heterodox approaches]] | heading3 = [[JEL classification codes#Mathematical and quantitative methods JEL: C Subcategories|Technical methods]] | content3 = * [[Mathematical economics|Mathematical]] * [[Econometrics]] * [[Experimental economics|Experimental]] * [[National accounts|National accounting]] | heading4 = [[JEL classification codes|Fields and subfields]] | content4 = * [[Behavioral economics|Behavioral]] * [[Cultural economics|Cultural]] * [[Evolutionary economics|Evolutionary]] * [[Economic growth|Growth]] * [[Development economics|Development]] * [[Economic history|History]] * [[International economics|International]] * [[Economic system]]s * [[Monetary economics|Monetary]] and [[Financial economics]]<!-- This note is an attempt to avert a possibly unnecessary future Edit disagreement. Above and below are the only article-link lines (besides the sidebar title) to include 'economics' as a separate word. '[[Welfare economics]]' seems necessary to distinguish from the different article in the sidebar of '[[Welfare]]'. 'Financial economics' evens the line lengths somewhat (besides suggesting, correctly, that there is significant relation between the two). The 'and' on each line correctly suggests parallelism as to the full name of the article before and after 'and'. The [[upper case]] for 'Financial' suggests a distinct (even though related) subject relative to 'Monetary' that precedes it, unlike say '[[Law and economics]], which is the name of a single subject. Similarly for [[Public economics|Public]] and [[Welfare economics]]. Thank you. 12/22/12 --> * [[Public economics|Public]] and [[Welfare economics]] * [[Health economics|Health]] * [[Education economics|Education]] * [[Welfare]] * [[Demographic economics|Population]] * [[Labour economics|Labour]] * [[Personnel economics|Personnel]] * [[Managerial economics|Managerial]] * [[Computational economics|Computational]] * [[Business economics|Business]] * [[Information economics|Information]] * [[Game theory]] * [[Industrial organization]] * [[Law and economics|Law]] * [[Agricultural economics|Agricultural]] * [[Natural resource economics|Natural resource]] * [[Environmental economics|Environmental]] * [[Ecological economics|Ecological]] * [[Urban economics|Urban]] * [[Rural economics|Rural]] * [[Regional science|Regional]] * [[Economic geography|Geography]] * [[Expeditionary Economics| Expeditionary]] | heading5 = [[:Category:Economics lists|Lists]] | content5 = * [[List of economists|Economists]] * [[List of economics journals|Journals]] * [[List of important publications in economics|Publications]] * [[:Category:Economics|Categories]] * [[Index of economics articles|Index]] * [[Outline of economics|Outline]] | below = * {{portal-inline|size=tiny|Business and economics}} }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}<!-- place category links on the /doc sub-page, not here --></noinclude> 28bf6c5ace1a4396d3476de01e9b5a07f3900b65 315 2013-04-24T04:55:47Z Lawrencekhoo 0 {{ sidebar | name = Economics sidebar | class = hlist | titleclass = navbox-title | titlestyle = background-color: #ccd; border: 1px solid #bebebe | title = [[Economics]] | headingstyle = border: 1px solid #bebebe; background-color: #dde | image = [[file:GDP PPP Per Capita IMF 2008.svg|frameless]] | caption = [[:Category:Economies by country|GDP per capita by country]] | heading2 = [[JEL classification codes|General classifications]] | content2 = * [[Microeconomics]] * [[Macroeconomics]] * [[History of economic thought]] * [[Economic methodology|Methodology]] * [[Heterodox economics|Heterodox approaches]] | heading3 = [[JEL classification codes#Mathematical and quantitative methods JEL: C Subcategories|Technical methods]] | content3 = * [[Mathematical economics|Mathematical]] * [[Econometrics]] * [[Experimental economics|Experimental]] * [[National accounts|National accounting]] | heading4 = [[JEL classification codes|Fields and subfields]] | content4 = * [[Behavioral economics|Behavioral]] * [[Cultural economics|Cultural]] * [[Evolutionary economics|Evolutionary]] * [[Economic growth|Growth]] * [[Development economics|Development]] * [[Economic history|History]] * [[International economics|International]] * [[Economic system]]s * [[Monetary economics|Monetary]] and [[Financial economics]]<!-- This note is an attempt to avert a possibly unnecessary future Edit disagreement. Above and below are the only article-link lines (besides the sidebar title) to include 'economics' as a separate word. '[[Welfare economics]]' seems necessary to distinguish from the different article in the sidebar of '[[Welfare]]'. 'Financial economics' evens the line lengths somewhat (besides suggesting, correctly, that there is significant relation between the two). The 'and' on each line correctly suggests parallelism as to the full name of the article before and after 'and'. The [[upper case]] for 'Financial' suggests a distinct (even though related) subject relative to 'Monetary' that precedes it, unlike say '[[Law and economics]], which is the name of a single subject. Similarly for [[Public economics|Public]] and [[Welfare economics]]. Thank you. 12/22/12 --> * [[Public economics|Public]] and [[Welfare economics]] * [[Health economics|Health]] * [[Education economics|Education]] * [[Welfare]] * [[Demographic economics|Population]] * [[Labour economics|Labour]] * [[Personnel economics|Personnel]] * [[Managerial economics|Managerial]] * [[Computational economics|Computational]] * [[Business economics|Business]] * [[Information economics|Information]] * [[Game theory]] * [[Industrial organization]] * [[Law and economics|Law]] * [[Agricultural economics|Agricultural]] * [[Natural resource economics|Natural resource]] * [[Environmental economics|Environmental]] * [[Ecological economics|Ecological]] * [[Urban economics|Urban]] * [[Rural economics|Rural]] * [[Regional science|Regional]] * [[Economic geography|Geography]] * [[Expeditionary Economics| Expeditionary]] | heading5 = [[:Category:Economics lists|Lists]] | content5 = * [[List of economists|Economists]] * [[List of economics journals|Journals]] * [[List of important publications in economics|Publications]] * [[:Category:Economics|Categories]] * [[Index of economics articles|Index]] * [[Outline of economics|Outline]] | below = * {{portal-inline|size=tiny|Business and economics}} }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}<!-- place category links on the /doc sub-page, not here --></noinclude> 28bf6c5ace1a4396d3476de01e9b5a07f3900b65 10 149 340 339 2013-04-29T15:31:03Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <!--{{Expert-subject}} begin-->{{Ambox | name = Expert-subject | subst= <includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly><includeonly>substcheck}}</includeonly> | type = content | sect = {{{2|}}} | issue= '''needs attention from an expert {{#if:{{{1|}}}|in {{{1}}}|on the subject}}'''. {{#if:{{{reason|}}} |The specific problem is: '''{{{reason}}}.''' }} | fix = {{#if:{{{talk|}}} |See the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}&#x23;{{{talk}}}|talk page]] for details. |{{#if:{{{reason|}}}| |Please add a ''reason'' or a ''talk'' parameter to this template to explain the issue with the {{{2|article}}}.[[Category:Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter]] }} }} {{#if: {{{1|}}} |[[Wikipedia:WikiProject {{ucfirst:{{{1}}}}}|WikiProject {{ucfirst:{{{1}}}}}]] {{#ifexist:Portal:{{ucfirst:{{{1}}}}} |or the [[Portal:{{ucfirst:{{{1}}}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{1}}}}} Portal]] }} may be able to help recruit an expert. |Consider [[:Template:Expert-subject|associating this request]] with a [[WP:WikiProject|WikiProject]]. }} | date = {{{date|}}} | all = {{#ifexist:Category:{{ucfirst:{{{1}}}}} articles needing expert attention |{{ucfirst:{{{1}}}}} articles needing expert attention |Miscellaneous articles needing expert attention }} | cat2 = Articles needing expert attention | all2 = All articles needing expert attention }}<!--{{Expert-subject}} end--><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add cats and interwikis to the /doc subpage --> </noinclude> 22a66c2f54a1d21c545b9a2aea360bd68ed3f5da 339 2013-04-15T00:45:03Z Plastikspork 0 Closed as keep <!--{{Expert-subject}} begin-->{{Ambox | name = Expert-subject | subst= <includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly><includeonly>substcheck}}</includeonly> | type = content | sect = {{{2|}}} | issue= '''needs attention from an expert {{#if:{{{1|}}}|in {{{1}}}|on the subject}}'''. {{#if:{{{reason|}}} |The specific problem is: '''{{{reason}}}.''' }} | fix = {{#if:{{{talk|}}} |See the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}&#x23;{{{talk}}}|talk page]] for details. |{{#if:{{{reason|}}}| |Please add a ''reason'' or a ''talk'' parameter to this template to explain the issue with the {{{2|article}}}.[[Category:Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter]] }} }} {{#if: {{{1|}}} |[[Wikipedia:WikiProject {{ucfirst:{{{1}}}}}|WikiProject {{ucfirst:{{{1}}}}}]] {{#ifexist:Portal:{{ucfirst:{{{1}}}}} |or the [[Portal:{{ucfirst:{{{1}}}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{1}}}}} Portal]] }} may be able to help recruit an expert. |Consider [[:Template:Expert-subject|associating this request]] with a [[WP:WikiProject|WikiProject]]. }} | date = {{{date|}}} | all = {{#ifexist:Category:{{ucfirst:{{{1}}}}} articles needing expert attention |{{ucfirst:{{{1}}}}} articles needing expert attention |Miscellaneous articles needing expert attention }} | cat2 = Articles needing expert attention | all2 = All articles needing expert attention }}<!--{{Expert-subject}} end--><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add cats and interwikis to the /doc subpage --> </noinclude> 22a66c2f54a1d21c545b9a2aea360bd68ed3f5da 10 44 131 130 2013-04-29T12:30:29Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#if: {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}Ns has subpages | {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{1|}}}|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}NAMESPACE:{{{1}}}}}|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}NAMESPACE}}}} }} | {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#titleparts:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}FULLPAGENAME}}}}|1}} | {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}FULLPAGENAME}}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> f9584dc5ed14e997ad5a07cfd50b58abd1b0db91 130 2012-02-12T12:42:22Z PrimeHunter 0 Protected Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME: [[WP:High-risk templates|Highly visible template]] ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite)) {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#if: {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}Ns has subpages | {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{1|}}}|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}NAMESPACE:{{{1}}}}}|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}NAMESPACE}}}} }} | {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#titleparts:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}FULLPAGENAME}}}}|1}} | {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}FULLPAGENAME}}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> f9584dc5ed14e997ad5a07cfd50b58abd1b0db91 10 176 394 393 2013-04-29T15:34:06Z Cyrus 1 1 revision #REDIRECT [[Template:Citation needed]] {{R from move}} [[Category:Protected redirects]] 51486e6f2cf61bb1c19305c65aaeb6f59fb8545d 393 2011-02-15T05:36:02Z Plastikspork 0 Remove template per [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2011 February 5|TFD outcome]] #REDIRECT [[Template:Citation needed]] {{R from move}} [[Category:Protected redirects]] 51486e6f2cf61bb1c19305c65aaeb6f59fb8545d 10 45 133 132 2013-04-29T12:30:29Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#switch:{{{subst|¬}}} |¬={{category handler |template=[[Category:Templates needing substitution checking]] |nocat={{{nocat|<noinclude>true</noinclude>}}} }} |SUBST=[[Category:Pages with incorrectly substituted templates]] }}{{Category handler |main={{Fix/category |cat-date={{{cat-date|}}} |cat={{{cat|}}} |cat-date2={{{cat-date2|}}} |cat2={{{cat2|}}} |cat-date3={{{cat-date3|}}} |cat3={{{cat3|}}} |date={{{date|}}} }} |template={{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{name}}}|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}||{{#if:{{{date|}}}||[[Category:Templates including undated clean-up tags]]}}}}}} |subpage=no }}{{#if:{{{text|}}} |<sup class="{{{class|noprint Inline-Template}}}" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>{{#if:{{{pre-text|}}} |{{{pre-text}}}&#32; }}[[{{{link|Wikipedia:Cleanup}}}|<span title="{{{title|{{{link|Wikipedia:Cleanup}}}}}}{{#if:{{{date|}}}|<nowiki/> ({{{date}}})}}">{{{text|}}}</span>]]{{#if:{{{post-text|}}} |&#32;{{{post-text}}} }}</i>&#93;</sup>|{{{special|}}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add cats and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 88b5ef5b46f4a4e6b56afccecd45a83012f8941b 132 2013-04-05T12:18:32Z Redrose64 0 fix misplaced closing parenthesis - it shouldn't show if |date= is blank or omitted {{#switch:{{{subst|¬}}} |¬={{category handler |template=[[Category:Templates needing substitution checking]] |nocat={{{nocat|<noinclude>true</noinclude>}}} }} |SUBST=[[Category:Pages with incorrectly substituted templates]] }}{{Category handler |main={{Fix/category |cat-date={{{cat-date|}}} |cat={{{cat|}}} |cat-date2={{{cat-date2|}}} |cat2={{{cat2|}}} |cat-date3={{{cat-date3|}}} |cat3={{{cat3|}}} |date={{{date|}}} }} |template={{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{name}}}|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}||{{#if:{{{date|}}}||[[Category:Templates including undated clean-up tags]]}}}}}} |subpage=no }}{{#if:{{{text|}}} |<sup class="{{{class|noprint Inline-Template}}}" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>{{#if:{{{pre-text|}}} |{{{pre-text}}}&#32; }}[[{{{link|Wikipedia:Cleanup}}}|<span title="{{{title|{{{link|Wikipedia:Cleanup}}}}}}{{#if:{{{date|}}}|<nowiki/> ({{{date}}})}}">{{{text|}}}</span>]]{{#if:{{{post-text|}}} |&#32;{{{post-text}}} }}</i>&#93;</sup>|{{{special|}}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add cats and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 88b5ef5b46f4a4e6b56afccecd45a83012f8941b 10 46 135 134 2013-04-29T12:30:29Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <noinclude>{{pp-template|small=yes}}</noinclude>{{{cat|[[Category:All pages needing cleanup]]}}}{{#if:{{{cat-date|}}} |[[{{{cat-date}}} {{#if:{{{date|}}} |from {{{date}}} }}]]{{#if:{{{date|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{{cat-date}}} from {{{date}}}| |[[Category:Articles with invalid date parameter in template]] }} }} }}{{#if:{{{cat2|}}}|{{{cat2}}}}}{{#if:{{{cat-date2|}}} |[[{{{cat-date2}}} {{#if:{{{date|}}} |from {{{date}}} }}]]{{#if:{{{date|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{{cat-date2}}} from {{{date}}}| |[[Category:Articles with invalid date parameter in template]] }} }} }}{{#if:{{{cat3|}}}|{{{cat3}}}}}{{#if:{{{cat-date3|}}} |[[{{{cat-date3}}} {{#if:{{{date|}}} |from {{{date}}} }}]]{{#if:{{{date|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{{cat-date3}}} from {{{date}}}| |[[Category:Articles with invalid date parameter in template]] }} }} }} 8f0a79cdee91c3d967a6d70cf7bfab4093b3d6ae 134 2012-01-17T21:00:05Z TheDJ 0 Adding {{pp-template}} ([[WP:TW|TW]]) <noinclude>{{pp-template|small=yes}}</noinclude>{{{cat|[[Category:All pages needing cleanup]]}}}{{#if:{{{cat-date|}}} |[[{{{cat-date}}} {{#if:{{{date|}}} |from {{{date}}} }}]]{{#if:{{{date|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{{cat-date}}} from {{{date}}}| |[[Category:Articles with invalid date parameter in template]] }} }} }}{{#if:{{{cat2|}}}|{{{cat2}}}}}{{#if:{{{cat-date2|}}} |[[{{{cat-date2}}} {{#if:{{{date|}}} |from {{{date}}} }}]]{{#if:{{{date|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{{cat-date2}}} from {{{date}}}| |[[Category:Articles with invalid date parameter in template]] }} }} }}{{#if:{{{cat3|}}}|{{{cat3}}}}}{{#if:{{{cat-date3|}}} |[[{{{cat-date3}}} {{#if:{{{date|}}} |from {{{date}}} }}]]{{#if:{{{date|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{{cat-date3}}} from {{{date}}}| |[[Category:Articles with invalid date parameter in template]] }} }} }} 8f0a79cdee91c3d967a6d70cf7bfab4093b3d6ae 10 84 210 209 2013-04-29T12:55:02Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <table {{#if:{{{id|}}}|id="{{{id|}}}"}} class="plainlinks fmbox {{#switch:{{{type|}}} | warning = fmbox-warning | editnotice = fmbox-editnotice | system <!-- system = default --> | #default = fmbox-system }} {{{class|}}}" style="{{{style|}}}"> <tr> {{#ifeq:{{{image|}}}|none | <!-- No image. --> | <td class="mbox-image"> {{#if:{{{image|}}} | {{{image}}} | [[File:{{#switch:{{{type|}}} | warning = Cmbox deletion.png | editnotice = Imbox notice.png | system <!-- system = default --> | #default = Imbox notice.png }}|40x40px|link=|alt=]] }}</td> }} <td class="mbox-text" style="{{{textstyle|}}}"> {{{text}}} </td> {{#if:{{{imageright|}}} | <td class="mbox-imageright"> {{{imageright}}} </td> }} </tr> </table><!-- Detect and report usage with faulty "type" parameter: -->{{#switch:{{{type|}}} | <!-- No type fed, is also valid input --> | warning | editnotice | system = <!-- Do nothing, valid "type" --> | #default = <div style="text-align: center;">This message box is using an invalid "type={{{type|}}}" parameter and needs fixing.</div>[[Category:Wikipedia message box parameter needs fixing|{{main other|Main:}}{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]<!-- Sort on namespace --> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> c2e6654b26a57b1ffdea3d3377e21ca16d80c0be 209 2010-10-01T18:23:02Z WOSlinker 0 remove {{pp-template}} <table {{#if:{{{id|}}}|id="{{{id|}}}"}} class="plainlinks fmbox {{#switch:{{{type|}}} | warning = fmbox-warning | editnotice = fmbox-editnotice | system <!-- system = default --> | #default = fmbox-system }} {{{class|}}}" style="{{{style|}}}"> <tr> {{#ifeq:{{{image|}}}|none | <!-- No image. --> | <td class="mbox-image"> {{#if:{{{image|}}} | {{{image}}} | [[File:{{#switch:{{{type|}}} | warning = Cmbox deletion.png | editnotice = Imbox notice.png | system <!-- system = default --> | #default = Imbox notice.png }}|40x40px|link=|alt=]] }}</td> }} <td class="mbox-text" style="{{{textstyle|}}}"> {{{text}}} </td> {{#if:{{{imageright|}}} | <td class="mbox-imageright"> {{{imageright}}} </td> }} </tr> </table><!-- Detect and report usage with faulty "type" parameter: -->{{#switch:{{{type|}}} | <!-- No type fed, is also valid input --> | warning | editnotice | system = <!-- Do nothing, valid "type" --> | #default = <div style="text-align: center;">This message box is using an invalid "type={{{type|}}}" parameter and needs fixing.</div>[[Category:Wikipedia message box parameter needs fixing|{{main other|Main:}}{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]<!-- Sort on namespace --> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> c2e6654b26a57b1ffdea3d3377e21ca16d80c0be 10 9 44 2013-04-29T00:46:45Z Cyrus 1 Created page with "<small>[irc://irc.freenode.net/{{{1}}} IRC] [https://webchat.freenode.net/?channels={{{1}}}&uio=d4 Web]</small> {{#if: {{{text|}}} | {{{text}}} | <nowiki>#</nowiki>{{{1}}}}}" <small>[irc://irc.freenode.net/{{{1}}} IRC] [https://webchat.freenode.net/?channels={{{1}}}&uio=d4 Web]</small> {{#if: {{{text|}}} | {{{text}}} | <nowiki>#</nowiki>{{{1}}}}} 59be5fb2b975ed57b65e58826ea9afd750494cef 10 138 318 317 2013-04-29T15:31:00Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <includeonly>{{#invoke:Footnotes|harvard_citation_no_bracket}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 0710b7a5e468682d62e8c1d3c048050f018474a4 317 2013-03-31T18:15:59Z Dragons flight 0 install Lua version <includeonly>{{#invoke:Footnotes|harvard_citation_no_bracket}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 0710b7a5e468682d62e8c1d3c048050f018474a4 10 139 320 319 2013-04-29T15:31:00Z Cyrus 1 1 revision #REDIRECT[[Template:Harvard citation no brackets]] 207579e59ab79c1932b97f6a2f1fe1ab8d0a5d2a 319 2007-01-25T23:57:49Z Tariqabjotu 0 Protected Template:Harvnb: high-profile redirect [edit=sysop:move=sysop] #REDIRECT[[Template:Harvard citation no brackets]] 207579e59ab79c1932b97f6a2f1fe1ab8d0a5d2a 10 85 212 211 2013-04-29T12:55:02Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <div class="dablink">{{{1}}}</div><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 152ff796b67a2dabd2c9acd97f8b3e61eb52b73a 211 2011-09-13T14:42:30Z GTBacchus 0 moved [[Template:Dablink]] to [[Template:Hatnote]] over redirect: per move request; see talk page <div class="dablink">{{{1}}}</div><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 152ff796b67a2dabd2c9acd97f8b3e61eb52b73a 10 47 137 136 2013-04-29T12:30:29Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#if:x <!--Remove surrounding whitespace--> | <!--Check for match with full pagename--> {{{ {{#if:{{{page|}}}| {{{page|}}} | {{FULLPAGENAME}} }} <!--Has data, or is empty but defined--> | <!--Check for match with "User:Somepage/+"--> {{{ {{#titleparts:{{#if:{{{page|}}}| {{{page|}}} | {{FULLPAGENAME}} }}|1|1}}/+ | <!--Else, are we on a subpage or a basepage?--> {{#if:{{#titleparts:{{#if:{{{page|}}}| {{{page|}}} | {{FULLPAGENAME}} }}|0|2}} | <!--We are on a subpage, check for match with "User:Somepage/*"--> {{{ {{#titleparts:{{#if:{{{page|}}}| {{{page|}}} | {{FULLPAGENAME}} }}|1|1}}/* | <!--Check for match with "Somepage/*"--> {{{ {{#titleparts:{{#if:{{{page|}}}| {{PAGENAME:{{{page|}}}}} | {{PAGENAME}} }}|1|1}}/* | <!--Check for match with "/something"--> {{{ /{{#titleparts:{{#if:{{{page|}}}| {{{page|}}} | {{FULLPAGENAME}} }}|0|-1}} | <!--Check for match with "/somethin*"--> {{{ /{{lc: {{padleft:|8| {{#titleparts:{{#if:{{{page|}}}| {{{page|}}} | {{FULLPAGENAME}} }}|0|-1}}# }} }}* | <!--Check for match with "/someth*"--> {{{ /{{lc: {{padleft:|6| {{#titleparts:{{#if:{{{page|}}}| {{{page|}}} | {{FULLPAGENAME}} }}|0|-1}}# }} }}* | <!--Check for match with "/some*"--> {{{ /{{lc: {{padleft:|4| {{#titleparts:{{#if:{{{page|}}}| {{{page|}}} | {{FULLPAGENAME}} }}|0|-1}}# }} }}* <!--Pad with # so "/a" doesn't match "/aaaa*"--> | {{{subpage| {{{other|}}} }}} <!--Respecting empty parameter on purpose--> }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} | <!--We are on a basepage, check for match with "Somepage"--> {{{ {{#if:{{{page|}}}| {{PAGENAME:{{{page|}}}}} | {{PAGENAME}} }} | {{{basepage| {{{other|}}} }}} <!--Respecting empty parameter on purpose--> }}} }} <!--End if, are we on a subpage or a basepage?--> }}} }}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 820a6a99254a0abd79225705d94141f2bb954ce3 136 2010-10-04T14:56:27Z WOSlinker 0 remove {{pp-template}} {{#if:x <!--Remove surrounding whitespace--> | <!--Check for match with full pagename--> {{{ {{#if:{{{page|}}}| {{{page|}}} | {{FULLPAGENAME}} }} <!--Has data, or is empty but defined--> | <!--Check for match with "User:Somepage/+"--> {{{ {{#titleparts:{{#if:{{{page|}}}| {{{page|}}} | {{FULLPAGENAME}} }}|1|1}}/+ | <!--Else, are we on a subpage or a basepage?--> {{#if:{{#titleparts:{{#if:{{{page|}}}| {{{page|}}} | {{FULLPAGENAME}} }}|0|2}} | <!--We are on a subpage, check for match with "User:Somepage/*"--> {{{ {{#titleparts:{{#if:{{{page|}}}| {{{page|}}} | {{FULLPAGENAME}} }}|1|1}}/* | <!--Check for match with "Somepage/*"--> {{{ {{#titleparts:{{#if:{{{page|}}}| {{PAGENAME:{{{page|}}}}} | {{PAGENAME}} }}|1|1}}/* | <!--Check for match with "/something"--> {{{ /{{#titleparts:{{#if:{{{page|}}}| {{{page|}}} | {{FULLPAGENAME}} }}|0|-1}} | <!--Check for match with "/somethin*"--> {{{ /{{lc: {{padleft:|8| {{#titleparts:{{#if:{{{page|}}}| {{{page|}}} | {{FULLPAGENAME}} }}|0|-1}}# }} }}* | <!--Check for match with "/someth*"--> {{{ /{{lc: {{padleft:|6| {{#titleparts:{{#if:{{{page|}}}| {{{page|}}} | {{FULLPAGENAME}} }}|0|-1}}# }} }}* | <!--Check for match with "/some*"--> {{{ /{{lc: {{padleft:|4| {{#titleparts:{{#if:{{{page|}}}| {{{page|}}} | {{FULLPAGENAME}} }}|0|-1}}# }} }}* <!--Pad with # so "/a" doesn't match "/aaaa*"--> | {{{subpage| {{{other|}}} }}} <!--Respecting empty parameter on purpose--> }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} | <!--We are on a basepage, check for match with "Somepage"--> {{{ {{#if:{{{page|}}}| {{PAGENAME:{{{page|}}}}} | {{PAGENAME}} }} | {{{basepage| {{{other|}}} }}} <!--Respecting empty parameter on purpose--> }}} }} <!--End if, are we on a subpage or a basepage?--> }}} }}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 820a6a99254a0abd79225705d94141f2bb954ce3 10 48 139 138 2013-04-29T12:30:29Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}NAMESPACE}}|{{NAMESPACE}} |{{{no|{{{2|}}}}}} |{{{yes|{{{1|}}}}}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 4f51452ff12b7e72ad15c39cba7e3cc7a76b39d4 138 2011-06-29T15:59:31Z Amalthea 0 Protected Template:Ifsubst: [[WP:High-risk templates|Highly visible template]] ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite)) {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}NAMESPACE}}|{{NAMESPACE}} |{{{no|{{{2|}}}}}} |{{{yes|{{{1|}}}}}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 4f51452ff12b7e72ad15c39cba7e3cc7a76b39d4 10 72 186 185 2013-04-29T12:55:00Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#ifeq:{{{child|}}}|yes||<table class="infobox {{{bodyclass|}}}" cellspacing="3" style="border-spacing: 3px; width:22em; {{{bodystyle|}}}"><!-- Caption -->{{#if:{{{title|}}}|<caption class="{{{titleclass|}}}" style="{{{titlestyle|}}}">{{{title}}}</caption>}}<!-- Header -->{{#if:{{{above|}}}|<tr><th colspan="2" class="{{{aboveclass|}}}" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; {{{abovestyle|}}}">{{{above}}}</th></tr>}} }}{{#ifeq:{{{child|}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{title|}}}|'''{{{title}}}'''}}}}<!-- Subheader1 -->{{#if:{{{subheader|{{{subheader1|}}}}}}|{{Infobox/row |data={{{subheader|{{{subheader1|}}}}}} |datastyle={{{subheaderstyle|{{{subheaderstyle1|}}}}}} |class={{{subheaderclass|}}} |rowclass={{{subheaderrowclass|{{{subheaderrowclass1|}}}}}} }} }}<!-- Subheader2 -->{{#if:{{{subheader2|}}}|{{Infobox/row |data={{{subheader2}}} |datastyle={{{subheaderstyle|{{{subheaderstyle2|}}}}}} |class={{{subheaderclass|}}} |rowclass={{{subheaderrowclass2|}}} }} }}<!-- Image1 -->{{#if:{{{image|{{{image1|}}}}}}|{{Infobox/row |data={{{image|{{{image1}}} }}}{{#if:{{{caption|{{{caption1|}}}}}}|<br /><span style="{{{captionstyle|}}}">{{{caption|{{{caption1}}}}}}</span>}} |datastyle={{{imagestyle|}}} |class={{{imageclass|}}} |rowclass={{{imagerowclass1|}}} }} }}<!-- Image2 -->{{#if:{{{image2|}}}|{{Infobox/row |data={{{image2}}}{{#if:{{{caption2|}}}|<br /><span style="{{{captionstyle|}}}">{{{caption2}}}</span>}} |datastyle={{{imagestyle|}}} |class={{{imageclass|}}} |rowclass={{{imagerowclass2|}}} }} }}<!-- Image3 -->{{#if:{{{image3|}}}|{{Infobox/row |data={{{image3}}}{{#if:{{{caption3|}}}|<br /><span style="{{{captionstyle|}}}">{{{caption3}}}</span>}} |datastyle={{{imagestyle|}}} |class={{{imageclass|}}} |rowclass={{{imagerowclass3|}}} }} }}<!-- -->{{Infobox/row |header={{{header1|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label1|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data1|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class1|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass1|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header2|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label2|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data2|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class2|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass2|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header3|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label3|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data3|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class3|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass3|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header4|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label4|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data4|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class4|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass4|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header5|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label5|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data5|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class5|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass5|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header6|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label6|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data6|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class6|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass6|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header7|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label7|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data7|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class7|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass7|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header8|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label8|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data8|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class8|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass8|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header9|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label9|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data9|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class9|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass9|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header10|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label10|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data10|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class10|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass10|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header11|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label11|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data11|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class11|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass11|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header12|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label12|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data12|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class12|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass12|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header13|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label13|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data13|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class13|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass13|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header14|}}} 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detect|main=[[category:articles which use infobox templates with no data rows]]}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 77069ab19b2095eca5223dee5be018512e57cff2 185 2013-03-01T11:54:31Z Thumperward 0 whitespace fix for {{{below}}} to enable wikibullets {{#ifeq:{{{child|}}}|yes||<table class="infobox {{{bodyclass|}}}" cellspacing="3" style="border-spacing: 3px; width:22em; {{{bodystyle|}}}"><!-- Caption -->{{#if:{{{title|}}}|<caption class="{{{titleclass|}}}" style="{{{titlestyle|}}}">{{{title}}}</caption>}}<!-- Header -->{{#if:{{{above|}}}|<tr><th colspan="2" class="{{{aboveclass|}}}" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; {{{abovestyle|}}}">{{{above}}}</th></tr>}} }}{{#ifeq:{{{child|}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{title|}}}|'''{{{title}}}'''}}}}<!-- Subheader1 -->{{#if:{{{subheader|{{{subheader1|}}}}}}|{{Infobox/row |data={{{subheader|{{{subheader1|}}}}}} |datastyle={{{subheaderstyle|{{{subheaderstyle1|}}}}}} |class={{{subheaderclass|}}} |rowclass={{{subheaderrowclass|{{{subheaderrowclass1|}}}}}} }} }}<!-- Subheader2 -->{{#if:{{{subheader2|}}}|{{Infobox/row |data={{{subheader2}}} |datastyle={{{subheaderstyle|{{{subheaderstyle2|}}}}}} |class={{{subheaderclass|}}} |rowclass={{{subheaderrowclass2|}}} }} }}<!-- Image1 -->{{#if:{{{image|{{{image1|}}}}}}|{{Infobox/row |data={{{image|{{{image1}}} }}}{{#if:{{{caption|{{{caption1|}}}}}}|<br /><span style="{{{captionstyle|}}}">{{{caption|{{{caption1}}}}}}</span>}} |datastyle={{{imagestyle|}}} |class={{{imageclass|}}} |rowclass={{{imagerowclass1|}}} }} }}<!-- Image2 -->{{#if:{{{image2|}}}|{{Infobox/row |data={{{image2}}}{{#if:{{{caption2|}}}|<br /><span style="{{{captionstyle|}}}">{{{caption2}}}</span>}} |datastyle={{{imagestyle|}}} |class={{{imageclass|}}} |rowclass={{{imagerowclass2|}}} }} }}<!-- Image3 -->{{#if:{{{image3|}}}|{{Infobox/row |data={{{image3}}}{{#if:{{{caption3|}}}|<br /><span style="{{{captionstyle|}}}">{{{caption3}}}</span>}} |datastyle={{{imagestyle|}}} |class={{{imageclass|}}} |rowclass={{{imagerowclass3|}}} }} }}<!-- -->{{Infobox/row |header={{{header1|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label1|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data1|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class1|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass1|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header2|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label2|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data2|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class2|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass2|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header3|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label3|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data3|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class3|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass3|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header4|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label4|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data4|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class4|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass4|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header5|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label5|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data5|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class5|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass5|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header6|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label6|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data6|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class6|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass6|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header7|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label7|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data7|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class7|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass7|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header8|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label8|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data8|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class8|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass8|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header9|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label9|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data9|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class9|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass9|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header10|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label10|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data10|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class10|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass10|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header11|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label11|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data11|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class11|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass11|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header12|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label12|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data12|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class12|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass12|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header13|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label13|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data13|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class13|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass13|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header14|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label14|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data14|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class14|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass14|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header15|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label15|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data15|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class15|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass15|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header16|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label16|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data16|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class16|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass16|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header17|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label17|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data17|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class17|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass17|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header18|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label18|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data18|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class18|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass18|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header19|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label19|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data19|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class19|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass19|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header20|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label20|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data20|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class20|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass20|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header21|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label21|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data21|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class21|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass21|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header22|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label22|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data22|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class22|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass22|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header23|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label23|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data23|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class23|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass23|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header24|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label24|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data24|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class24|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass24|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header25|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label25|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data25|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class25|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass25|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header26|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label26|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data26|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class26|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass26|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header27|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label27|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data27|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class27|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass27|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header28|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label28|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data28|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class28|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass28|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header29|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label29|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data29|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class29|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass29|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header30|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label30|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data30|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class30|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass30|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header31|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label31|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data31|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class31|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass31|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header32|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label32|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data32|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class32|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass32|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header33|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label33|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data33|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class33|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass33|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header34|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label34|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data34|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class34|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass34|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header35|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label35|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data35|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class35|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass35|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header36|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label36|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data36|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class36|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass36|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header37|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label37|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data37|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class37|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass37|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header38|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label38|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data38|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class38|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass38|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header39|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label39|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data39|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class39|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass39|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header40|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label40|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data40|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class40|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass40|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header41|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label41|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data41|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class41|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass41|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header42|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label42|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data42|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class42|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass42|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header43|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label43|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data43|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class43|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass43|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header44|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label44|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data44|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class44|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass44|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header45|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label45|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data45|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class45|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass45|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header46|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label46|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data46|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class46|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass46|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header47|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label47|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data47|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class47|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass47|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header48|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label48|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data48|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class48|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass48|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header49|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label49|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data49|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class49|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass49|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header50|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label50|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data50|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class50|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass50|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header51|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label51|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data51|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class51|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass51|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header52|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label52|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data52|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class52|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass52|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header53|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label53|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data53|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class53|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass53|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header54|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label54|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data54|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class54|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass54|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header55|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label55|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data55|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class55|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass55|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header56|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label56|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data56|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class56|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass56|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header57|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label57|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data57|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class57|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass57|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header58|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label58|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data58|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class58|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass58|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header59|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label59|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data59|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class59|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass59|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header60|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label60|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data60|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class60|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass60|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header61|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label61|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data61|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class61|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass61|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header62|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label62|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data62|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class62|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass62|}}} }}{{Infobox/row 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|data={{{data67|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class67|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass67|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header68|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label68|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data68|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class68|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass68|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header69|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label69|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data69|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class69|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass69|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header70|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label70|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data70|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class70|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass70|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header71|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label71|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data71|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class71|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass71|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header72|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label72|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data72|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class72|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass72|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header73|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label73|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data73|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class73|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass73|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header74|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label74|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data74|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class74|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass74|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header75|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label75|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data75|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class75|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass75|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header76|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label76|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data76|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class76|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass76|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header77|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label77|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data77|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class77|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass77|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header78|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label78|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data78|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class78|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass78|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header79|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label79|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data79|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class79|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass79|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header80|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label80|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data80|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class80|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass80|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header81|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label81|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data81|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class81|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass81|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header82|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label82|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data82|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class82|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass82|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header83|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label83|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data83|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class83|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass83|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header84|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label84|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data84|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class84|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass84|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header85|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label85|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data85|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class85|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass85|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header86|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label86|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data86|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class86|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass86|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header87|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label87|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data87|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class87|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass87|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header88|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label88|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data88|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class88|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass88|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header89|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label89|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data89|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class89|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass89|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header90|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label90|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data90|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class90|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass90|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header91|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label91|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data91|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class91|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass91|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header92|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label92|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data92|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class92|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass92|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header93|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label93|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data93|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class93|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass93|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header94|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label94|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data94|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class94|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass94|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header95|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label95|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data95|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class95|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass95|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header96|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label96|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data96|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class96|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass96|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header97|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label97|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data97|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class97|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass97|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header98|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label98|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data98|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class98|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass98|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header99|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label99|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data99|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class99|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass99|}}} }}<!-- Below -->{{#if:{{{below|}}}|<tr><td colspan="2" class="{{{belowclass|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{belowstyle|}}}"> {{{below}}} </td></tr>}}<!-- Navbar -->{{#if:{{{name|}}}|<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:right">{{navbar|{{{name}}}|mini=1}}</td></tr>}} {{#ifeq:{{{child|}}}|yes||</table>}}{{#switch:{{lc:{{{italic title|¬}}}}} |¬|no = <!-- no italic title --> ||force|yes = {{italic title|force={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{italic title|}}}}}|force|true}}}} }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{{decat|}}}|yes||{{#if:{{{data1|}}}{{{data2|}}}{{{data3|}}}{{{data4|}}}{{{data5|}}}{{{data6|}}}{{{data7|}}}{{{data8|}}}{{{data9|}}}{{{data10|}}}{{{data11|}}}{{{data12|}}}{{{data13|}}}{{{data14|}}}{{{data15|}}}{{{data16|}}}{{{data17|}}}{{{data18|}}}{{{data19|}}}{{{data20|}}}{{{data21|}}}{{{data22|}}}{{{data23|}}}{{{data24|}}}{{{data25|}}}{{{data26|}}}{{{data27|}}}{{{data28|}}}{{{data29|}}}{{{data30|}}}{{{data31|}}}{{{data32|}}}{{{data33|}}}{{{data34|}}}{{{data35|}}}{{{data36|}}}{{{data37|}}}{{{data38|}}}{{{data39|}}}{{{data40|}}}{{{data41|}}}{{{data42|}}}{{{data43|}}}{{{data44|}}}{{{data45|}}}{{{data46|}}}{{{data47|}}}{{{data48|}}}{{{data49|}}}{{{data50|}}}{{{data51|}}}{{{data52|}}}{{{data53|}}}{{{data54|}}}{{{data55|}}}{{{data56|}}}{{{data57|}}}{{{data58|}}}{{{data59|}}}{{{data60|}}}{{{data61|}}}{{{data62|}}}{{{data63|}}}{{{data64|}}}{{{data65|}}}{{{data66|}}}{{{data67|}}}{{{data68|}}}{{{data69|}}}{{{data70|}}}{{{data71|}}}{{{data72|}}}{{{data73|}}}{{{data74|}}}{{{data75|}}}{{{data76|}}}{{{data77|}}}{{{data78|}}}{{{data79|}}}{{{data80|}}}{{{data81|}}}{{{data82|}}}{{{data83|}}}{{{data84|}}}{{{data85|}}}{{{data86|}}}{{{data87|}}}{{{data88|}}}{{{data89|}}}{{{data90|}}}{{{data91|}}}{{{data92|}}}{{{data93|}}}{{{data94|}}}{{{data95|}}}{{{data96|}}}{{{data97|}}}{{{data98|}}}{{{data99|}}}||{{namespace detect|main=[[category:articles which use infobox templates with no data rows]]}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 77069ab19b2095eca5223dee5be018512e57cff2 10 73 188 187 2013-04-29T12:55:01Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{documentation subpage}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. --> {{distinguish|Template:Userbox}} This template is intended as a meta-template: a template used for constructing other templates. It is not meant for use directly in an article, but can be used on a one-off basis if required. See [[Help:Infobox]] for an introduction to infoboxes and information on how to design them. See [[:Category:Infobox templates]] for specific infobox templates. === Usage === Usage is similar to {{tl|navbox}}, but with an additional distinction. Each row on the table can contain either a header, or a label/data pair, or just a data cell. These are mutually exclusive states so if you define a row with both a header and a label/data pair, the label/data pair is ignored. To insert an image somewhere other than at the top of the infobox, or to insert freeform data, use a row with only a data field. ==== Number ranges ==== Row numbers may be from 1 to 99 (for situations where more than 99 rows are required, see [[#Embedding|Embedding]] below). To allow flexibility when the layout of an infobox is changed, it may be helpful when developing an infobox to use non-contiguous numbers for header and label/data rows. Parameters for new rows can then be inserted in future without having to renumber existing parameters. For example: <pre>|header3 = Section 1 |label5 = Label A |data5 = Data B |label7 = Label C |data7 = Data C |header10 = Section 2 |label12 = Label D |data12 = Data D</pre> === Parameters === ====View/discuss/edit links==== ;name :If this parameter is present, "view/discuss/edit" links will be added to the bottom of the infobox, pointing to the named template. You can use <nowiki>{{subst:PAGENAME}}</nowiki>. :However this is rarely what you want, because it will send users clicking these links in an infobox in an article to the template code rather than the data in the infobox that they probably want to change. ====Title==== {{Infobox |title = Text in caption over infobox |subheader = Subheader of the infobox |data1 = (the rest of the infobox goes here) }} {{Infobox |above = Text in uppermost cell of infobox |subheader = Subheader of the infobox |subheader2 = Second subheader of the infobox |data1 = (the rest of the infobox goes here) }} There are two different ways to put a title on an infobox. One contains the title inside the infobox's border, the other puts it on top as a caption. You can use both of them together if you like, or just one or the other, or even neither (though this is not recommended). ;title : Text to put in the caption over top of the table. ;above : Text to put within the uppermost cell of the table. ====Optional content==== ;subheader, subheader2 : additional title fields which fit below {{{title}}} and {{{above}}}. ;image, image2 : images to display at the top of the template. Use full image syntax, for example <nowiki>[[File:example.png|200px|alt=Example alt text]]</nowiki>. Image is centered by default. See [[WP:ALT]] for more on alt text. ;caption, caption2 : Text to put underneath the images. ;header(n) : Text to use as a header in row n. ;label(n): Text to use as a label in row n. ;data(n): Text to display as data in row n. ;below: Text to put in the bottom cell. The bottom cell is intended for footnotes, see-also, and other such information. ;child: See the [[#Embedding|embedding]] section for details. Note: for any given value for (n), not all combinations of parameters are permitted. The presence of a {{para|header''(n)''}} will cause the corresponding {{para|data''(n)''}}{{para|label''(n)''}} (and {{para|rowclass''(n)''}}, see below) to be ignored; the absence of a {{para|data''(n)''}} will cause the corresponding {{para|label''(n)''}} to be ignored. Valid combinations for any single row are: *{{para|header''(n)''}} {{para|class''(n)''}} *{{para|data''(n)''}} {{para|rowclass''(n)''}} {{para|class''(n)''}} *{{para|label''(n)''}} {{para|data''(n)''}} {{para|rowclass''(n)''}} {{para|class''(n)''}} See the rendering of header4, label4, and data4 in the examples section below. ====Optional CSS styling==== ;bodystyle : Applies to the infobox table as a whole ;titlestyle : Applies only to the title caption. Adding a background color is usually inadvisable since the text is rendered "outside" the infobox. ;abovestyle : Applies only to the "above" cell at the top. The default style has font-size:large; since this cell is usually used for a title, if you want to use the above cell for regular-sized text include "font-size:medium;" in the abovestyle. ;imagestyle : Applies to the cell the image is in. This includes the text of the image caption, but you should set text properties with captionstyle instead of imagestyle in case the caption is moved out of this cell in the future. ;captionstyle : Applies to the text of the image caption. ;headerstyle : Applies to all header cells ;labelstyle : Applies to all label cells ;datastyle : Applies to all data cells ;belowstyle : Applies only to the below cell ==== HTML classes ==== ;bodyclass : This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the infobox as a whole. ;titleclass : This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the infobox's title caption. ;aboveclass : This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the infobox's "above" cell. ; aboverowclass : This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the complete table row the "above" cell is on. ; subheaderclass : This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the infobox's subheader. ; subheaderrowclass : This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the complete table row the subheader is on. ;imageclass : This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the image. ; imagerowclass1, imagerowclass2 : These parameters are inserted into the "class" attribute for the complete table row the respective images are on. ;rowclass(n) : This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the specified row '''including''' the label or other explanatory text. ;class(n) : This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the data cell of the specified row. If there's no data cell it has no effect. ;belowclass : This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the infobox's below cell. ==== Microformats ==== This template supports the addition of microformat information. This is done by adding "class" attributes to various data cells, indicating what kind of information is contained within. To flag an infobox as containing [[hCard]] information, for example, add the following parameter: <pre> |bodyclass = vcard </pre> And for each row containing a data cell that's part of the vcard, add a corresponding class parameter: <pre> |class1 = fn |class2 = org |class3 = tel </pre> ...and so forth. "above" and "title" can also be given classes, since these are usually used to display the name of the subject of the infobox. See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Microformats]] for more information on adding microformat information to Wikipedia, and [[microformat]] for more information on microformats in general. ====Italic titles==== Titles of articles with infoboxes may be made italic, in line with [[WP:ITALICTITLE]], by passing the <code>italic title</code> parameter. *Turn on italic titles by passing {{para|italic title|<nowiki>{{{italic title|}}}</nowiki>}} from the infobox. *Turn off by default but allow some instances to be made italic by passing {{para|italic title|<nowiki>{{{italic title|no}}}</nowiki>}} *Do not make any titles italic by not passing the parameter at all. ===Making fields optional=== A row with a label but no data is not displayed. This allows for the easy creation of optional infobox content rows. To make a row optional use a parameter that defaults to an empty string, like so: <pre> |label5 = Population |data5 = {{{population|}}} </pre> This way if an article doesn't define the population parameter in its infobox the row won't be displayed. For more complex fields with pre-formatted contents that would still be present even if the parameter wasn't set, you can wrap it all in an "#if" statement to make the whole thing vanish when the parameter is not used. For instance, the "#if" statement in the following example reads "#if:the parameter ''mass'' has been supplied |then display it, followed by 'kg'": <pre> |label6 = Mass |data6 = {{#if:{{{mass|}}}|{{{mass}}} kg}} </pre> For more on #if, see [[meta:ParserFunctions##if:|here]]. You can also make headers optional in a similar way. If you want a header to appear only if one or more of the data fields that fall under it are filled, one could use the following pattern as an example of how to do it: <pre style="overflow:auto;">{{Infobox |name = {{subst:PAGENAME}} |title = Example of an optional header |header1 = {{#if:{{{item_one|}}}{{{item_two|}}}{{{item_three|}}}|Optional header}} |label2 = Item one |data2 = {{{item_one|}}} |label3 = Item two |data3 = {{{item_two|}}} |label4 = Item three |data4 = {{{item_three|}}} }}</pre> header1 will be shown if any of item_one, item_two, or item_three is defined. If none of the three parameters are defined the header won't be shown. The trick to this is that the "if" returns false only if there is nothing whatsoever in the conditional section, so only if all three of item_one, item_two and item_three are undefined will the if statement fail. ===Examples=== {{Infobox |name = Infobox/doc |bodystyle = |title = Test Infobox |titlestyle = |image = [[File:example.png|200px|alt=Example alt text]] |imagestyle = |caption = Caption for example.png |captionstyle = |headerstyle = background:#ccf; |labelstyle = background:#ddf; |datastyle = |header1 = Header defined alone |label1 = |data1 = |header2 = |label2 = Label defined alone does not display (needs data, or is suppressed) |data2 = |header3 = |label3 = |data3 = Data defined alone |header4 = All three defined (header, label, data, all with same number) |label4 = does not display (same number as a header) |data4 = does not display (same number as a header) |header5 = |label5 = Label and data defined (label) |data5 = Label and data defined (data) |belowstyle = background:#ddf; |below = Below text }} <pre style="overflow:auto">{{Infobox |name = Infobox/doc |bodystyle = |title = Test Infobox |titlestyle = |image = [[File:example.png|200px|alt=Example alt text]] |imagestyle = |caption = Caption for example.png |captionstyle = |headerstyle = background:#ccf; |labelstyle = background:#ddf; |datastyle = |header1 = Header defined alone |label1 = |data1 = |header2 = |label2 = Label defined alone does not display (needs data, or is suppressed) |data2 = |header3 = |label3 = |data3 = Data defined alone |header4 = All three defined (header, label, data, all with same number) |label4 = does not display (same number as a header) |data4 = does not display (same number as a header) |header5 = |label5 = Label and data defined (label) |data5 = Label and data defined (data) |belowstyle = background:#ddf; |below = Below text }}</pre> Notice how when a label is defined without an accompanying data cell the row doesn't appear in the displayed infobox, and when a header is defined on the same row as a data cell all of them are displayed. {{clear}} For this example, {{nowrap|bodystyle &#0061; width:20em;}} and {{nowrap|labelstyle &#0061; width:33%;}} {{Infobox |bodystyle = width:20em; |name = Infobox/doc |title = Test Infobox |titlestyle = |headerstyle = |labelstyle = width:33% |datastyle = |header1 = |label1 = Label 1 |data1 = Data 1 |header2 = |label2 = Label 2 |data2 = Data 2 |header3 = |label3 = Label 3 |data3 = Data 3 |header4 = Header 4 |label4 = |data4 = |header5 = |label5 = Label 5 |data5 = Data 5: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. |belowstyle = |below = Below text }} <pre style="overflow: auto"> {{Infobox |bodystyle = width:20em; |name = Infobox/doc |title = Test Infobox |titlestyle = |headerstyle = |labelstyle = width:33% |datastyle = |header1 = |label1 = Label 1 |data1 = Data 1 |header2 = |label2 = Label 2 |data2 = Data 2 |header3 = |label3 = Label 3 |data3 = Data 3 |header4 = Header 4 |label4 = |data4 = |header5 = |label5 = Label 5 |data5 = Data 5: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. |belowstyle = |below = Below text }} </pre> {{clear}} ===Embedding=== One infobox template can be embedded into another using the {{para|child}} parameter. This feature can be used to create a modular infobox, or to create more well defined logical sections. {{Infobox | title = Top level title | data1 = {{Infobox | child = yes | title = First subsection | label1= Label 1.1 | data1 = Data 1.1 }} | data2 = {{Infobox | child = yes | title = Second subsection | label1= Label 2.1 | data1 = Data 2.1 }} |belowstyle = |below = Below text }} <pre style="overflow:auto"> {{Infobox | title = Top level title | data1 = {{Infobox | child = yes | title = First subsection | label1= Label 1.1 | data1 = Data 1.1 }} | data2 = {{Infobox | child = yes | title = Second subsection | label1= Label 2.1 | data1 = Data 2.1 }} |belowstyle = |below = Below text }} </pre> Note, in the examples above, the child infobox is placed in a <code>data</code> field, not a <code>header</code> field. The title will be enclosed in {{tag|b}} bold tags, which can create a "double bolding effect" in some browsers if the child infobox is placed in a <code>header</code> field. To place the child infobox in a header field and avoid the double bolding effect, use {{Infobox | title = Top level title | header1 = First subsection {{Infobox | child = yes | label1= Label 1.1 | data1 = Data 1.1 }} | header2 = Second subsection {{Infobox | child = yes | label1= Label 2.1 | data1 = Data 2.1 }} |belowstyle = |below = Below text }} <pre style="overflow:auto"> {{Infobox | title = Top level title | header1 = First subsection {{Infobox | child = yes | label1= Label 1.1 | data1 = Data 1.1 }} | header2 = Second subsection {{Infobox | child = yes | label1= Label 2.1 | data1 = Data 2.1 }} |belowstyle = |below = Below text }} </pre> === Full blank syntax === (Note: the template currently handles up to 99 rows; only 20 are given below since infoboxes larger than that will be relatively rare. Just extend the numbering as needed. The microformat "class" parameters are also omitted as they are not commonly used.) <pre style="overflow:auto;"> {{Infobox |name = {{subst:PAGENAME}} |bodystyle = |title = |titlestyle = |above = |abovestyle = |imagestyle = |captionstyle = |image = |caption = |image2 = |caption2 = |headerstyle = |labelstyle = |datastyle = |header1 = |label1 = |data1 = |header2 = |label2 = |data2 = |header3 = |label3 = |data3 = |header4 = |label4 = |data4 = |header5 = |label5 = |data5 = |header6 = |label6 = |data6 = |header7 = |label7 = |data7 = |header8 = |label8 = |data8 = |header9 = |label9 = |data9 = |header10 = |label10 = |data10 = |header11 = |label11 = |data11 = |header12 = |label12 = |data12 = |header13 = |label13 = |data13 = |header14 = |label14 = |data14 = |header15 = |label15 = |data15 = |header16 = |label16 = |data16 = |header17 = |label17 = |data17 = |header18 = |label18 = |data18 = |header19 = |label19 = |data19 = |header20 = |label20 = |data20 = |belowstyle = |below = }}</pre> === Porting to other MediaWikis === The infobox template requires the tidy extension to be installed, and may not work with other MediaWikis. The [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Transwiki]] has a version of Infobox that has been modified to work on other MediaWikis. === See also === * {{tl|infobox3cols}} * {{tl|Navbox}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| [[Category:Infobox templates| ]] [[Category:Templates generating microformats]] [[Category:Wikipedia metatemplates|Infobox]] <!-- [[en:Template:Infobox]] --> }}</includeonly> c82766e6281ebe24b585aadf751242935420cbbf 187 2013-04-21T18:31:37Z Redrose64 0 Undid revision 551487855 by [[Special:Contributions/JillValentine94|JillValentine94]] ([[User talk:JillValentine94|talk]]) rv test {{documentation subpage}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. --> {{distinguish|Template:Userbox}} This template is intended as a meta-template: a template used for constructing other templates. It is not meant for use directly in an article, but can be used on a one-off basis if required. See [[Help:Infobox]] for an introduction to infoboxes and information on how to design them. See [[:Category:Infobox templates]] for specific infobox templates. === Usage === Usage is similar to {{tl|navbox}}, but with an additional distinction. Each row on the table can contain either a header, or a label/data pair, or just a data cell. These are mutually exclusive states so if you define a row with both a header and a label/data pair, the label/data pair is ignored. To insert an image somewhere other than at the top of the infobox, or to insert freeform data, use a row with only a data field. ==== Number ranges ==== Row numbers may be from 1 to 99 (for situations where more than 99 rows are required, see [[#Embedding|Embedding]] below). To allow flexibility when the layout of an infobox is changed, it may be helpful when developing an infobox to use non-contiguous numbers for header and label/data rows. Parameters for new rows can then be inserted in future without having to renumber existing parameters. For example: <pre>|header3 = Section 1 |label5 = Label A |data5 = Data B |label7 = Label C |data7 = Data C |header10 = Section 2 |label12 = Label D |data12 = Data D</pre> === Parameters === ====View/discuss/edit links==== ;name :If this parameter is present, "view/discuss/edit" links will be added to the bottom of the infobox, pointing to the named template. You can use <nowiki>{{subst:PAGENAME}}</nowiki>. :However this is rarely what you want, because it will send users clicking these links in an infobox in an article to the template code rather than the data in the infobox that they probably want to change. ====Title==== {{Infobox |title = Text in caption over infobox |subheader = Subheader of the infobox |data1 = (the rest of the infobox goes here) }} {{Infobox |above = Text in uppermost cell of infobox |subheader = Subheader of the infobox |subheader2 = Second subheader of the infobox |data1 = (the rest of the infobox goes here) }} There are two different ways to put a title on an infobox. One contains the title inside the infobox's border, the other puts it on top as a caption. You can use both of them together if you like, or just one or the other, or even neither (though this is not recommended). ;title : Text to put in the caption over top of the table. ;above : Text to put within the uppermost cell of the table. ====Optional content==== ;subheader, subheader2 : additional title fields which fit below {{{title}}} and {{{above}}}. ;image, image2 : images to display at the top of the template. Use full image syntax, for example <nowiki>[[File:example.png|200px|alt=Example alt text]]</nowiki>. Image is centered by default. See [[WP:ALT]] for more on alt text. ;caption, caption2 : Text to put underneath the images. ;header(n) : Text to use as a header in row n. ;label(n): Text to use as a label in row n. ;data(n): Text to display as data in row n. ;below: Text to put in the bottom cell. The bottom cell is intended for footnotes, see-also, and other such information. ;child: See the [[#Embedding|embedding]] section for details. Note: for any given value for (n), not all combinations of parameters are permitted. The presence of a {{para|header''(n)''}} will cause the corresponding {{para|data''(n)''}}{{para|label''(n)''}} (and {{para|rowclass''(n)''}}, see below) to be ignored; the absence of a {{para|data''(n)''}} will cause the corresponding {{para|label''(n)''}} to be ignored. Valid combinations for any single row are: *{{para|header''(n)''}} {{para|class''(n)''}} *{{para|data''(n)''}} {{para|rowclass''(n)''}} {{para|class''(n)''}} *{{para|label''(n)''}} {{para|data''(n)''}} {{para|rowclass''(n)''}} {{para|class''(n)''}} See the rendering of header4, label4, and data4 in the examples section below. ====Optional CSS styling==== ;bodystyle : Applies to the infobox table as a whole ;titlestyle : Applies only to the title caption. Adding a background color is usually inadvisable since the text is rendered "outside" the infobox. ;abovestyle : Applies only to the "above" cell at the top. The default style has font-size:large; since this cell is usually used for a title, if you want to use the above cell for regular-sized text include "font-size:medium;" in the abovestyle. ;imagestyle : Applies to the cell the image is in. This includes the text of the image caption, but you should set text properties with captionstyle instead of imagestyle in case the caption is moved out of this cell in the future. ;captionstyle : Applies to the text of the image caption. ;headerstyle : Applies to all header cells ;labelstyle : Applies to all label cells ;datastyle : Applies to all data cells ;belowstyle : Applies only to the below cell ==== HTML classes ==== ;bodyclass : This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the infobox as a whole. ;titleclass : This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the infobox's title caption. ;aboveclass : This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the infobox's "above" cell. ; aboverowclass : This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the complete table row the "above" cell is on. ; subheaderclass : This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the infobox's subheader. ; subheaderrowclass : This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the complete table row the subheader is on. ;imageclass : This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the image. ; imagerowclass1, imagerowclass2 : These parameters are inserted into the "class" attribute for the complete table row the respective images are on. ;rowclass(n) : This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the specified row '''including''' the label or other explanatory text. ;class(n) : This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the data cell of the specified row. If there's no data cell it has no effect. ;belowclass : This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the infobox's below cell. ==== Microformats ==== This template supports the addition of microformat information. This is done by adding "class" attributes to various data cells, indicating what kind of information is contained within. To flag an infobox as containing [[hCard]] information, for example, add the following parameter: <pre> |bodyclass = vcard </pre> And for each row containing a data cell that's part of the vcard, add a corresponding class parameter: <pre> |class1 = fn |class2 = org |class3 = tel </pre> ...and so forth. "above" and "title" can also be given classes, since these are usually used to display the name of the subject of the infobox. See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Microformats]] for more information on adding microformat information to Wikipedia, and [[microformat]] for more information on microformats in general. ====Italic titles==== Titles of articles with infoboxes may be made italic, in line with [[WP:ITALICTITLE]], by passing the <code>italic title</code> parameter. *Turn on italic titles by passing {{para|italic title|<nowiki>{{{italic title|}}}</nowiki>}} from the infobox. *Turn off by default but allow some instances to be made italic by passing {{para|italic title|<nowiki>{{{italic title|no}}}</nowiki>}} *Do not make any titles italic by not passing the parameter at all. ===Making fields optional=== A row with a label but no data is not displayed. This allows for the easy creation of optional infobox content rows. To make a row optional use a parameter that defaults to an empty string, like so: <pre> |label5 = Population |data5 = {{{population|}}} </pre> This way if an article doesn't define the population parameter in its infobox the row won't be displayed. For more complex fields with pre-formatted contents that would still be present even if the parameter wasn't set, you can wrap it all in an "#if" statement to make the whole thing vanish when the parameter is not used. For instance, the "#if" statement in the following example reads "#if:the parameter ''mass'' has been supplied |then display it, followed by 'kg'": <pre> |label6 = Mass |data6 = {{#if:{{{mass|}}}|{{{mass}}} kg}} </pre> For more on #if, see [[meta:ParserFunctions##if:|here]]. You can also make headers optional in a similar way. If you want a header to appear only if one or more of the data fields that fall under it are filled, one could use the following pattern as an example of how to do it: <pre style="overflow:auto;">{{Infobox |name = {{subst:PAGENAME}} |title = Example of an optional header |header1 = {{#if:{{{item_one|}}}{{{item_two|}}}{{{item_three|}}}|Optional header}} |label2 = Item one |data2 = {{{item_one|}}} |label3 = Item two |data3 = {{{item_two|}}} |label4 = Item three |data4 = {{{item_three|}}} }}</pre> header1 will be shown if any of item_one, item_two, or item_three is defined. If none of the three parameters are defined the header won't be shown. The trick to this is that the "if" returns false only if there is nothing whatsoever in the conditional section, so only if all three of item_one, item_two and item_three are undefined will the if statement fail. ===Examples=== {{Infobox |name = Infobox/doc |bodystyle = |title = Test Infobox |titlestyle = |image = [[File:example.png|200px|alt=Example alt text]] |imagestyle = |caption = Caption for example.png |captionstyle = |headerstyle = background:#ccf; |labelstyle = background:#ddf; |datastyle = |header1 = Header defined alone |label1 = |data1 = |header2 = |label2 = Label defined alone does not display (needs data, or is suppressed) |data2 = |header3 = |label3 = |data3 = Data defined alone |header4 = All three defined (header, label, data, all with same number) |label4 = does not display (same number as a header) |data4 = does not display (same number as a header) |header5 = |label5 = Label and data defined (label) |data5 = Label and data defined (data) |belowstyle = background:#ddf; |below = Below text }} <pre style="overflow:auto">{{Infobox |name = Infobox/doc |bodystyle = |title = Test Infobox |titlestyle = |image = [[File:example.png|200px|alt=Example alt text]] |imagestyle = |caption = Caption for example.png |captionstyle = |headerstyle = background:#ccf; |labelstyle = background:#ddf; |datastyle = |header1 = Header defined alone |label1 = |data1 = |header2 = |label2 = Label defined alone does not display (needs data, or is suppressed) |data2 = |header3 = |label3 = |data3 = Data defined alone |header4 = All three defined (header, label, data, all with same number) |label4 = does not display (same number as a header) |data4 = does not display (same number as a header) |header5 = |label5 = Label and data defined (label) |data5 = Label and data defined (data) |belowstyle = background:#ddf; |below = Below text }}</pre> Notice how when a label is defined without an accompanying data cell the row doesn't appear in the displayed infobox, and when a header is defined on the same row as a data cell all of them are displayed. {{clear}} For this example, {{nowrap|bodystyle &#0061; width:20em;}} and {{nowrap|labelstyle &#0061; width:33%;}} {{Infobox |bodystyle = width:20em; |name = Infobox/doc |title = Test Infobox |titlestyle = |headerstyle = |labelstyle = width:33% |datastyle = |header1 = |label1 = Label 1 |data1 = Data 1 |header2 = |label2 = Label 2 |data2 = Data 2 |header3 = |label3 = Label 3 |data3 = Data 3 |header4 = Header 4 |label4 = |data4 = |header5 = |label5 = Label 5 |data5 = Data 5: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. |belowstyle = |below = Below text }} <pre style="overflow: auto"> {{Infobox |bodystyle = width:20em; |name = Infobox/doc |title = Test Infobox |titlestyle = |headerstyle = |labelstyle = width:33% |datastyle = |header1 = |label1 = Label 1 |data1 = Data 1 |header2 = |label2 = Label 2 |data2 = Data 2 |header3 = |label3 = Label 3 |data3 = Data 3 |header4 = Header 4 |label4 = |data4 = |header5 = |label5 = Label 5 |data5 = Data 5: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. |belowstyle = |below = Below text }} </pre> {{clear}} ===Embedding=== One infobox template can be embedded into another using the {{para|child}} parameter. This feature can be used to create a modular infobox, or to create more well defined logical sections. {{Infobox | title = Top level title | data1 = {{Infobox | child = yes | title = First subsection | label1= Label 1.1 | data1 = Data 1.1 }} | data2 = {{Infobox | child = yes | title = Second subsection | label1= Label 2.1 | data1 = Data 2.1 }} |belowstyle = |below = Below text }} <pre style="overflow:auto"> {{Infobox | title = Top level title | data1 = {{Infobox | child = yes | title = First subsection | label1= Label 1.1 | data1 = Data 1.1 }} | data2 = {{Infobox | child = yes | title = Second subsection | label1= Label 2.1 | data1 = Data 2.1 }} |belowstyle = |below = Below text }} </pre> Note, in the examples above, the child infobox is placed in a <code>data</code> field, not a <code>header</code> field. The title will be enclosed in {{tag|b}} bold tags, which can create a "double bolding effect" in some browsers if the child infobox is placed in a <code>header</code> field. To place the child infobox in a header field and avoid the double bolding effect, use {{Infobox | title = Top level title | header1 = First subsection {{Infobox | child = yes | label1= Label 1.1 | data1 = Data 1.1 }} | header2 = Second subsection {{Infobox | child = yes | label1= Label 2.1 | data1 = Data 2.1 }} |belowstyle = |below = Below text }} <pre style="overflow:auto"> {{Infobox | title = Top level title | header1 = First subsection {{Infobox | child = yes | label1= Label 1.1 | data1 = Data 1.1 }} | header2 = Second subsection {{Infobox | child = yes | label1= Label 2.1 | data1 = Data 2.1 }} |belowstyle = |below = Below text }} </pre> === Full blank syntax === (Note: the template currently handles up to 99 rows; only 20 are given below since infoboxes larger than that will be relatively rare. Just extend the numbering as needed. The microformat "class" parameters are also omitted as they are not commonly used.) <pre style="overflow:auto;"> {{Infobox |name = {{subst:PAGENAME}} |bodystyle = |title = |titlestyle = |above = |abovestyle = |imagestyle = |captionstyle = |image = |caption = |image2 = |caption2 = |headerstyle = |labelstyle = |datastyle = |header1 = |label1 = |data1 = |header2 = |label2 = |data2 = |header3 = |label3 = |data3 = |header4 = |label4 = |data4 = |header5 = |label5 = |data5 = |header6 = |label6 = |data6 = |header7 = |label7 = |data7 = |header8 = |label8 = |data8 = |header9 = |label9 = |data9 = |header10 = |label10 = |data10 = |header11 = |label11 = |data11 = |header12 = |label12 = |data12 = |header13 = |label13 = |data13 = |header14 = |label14 = |data14 = |header15 = |label15 = |data15 = |header16 = |label16 = |data16 = |header17 = |label17 = |data17 = |header18 = |label18 = |data18 = |header19 = |label19 = |data19 = |header20 = |label20 = |data20 = |belowstyle = |below = }}</pre> === Porting to other MediaWikis === The infobox template requires the tidy extension to be installed, and may not work with other MediaWikis. The [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Transwiki]] has a version of Infobox that has been modified to work on other MediaWikis. === See also === * {{tl|infobox3cols}} * {{tl|Navbox}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| [[Category:Infobox templates| ]] [[Category:Templates generating microformats]] [[Category:Wikipedia metatemplates|Infobox]] <!-- [[en:Template:Infobox]] --> }}</includeonly> c82766e6281ebe24b585aadf751242935420cbbf 10 86 214 213 2013-04-29T12:55:02Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <noinclude><pre></noinclude>{{#if:{{{header|}}} |<tr><th colspan="2" class="{{{class|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}">{{{header}}}</th></tr> |{{#if:{{{data|}}} |<tr class="{{{rowclass|}}}">{{#if:{{{label|}}} |<th scope="row" style="text-align:left; {{{labelstyle|}}}">{{{label}}}</th> <td class="{{{class|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"> |<td colspan="2" class="{{{class|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"> }} {{{data}}}</td></tr> }} }}<noinclude></pre></noinclude> 8a09358df6ac72b32e3bc1a1b3207849180266eb 213 2012-10-23T23:35:21Z Dinoguy1000 0 self-documenting, a la [[Template:Category handler/blacklist]] <noinclude><pre></noinclude>{{#if:{{{header|}}} |<tr><th colspan="2" class="{{{class|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}">{{{header}}}</th></tr> |{{#if:{{{data|}}} |<tr class="{{{rowclass|}}}">{{#if:{{{label|}}} |<th scope="row" style="text-align:left; {{{labelstyle|}}}">{{{label}}}</th> <td class="{{{class|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"> |<td colspan="2" class="{{{class|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"> }} {{{data}}}</td></tr> }} }}<noinclude></pre></noinclude> 8a09358df6ac72b32e3bc1a1b3207849180266eb 10 49 141 140 2013-04-29T12:30:29Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {| class="infobox geography" style="width: 22em; font-size: 88%" ! colspan=2 class="mergedtoprow" style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 125%" | {{{currency_name|{{PAGENAME}} }}} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{currency_name_in_local|}}}|class="mergedtoprow"}} {{#if:{{{currency_name_in_local|}}}| ! colspan=2 class="mergedtoprow" style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 100%" {{!}} {{{currency_name_in_local}}} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image_1|}}}{{{image_2|}}}|class="mergedtoprow"}} }} {{#if:{{{image_1|}}}{{{image_2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 class="maptable" align="center" style="padding: 0.3em 0.6em 0.3em 0.6em" {{!}} {{{!}} width="100%" style="margin: 0 auto; background: none; text-align: center" {{!}} style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; {{#if:{{{image_background_1|}}} | background: {{{image_background_1}}}}}" {{!}} [[file:{{{image_1}}}|{{{image_width_1|{{#if:{{{image_2|}}}|126|252}}}}}px|{{{image_title_1|}}}]] {{#if:{{{image_2|}}} | {{!}} style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; {{#if:{{{image_background_2|}}}|background:{{{image_background_2}}}}}" {{!}} [[file:{{{image_2}}}|{{{image_width_2|126}}}px|{{{image_title_2|}}}]] }} {{!}}- style="font-size:95%" {{#if:{{{image_1|}}} | {{!}} {{{image_title_1|}}} }} {{#if:{{{image_2|}}} | {{!}} {{{image_title_2|}}} }} {{!}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{iso_code|}}}| ! [[ISO 4217|ISO 4217 code]] {{!}} {{{iso_code}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{issuing_authority|}}}| ! {{nowrap|[[{{{issuing_authority_title|Central bank}}}]]}} {{!}} {{{issuing_authority}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedbottomrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{issuing_authority|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{issuing_authority_website|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} Website {{!}} [http://{{{issuing_authority_website|}}} {{{issuing_authority_website|}}}] {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{date_of_introduction|}}}| ! Date of introduction {{!}} {{{date_of_introduction}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{date_of_introduction|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{date_of_introduction_source|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} Source {{!}} {{{date_of_introduction_source}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" ! {{#if:{{{unofficial_users|}}}|{{nowrap|Official user(s)}}|User(s)}} {{!}} {{{using_countries}}} |- class="mergedbottomrow" {{#if:{{{unofficial_users|}}}| ! {{nowrap|Unofficial user(s)}} {{!}} {{{unofficial_users}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{inflation_rate|}}}| ! [[Inflation]] {{!}} {{{inflation_rate}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{inflation_rate|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{inflation_source_date|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} Source {{!}} {{{inflation_source_date}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{inflation_rate|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{inflation_method|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} Method {{!}} {{{inflation_method}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{ERM_since|}}}| ! [[European Exchange Rate Mechanism|ERM]] {{!}} {{!}}- class="mergedrow" {{!}} Since {{!}} {{{ERM_since}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{ERM_since|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{ERM_withdraw|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} Withdrawn {{!}} {{{ERM_withdraw}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{ERM_since|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{ERM_fixed_rate_since|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} Fixed rate since {{!}} {{{ERM_fixed_rate_since}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{ERM_since|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{euro_replace_non_cash|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} Replaced by €, non cash {{!}} {{{euro_replace_non_cash}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{ERM_since|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{euro_replace_cash|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} Replaced by €, cash {{!}} {{{euro_replace_cash}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{ERM_since|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{ERM_fixed_rate|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} <span class="nounderlines">[[Euro|€]]</span> = {{!}} {{{ERM_fixed_rate}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{ERM_since|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{ERM_band|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} Band {{!}} {{{ERM_band}}} {{!}}- }} |- {{#if:{{{pegged_with|}}}| ! [[Fixed exchange rate|Pegged with]] {{!}} {{{pegged_with}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{pegged_by|}}}| ! [[Fixed exchange rate|Pegged by]] {{!}} {{{pegged_by}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{superunit_ratio_1|}}}| ! Superunit {{!}} {{!}}- class="mergedrow" {{!}} {{{superunit_ratio_1}}} {{!}} {{{superunit_name_1}}}{{#if:{{{superunit_inline_note_1|}}}|<br /><small>{{{superunit_inline_note_1}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{superunit_ratio_2|}}}| {{!}} {{{superunit_ratio_2}}} {{!}} {{{superunit_name_2}}}{{#if:{{{superunit_inline_note_2|}}}|<br /><small>{{{superunit_inline_note_2}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{superunit_ratio_3|}}}| {{!}} {{{superunit_ratio_3}}} {{!}} {{{superunit_name_3}}}{{#if:{{{superunit_inline_note_3|}}}|<br /><small>{{{superunit_inline_note_3}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{superunit_ratio_4|}}}| {{!}} {{{superunit_ratio_4}}} {{!}} {{{superunit_name_4}}}{{#if:{{{superunit_inline_note_4|}}}|<br /><small>{{{superunit_inline_note_4}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{superunit_ratio_5|}}}| {{!}} {{{superunit_ratio_5}}} {{!}} {{{superunit_name_5}}}{{#if:{{{superunit_inline_note_5|}}}|<br /><small>{{{superunit_inline_note_5}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{subunit_ratio_1|}}}| ! Subunit {{!}} {{!}}- class="mergedrow" {{!}} {{{subunit_ratio_1}}} {{!}} {{{subunit_name_1}}}{{#if:{{{subunit_inline_note_1|}}}|<br /><small>{{{subunit_inline_note_1}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{subunit_ratio_2|}}}| {{!}} {{{subunit_ratio_2}}} {{!}} {{{subunit_name_2}}}{{#if:{{{subunit_inline_note_2|}}}|<br /><small>{{{subunit_inline_note_2}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{subunit_ratio_3|}}}| {{!}} {{{subunit_ratio_3}}} {{!}} {{{subunit_name_3}}}{{#if:{{{subunit_inline_note_3|}}}|<br /><small>{{{subunit_inline_note_3}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{subunit_ratio_4|}}}| {{!}} {{{subunit_ratio_4}}} {{!}} {{{subunit_name_4}}}{{#if:{{{subunit_inline_note_4|}}}|<br /><small>{{{subunit_inline_note_4}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{subunit_ratio_5|}}}| {{!}} {{{subunit_ratio_5}}} {{!}} {{{subunit_name_5}}}{{#if:{{{subunit_inline_note_5|}}}|<br /><small>{{{subunit_inline_note_5}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{symbol|}}}| ! [[Currency sign|Symbol]] {{!}} {{{symbol}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_1|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{symbol_subunit_1|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_1}}} {{!}} {{{symbol_subunit_1}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_2|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{symbol_subunit_2|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_2}}} {{!}} {{{symbol_subunit_2}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_3|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{symbol_subunit_3|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_3}}} {{!}} {{{symbol_subunit_3}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_4|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{symbol_subunit_4|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_4}}} {{!}} {{{symbol_subunit_4}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_5|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{symbol_subunit_5|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_5}}} {{!}} {{{symbol_subunit_5}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{nickname|}}}| ! Nickname {{!}} {{{nickname}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_1|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{nickname_subunit_1|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_1}}} {{!}} {{{nickname_subunit_1}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_2|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{nickname_subunit_2|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_2}}} {{!}} {{{nickname_subunit_2}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_3|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{nickname_subunit_3|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_3}}} {{!}} {{{nickname_subunit_3}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_4|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{nickname_subunit_4|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_4}}} {{!}} {{{nickname_subunit_4}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_5|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{nickname_subunit_5|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_5}}} {{!}} {{{nickname_subunit_5}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{plural|}}}{{{plural_slavic|}}}{{{no_plural|}}}| ! [[Plural]] {{!}} {{{plural|}}}{{#if:{{{plural_slavic|}}}|<small>The language(s) of this currency belong(s) to the [[Slavic languages]]. There is more than one way to construct plural forms.</small>}}{{#if:{{{no_plural|}}}|<small>The language(s) of this currency does not have a morphological plural distinction.</small>}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_1|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{plural_subunit_1|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_1}}} {{!}} {{{plural_subunit_1}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_2|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{plural_subunit_2|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_2}}} {{!}} {{{plural_subunit_2}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_3|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{plural_subunit_3|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_3}}} {{!}} {{{plural_subunit_3}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_4|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{plural_subunit_4|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_4}}} {{!}} {{{plural_subunit_4}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_5|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{plural_subunit_5|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_5}}} {{!}} {{{plural_subunit_5}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{used_coins|}}}{{{frequently_used_coins|}}}{{{rarely_used_coins|}}}| ! {{#if:{{{coin_article|}}}|[[{{{coin_article}}}|Coins]]|Coins}}'' {{!}} {{{used_coins|}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{frequently_used_coins|}}}| {{!}} Freq. used {{!}} {{{frequently_used_coins}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{rarely_used_coins|}}}| {{!}} Rarely used {{!}} {{{rarely_used_coins}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{used_banknotes|}}}{{{frequently_used_banknotes|}}}{{{rarely_used_banknotes|}}}| ! {{#if:{{{banknote_article|}}}|[[{{{banknote_article}}}|Banknotes]]|Banknotes}}'' {{!}} {{{used_banknotes|}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{frequently_used_banknotes|}}}| {{!}} Freq. used {{!}} {{{frequently_used_banknotes}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{rarely_used_banknotes|}}}| {{!}} Rarely used {{!}} {{{rarely_used_banknotes}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{printer|}}}| ! [[Printer (publisher)|Printer]] {{!}} {{{printer}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedbottomrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{printer|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{printer_website|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} Website {{!}} {{#if:{{{printer_override_with_original_text|}}} |{{{printer_website}}}|[http://{{{printer_website|}}} {{{printer_website|}}}]}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{mint|}}}| ! [[Mint (coin)|Mint]] {{!}} {{{mint}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedbottomrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{mint|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{mint_website|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} Website {{!}} {{#if:{{{mint_override_with_original_text|}}} |{{{mint_website}}}|[http://{{{mint_website|}}} {{{mint_website|}}}]}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{obsolete_notice|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 {{!}} <small>This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 {{!}} <small>{{{footnotes}}}</small> }} |}<noinclude>{{doc}}<!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --></noinclude> b61f14b5888c0068f9e17a53cffeb992da41192c 140 2013-01-23T13:33:48Z Neoconfederate 0 removed weird font from currency code {| class="infobox geography" style="width: 22em; font-size: 88%" ! colspan=2 class="mergedtoprow" style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 125%" | {{{currency_name|{{PAGENAME}} }}} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{currency_name_in_local|}}}|class="mergedtoprow"}} {{#if:{{{currency_name_in_local|}}}| ! colspan=2 class="mergedtoprow" style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 100%" {{!}} {{{currency_name_in_local}}} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image_1|}}}{{{image_2|}}}|class="mergedtoprow"}} }} {{#if:{{{image_1|}}}{{{image_2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 class="maptable" align="center" style="padding: 0.3em 0.6em 0.3em 0.6em" {{!}} {{{!}} width="100%" style="margin: 0 auto; background: none; text-align: center" {{!}} style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; {{#if:{{{image_background_1|}}} | background: {{{image_background_1}}}}}" {{!}} [[file:{{{image_1}}}|{{{image_width_1|{{#if:{{{image_2|}}}|126|252}}}}}px|{{{image_title_1|}}}]] {{#if:{{{image_2|}}} | {{!}} style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; {{#if:{{{image_background_2|}}}|background:{{{image_background_2}}}}}" {{!}} [[file:{{{image_2}}}|{{{image_width_2|126}}}px|{{{image_title_2|}}}]] }} {{!}}- style="font-size:95%" {{#if:{{{image_1|}}} | {{!}} {{{image_title_1|}}} }} {{#if:{{{image_2|}}} | {{!}} {{{image_title_2|}}} }} {{!}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{iso_code|}}}| ! [[ISO 4217|ISO 4217 code]] {{!}} {{{iso_code}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{issuing_authority|}}}| ! {{nowrap|[[{{{issuing_authority_title|Central bank}}}]]}} {{!}} {{{issuing_authority}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedbottomrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{issuing_authority|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{issuing_authority_website|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} Website {{!}} [http://{{{issuing_authority_website|}}} {{{issuing_authority_website|}}}] {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{date_of_introduction|}}}| ! Date of introduction {{!}} {{{date_of_introduction}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{date_of_introduction|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{date_of_introduction_source|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} Source {{!}} {{{date_of_introduction_source}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" ! {{#if:{{{unofficial_users|}}}|{{nowrap|Official user(s)}}|User(s)}} {{!}} {{{using_countries}}} |- class="mergedbottomrow" {{#if:{{{unofficial_users|}}}| ! {{nowrap|Unofficial user(s)}} {{!}} {{{unofficial_users}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{inflation_rate|}}}| ! [[Inflation]] {{!}} {{{inflation_rate}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{inflation_rate|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{inflation_source_date|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} Source {{!}} {{{inflation_source_date}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{inflation_rate|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{inflation_method|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} Method {{!}} {{{inflation_method}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{ERM_since|}}}| ! [[European Exchange Rate Mechanism|ERM]] {{!}} {{!}}- class="mergedrow" {{!}} Since {{!}} {{{ERM_since}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{ERM_since|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{ERM_withdraw|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} Withdrawn {{!}} {{{ERM_withdraw}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{ERM_since|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{ERM_fixed_rate_since|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} Fixed rate since {{!}} {{{ERM_fixed_rate_since}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{ERM_since|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{euro_replace_non_cash|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} Replaced by €, non cash {{!}} {{{euro_replace_non_cash}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{ERM_since|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{euro_replace_cash|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} Replaced by €, cash {{!}} {{{euro_replace_cash}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{ERM_since|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{ERM_fixed_rate|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} <span class="nounderlines">[[Euro|€]]</span> = {{!}} {{{ERM_fixed_rate}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{ERM_since|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{ERM_band|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} Band {{!}} {{{ERM_band}}} {{!}}- }} |- {{#if:{{{pegged_with|}}}| ! [[Fixed exchange rate|Pegged with]] {{!}} {{{pegged_with}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{pegged_by|}}}| ! [[Fixed exchange rate|Pegged by]] {{!}} {{{pegged_by}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{superunit_ratio_1|}}}| ! Superunit {{!}} {{!}}- class="mergedrow" {{!}} {{{superunit_ratio_1}}} {{!}} {{{superunit_name_1}}}{{#if:{{{superunit_inline_note_1|}}}|<br /><small>{{{superunit_inline_note_1}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{superunit_ratio_2|}}}| {{!}} {{{superunit_ratio_2}}} {{!}} {{{superunit_name_2}}}{{#if:{{{superunit_inline_note_2|}}}|<br /><small>{{{superunit_inline_note_2}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{superunit_ratio_3|}}}| {{!}} {{{superunit_ratio_3}}} {{!}} {{{superunit_name_3}}}{{#if:{{{superunit_inline_note_3|}}}|<br /><small>{{{superunit_inline_note_3}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{superunit_ratio_4|}}}| {{!}} {{{superunit_ratio_4}}} {{!}} {{{superunit_name_4}}}{{#if:{{{superunit_inline_note_4|}}}|<br /><small>{{{superunit_inline_note_4}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{superunit_ratio_5|}}}| {{!}} {{{superunit_ratio_5}}} {{!}} {{{superunit_name_5}}}{{#if:{{{superunit_inline_note_5|}}}|<br /><small>{{{superunit_inline_note_5}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{subunit_ratio_1|}}}| ! Subunit {{!}} {{!}}- class="mergedrow" {{!}} {{{subunit_ratio_1}}} {{!}} {{{subunit_name_1}}}{{#if:{{{subunit_inline_note_1|}}}|<br /><small>{{{subunit_inline_note_1}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{subunit_ratio_2|}}}| {{!}} {{{subunit_ratio_2}}} {{!}} {{{subunit_name_2}}}{{#if:{{{subunit_inline_note_2|}}}|<br /><small>{{{subunit_inline_note_2}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{subunit_ratio_3|}}}| {{!}} {{{subunit_ratio_3}}} {{!}} {{{subunit_name_3}}}{{#if:{{{subunit_inline_note_3|}}}|<br /><small>{{{subunit_inline_note_3}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{subunit_ratio_4|}}}| {{!}} {{{subunit_ratio_4}}} {{!}} {{{subunit_name_4}}}{{#if:{{{subunit_inline_note_4|}}}|<br /><small>{{{subunit_inline_note_4}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{subunit_ratio_5|}}}| {{!}} {{{subunit_ratio_5}}} {{!}} {{{subunit_name_5}}}{{#if:{{{subunit_inline_note_5|}}}|<br /><small>{{{subunit_inline_note_5}}}</small>}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{symbol|}}}| ! [[Currency sign|Symbol]] {{!}} {{{symbol}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_1|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{symbol_subunit_1|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_1}}} {{!}} {{{symbol_subunit_1}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_2|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{symbol_subunit_2|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_2}}} {{!}} {{{symbol_subunit_2}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_3|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{symbol_subunit_3|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_3}}} {{!}} {{{symbol_subunit_3}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_4|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{symbol_subunit_4|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_4}}} {{!}} {{{symbol_subunit_4}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_5|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{symbol_subunit_5|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_5}}} {{!}} {{{symbol_subunit_5}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{nickname|}}}| ! Nickname {{!}} {{{nickname}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_1|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{nickname_subunit_1|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_1}}} {{!}} {{{nickname_subunit_1}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_2|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{nickname_subunit_2|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_2}}} {{!}} {{{nickname_subunit_2}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_3|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{nickname_subunit_3|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_3}}} {{!}} {{{nickname_subunit_3}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_4|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{nickname_subunit_4|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_4}}} {{!}} {{{nickname_subunit_4}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_5|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{nickname_subunit_5|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_5}}} {{!}} {{{nickname_subunit_5}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{plural|}}}{{{plural_slavic|}}}{{{no_plural|}}}| ! [[Plural]] {{!}} {{{plural|}}}{{#if:{{{plural_slavic|}}}|<small>The language(s) of this currency belong(s) to the [[Slavic languages]]. There is more than one way to construct plural forms.</small>}}{{#if:{{{no_plural|}}}|<small>The language(s) of this currency does not have a morphological plural distinction.</small>}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_1|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{plural_subunit_1|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_1}}} {{!}} {{{plural_subunit_1}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_2|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{plural_subunit_2|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_2}}} {{!}} {{{plural_subunit_2}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_3|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{plural_subunit_3|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_3}}} {{!}} {{{plural_subunit_3}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_4|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{plural_subunit_4|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_4}}} {{!}} {{{plural_subunit_4}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{subunit_name_5|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{plural_subunit_5|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} {{{subunit_name_5}}} {{!}} {{{plural_subunit_5}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{used_coins|}}}{{{frequently_used_coins|}}}{{{rarely_used_coins|}}}| ! {{#if:{{{coin_article|}}}|[[{{{coin_article}}}|Coins]]|Coins}}'' {{!}} {{{used_coins|}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{frequently_used_coins|}}}| {{!}} Freq. used {{!}} {{{frequently_used_coins}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{rarely_used_coins|}}}| {{!}} Rarely used {{!}} {{{rarely_used_coins}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{used_banknotes|}}}{{{frequently_used_banknotes|}}}{{{rarely_used_banknotes|}}}| ! {{#if:{{{banknote_article|}}}|[[{{{banknote_article}}}|Banknotes]]|Banknotes}}'' {{!}} {{{used_banknotes|}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{frequently_used_banknotes|}}}| {{!}} Freq. used {{!}} {{{frequently_used_banknotes}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedrow" {{#if:{{{rarely_used_banknotes|}}}| {{!}} Rarely used {{!}} {{{rarely_used_banknotes}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{printer|}}}| ! [[Printer (publisher)|Printer]] {{!}} {{{printer}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedbottomrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{printer|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{printer_website|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} Website {{!}} {{#if:{{{printer_override_with_original_text|}}} |{{{printer_website}}}|[http://{{{printer_website|}}} {{{printer_website|}}}]}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedtoprow" {{#if:{{{mint|}}}| ! [[Mint (coin)|Mint]] {{!}} {{{mint}}} {{!}}- }} |- class="mergedbottomrow" {{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{#if:{{{mint|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{mint_website|}}}|1|0}} }}|1| {{!}} Website {{!}} {{#if:{{{mint_override_with_original_text|}}} |{{{mint_website}}}|[http://{{{mint_website|}}} {{{mint_website|}}}]}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{obsolete_notice|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 {{!}} <small>This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 {{!}} <small>{{{footnotes}}}</small> }} |}<noinclude>{{doc}}<!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --></noinclude> b61f14b5888c0068f9e17a53cffeb992da41192c 10 99 242 241 2013-04-29T12:56:13Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{documentation subpage}} <!-- EDIT TEMPLATE DOCUMENTATION BELOW THIS LINE --> === Usage === Here is an empty template with some of the most commonly used parameters: <pre style="overflow: auto"> {{ infobox currency | currency_name_in_local = | image_1 = | image_title_1 = | iso_code = | issuing_authority = | issuing_authority_website = | date_of_introduction = | date_of_introduction_source = | using_countries = | inflation_rate = | inflation_source_date = ''[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2092.html The World Factbook]'', 2010 est. | subunit_ratio_1 = 1/100 | subunit_name_1 = | symbol = | symbol_subunit_1 = | nickname = | nickname_subunit_1 = | plural = | plural_subunit_1 = | frequently_used_coins = | rarely_used_coins = | frequently_used_banknotes = | rarely_used_banknotes = }} </pre> ;Euro related: <pre style="overflow: auto"> {{ infobox currency | currency_name_in_local = | image_1 = | image_title_1 = | iso_code = | issuing_authority = | issuing_authority_website = | date_of_introduction = | date_of_introduction_source = | using_countries = | inflation_rate = | inflation_source_date = ''[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2092.html The World Factbook]'', 2010 est. | ERM_since = | ERM_fixed_rate_since = | euro_replace_non_cash = | euro_replace_cash = | ERM_fixed_rate = | ERM_band = | subunit_ratio_1 = 1/100 | subunit_name_1 = | symbol = | plural = | plural_subunit_1 = | frequently_used_coins = | rarely_used_coins = | frequently_used_banknotes = | rarely_used_banknotes = }} </pre> ;Full syntax <pre style="overflow: auto"> {{ infobox currency | currency_name = | currency_name_in_local = | image_1 = | image_background_1 = | image_title_1 = | image_width_1 = | image_2 = | image_background_2 = | image_title_2 = | image_width_2 = | iso_code = | issuing_authority = | issuing_authority_title = | issuing_authority_website = | date_of_introduction = | date_of_introduction_source = | unofficial_users = | using_countries = | inflation_rate = | inflation_source_date = | inflation_method = | ERM_since = | ERM_withdraw = | ERM_fixed_rate_since = | euro_replace_non_cash = | euro_replace_cash = | ERM_fixed_rate = | ERM_band = | pegged_with = | pegged_by = | superunit_ratio_1 = <!-- thru |superunit_ratio_5 = --> | superunit_name_1 = | superunit_inline_note_1 = | subunit_ratio_1 = <!-- thru |subunit_ratio_5 = --> | subunit_name_1 = | subunit_inline_note_1 = | symbol = | symbol_subunit_1 = <!-- thru |symbol_subunit_5 = --> | nickname = | nickname_subunit_1 = <!-- thru |nickname_subunit_5 = --> | plural = | plural_slavic = | no_plural = | plural_subunit_1 = <!-- thru |plural_subunit_5 = --> | used_coins = | frequently_used_coins = | rarely_used_coins = | coin_article = | used_banknotes = | frequently_used_banknotes = | rarely_used_banknotes = | banknote_article = | printer = | printer_website = | printer_override_with_original_text = | mint = | mint_website = | mint_override_with_original_text = | obsolete_notice = | footnotes = }} </pre> === Parameters === This is a complete list of usage. If things get large, use {{tl|Collapsible list}} wisely. ==== Basic parameters ==== {| class="wikitable" ! Attribute ! Live currency ! Dead currency ! Must use with ! Mutually exclusive with ! Default value ! Example / Style |- ! currency_name | Optional | Optional | | | <nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki> | To override the very first line in the infobox |- valign="top" ! currency_name_in_local | Optional | Optional | | | | <small><nowiki>Suomen markka <small>{{fi icon}}</small><br/> Finska mark <small>{{sv icon}}</small></nowiki></small> * All official languages of the issuing authority, plus all that appear on the physical currencies. But exclude languages that appear on motto ("E Pluribus Unum", of the US, "Dieu et mon droit" of UK, if it ever appears) that are in such languages for historical reasons, and regional languages on rotation (the don't-be-stupid clause). * It is better missing than to guess. It is ok to be missing. * In some languages, indefinite/definite articles are part of the nouns, such as the [[North Germanic languages]]. Use indefinite singular form. Example: [[Faroese króna]]. After all, you wouldn't write "le franc français" in French franc's infobox, right? * One line per spelling. Use language icons found at [[:Category:Language icons]]. If hypothetically Australia, Spain and Portugal all use the [[Australian dollar]], then the infobox would have <small><nowiki> dólar australiano <small>{{es icon}} {{pt icon}}</small> </nowiki></small> * Use capitalization rule as if it is '''in the middle of a sentence''' in that language. For example, "franc français", not "Franc français", nor "franc Français". |- ! image_1 | Optional | Optional | | | | |- ! image_2 | Optional | Optional | | | | |- ! image_title_1 | Optional | Optional | image_1 | | | |- ! image_title_2 | Optional | Optional | image_2 | | | |- ! image_background_1 | Optional | Optional | image_1 | | (none) | #000000 |- ! image_background_2 | Optional | Optional | image_2 | | (none) | #000000 |- ! image_width_1 | Optional | Optional | image_1 | | 126 / 252 | rowspan="2"| A positive integer, no "px". See [[East Caribbean dollar]], [[Polish złoty]], [[Slovenian tolar]], [[Chilean peso]], [[Portuguese escudo]], [[Bangladeshi taka]], [[Cypriot pound]], [[Romanian leu]], [[Turkmenistani manat]], [[Luxembourgian franc]], and [[Falkland Islands pound]] for examples. |- ! image_width_2 | Optional | Optional | image_2 | | 126 |} ==== Usage ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Attribute ! Live currency ! Dead currency ! Must use with ! Mutually exclusive with ! Default value ! Example / Style |- ! iso_code | '''Required''' | Optional | | | | Don't put anything if you can't find it. Not a question mark. |- ! issuing_authority | Optional | Optional | | | | Central Bank of xyz * If this exists in the infobox, remove duplicate wiki link from the article's '''"See also"''' section |- ! issuing_authority_title | Optional | Optional | issuing_authority | | Central bank | Monetary authority, currency board |- ! issuing_authority_website | Optional | Optional | issuing_authority | | | www.ecb.eu * '''(do not put "http://")''' and it is recommended that you don't put the trailing / * If this exists in the infobox, remove duplicate link from the article's '''"External link"''' section |- !date_of_introduction | Optional | Optional | | | | 16 August 1965 * The date when the issuing authority introduced the medium of currency. Not to be confused with adoption by a country or other entity. |- !date_of_introduction_source | Optional | Optional | date_of_introduction | | | Name of and reference to the act regarding the introduction of the currency. |- !using_countries | '''Required''' | '''Required''' | | | | Italicize non-sovereign states, order them as appropriate in the context. Use of {{tl|flag}}, {{tl|flagcountry}}, or {{tl|flagicon}} recommended. See also [[Wikipedia:Inline templates linking country articles]]. |} ==== Inflation ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Attribute ! Live currency ! Dead currency ! Must use with ! Mutually exclusive with ! Default value ! Example / Style |- ! inflation_rate | Optional | Optional | | | | Do not put things like "(2001)" here. Use the next attribute. Don't put anything if you can't find it. Not a question mark. |- ! inflation_source_date | Optional | Optional | inflation_rate | | | Wikipedia article<br/> [http://www.riksbank.com/templates/Page.aspx?id=12953 Sveriges Riksbank], August 2011<br/> ''[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2092.html The World Factbook]'', 2010 est.<br/> (prefer central bank data over CIA) |- ! inflation_method | Optional | Optional | inflation_rate | | | [[Consumer price index|CPI]], [[Consumer price index|CPI]] excluding real estate |} ==== ERM currencies ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Attribute ! Live currency ! Dead currency ! Must use with ! Mutually exclusive with ! Default value ! Example / Style |- ! ERM_since | Optional | Optional | | pegged_with (unless ERM_withdraw is present) | | |- ! ERM_withdraw | Optional | Optional | ERM_since | | | Date (for pound sterling and Italian lira) |- ! ERM_fixed_rate_since | Optional | Optional | ERM_since | pegged_with | | |- ! euro_replace_non_cash | Optional | Optional | ERM_since | pegged_with | | 1 January 1999 |- ! euro_replace_cash | Optional | Optional | ERM_since | pegged_with | | 1 January 2002 |- ! ERM_fixed_rate | Optional | Optional | ERM_since | pegged_with | | "5.94573 mk", not "1 euro = 5.94573 mk". Use symbol if possible. |- ! ERM_band | Optional | Optional | ERM_since | pegged_with | | "15%", not "±15%" |} ==== Pegging ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Attribute ! Live currency ! Dead currency ! Must use with ! Mutually exclusive with ! Default value ! Example / Style |- ! pegged_with | Optional | Optional | | ERM_* | | [[euro]] = 3 units. If the rate is defined that way, do not put the inverse rate like 1 unit = 0.333333 euro. |- ! pegged_by | Optional | Optional | | | | Use ISO 4217 Code if the list gets too long |} ==== Subunits ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Attribute ! Live currency ! Dead currency ! Must use with ! Mutually exclusive with ! Default value ! Example / Style |- ! subunit_ratio_{1..5} | Optional | Optional | Preceding subunit_ratio_*<br/>Matching subunit_name_(1..5} | | | 1/100, 1/20, 1/240 |- ! subunit_name_{1..5} | Optional | Optional | Matching subunit_ratio_{1..5} | | | Cent (currency), shilling, penny, and '''do not confuse centavo, centimo, centime, and centesimo'''. Link the subunit only if there's an article. |- ! subunit_inline_note_{1..5} | Optional | Optional | Matching subunit_name_{1..5} | | | This is so small that it is not used in practice |- ! superunit_ratio_{1..5} | Optional | Optional | | | | |- ! superunit_name_{1..5} | Optional | Optional | | | | |- ! superunit_inline_note_{1..5} | Optional | Optional | | | | |- ! symbol | Optional | Optional | | | | €, £, $. Link to the articles of the currency symbols if exist (e.g. dollar sign, pound sign) |- ! symbol_subunit_{1..5} | Optional | Optional | Matching subunit_name_(1..5} | | | ¢ |} ==== Nicknames ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Attribute ! Live currency ! Dead currency ! Must use with ! Mutually exclusive with ! Default value ! Example / Style |- ! nickname | Optional | Optional | | | | [[quid]], [[buck]]/[[greenback]], [[loonie]]/[[loonie|huard]] |- ! nickname_subunit_{1..5} | Optional | Optional | Matching subunit_name_(1..5} | | | penny |} ==== Plurals ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Attribute ! Live currency ! Dead currency ! Must use with ! Mutually exclusive with ! Default value ! Example / Style |- ! plural | Optional | Optional | | plural_slavic, no_plural | | emalangeni (use this is the it doesn't follow English grammar) |- ! plural_slavic | Optional | Optional | | plural, plural_subunit_{1..5}, no_plural | | Put any non-empty value to enable the Slavic notice. See Russian ruble for example. |- ! no_plural | Optional | Optional | | plural, plural_subunit_{1..5}, plural_slavic | | Put any non-empty value to enable the no-plural notice. See New Taiwan dollar for example. |- ! plural_subunit_{1..5} | Optional | Optional | Matching subunit_name_(1..5}, | plural_slavic, no_plural | | aurer (of Iceland) |} ==== Frequency (coins) ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Attribute ! Live currency ! Dead currency ! Must use with ! Mutually exclusive with ! Default value ! Example / Style |- ! used_coins | Optional | Optional | | frequently_used_coins, rarely_used_coins | | See below |- ! frequently_used_coins | Optional | Optional | | used_coins | | See below |- ! rarely_used_coins | Optional | Optional | | used_coins | | See below |- ! coin_article | Optional | Optional | | | | [[United States coinage]] |- |} * Use symbol if possible. But it has to be correct down to the position and the spacing. If you are not sure, fall back to the full name. Central bank websites are a good source for authoritative information. :'''Correct:''' ::$1, 10¢, £5, 500 Kč :'''Incorrect:''' ::1$, $ 1, 10 ¢, ¢10, £ 5, 5£, 500Kč, Kč 500 *If the symbol is behind the numeral, then put the symbol after the last one. :'''Recommended:''' ::20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 5000 Sk :'''Not recommended:''' ::20 Sk, 50 Sk, 100 Sk, 200 Sk, 500 Sk, 1000 Sk, 5000 Sk * Use the representation on the coin/banknote, e.g. if it says '''"100 cents"''', then it's "100 cents", not "1 dollar"; if it says '''"½ franc"''', then it's not "50 centimes" * Use ½ and ¼, not 1/2 or 1/4 * If the list involves both the subunits and the main unit, do not add a new line after the subunit. For example, :'''Recommended:''' ::10p, 20p, 50p, £1 :'''Not recommended:''' ::10p, 20p, 50p<br/>£1 :However, add a new line with <nowiki><br/></nowiki> after the subunit '''if and only if''' the total number of lines remains the same. :'''Recommended:''' ::10p, 20p, 50p<br/> ::£1, £2, £5 :'''Not recommended:''' ::10p, 20p, 50p, £1, £2,<br/> ::£5 * Do not put "and" before the last one, e.g. '''"1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 yuan"''', not "1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 yuan" * For a large numbers, write like these :* 1000 (no space, no comma) :* 10&nbsp;000 (with &amp;nbsp;, not a regular space) :* 100&nbsp;000 (with &amp;nbsp;, not a regular space) :* 1&nbsp;000&nbsp;000 (with &amp;nbsp;, not a regular space) :* 10⁷ (or higher) (use {{tl|e}} if the number doesn't start with 1) Frequent v.s. rare comments: * Smallest coins: :* recently and officially phased out (e.g. 10 and 20 h of Czech koruna, 5 New Zealand cents) :* not used in practice because of small value (1 and 5 South Korean won (maybe it's official now...)) * Denominations in the middle :* Ask yourself this question: if you are given change when conducting a daily activity, and denomination X is required to make a mathematically minimal number of coins and banknotes. Would you receive denomination X? This applies to US 50¢ (historical reason about silver stuff in the 60s) and 20 New Taiwan dollars (a new denomination lacks government support and campaign). * Banknotes that are being replaced by coins (I know this happens all the time, but I just can't think of one that is ongoing right now) * Large denominations :* Ask yourself this question: do ATMs give this denomination. The answer is no for US$50 and US$100. This question also applies to denominations in the middle, e.g. ATMs in Iceland dispense 500, 1000, and 5000 króna notes, making 2000 krónur "rarely used" :* Ask yourself this question: When someone buys an electronic that is worth several times of the largest and pays by cash. Is it more likely to use denomination X? You might be thinking, "why do these simple words 'rare' and 'frequent' have to turn into these long definitions?" The bottom line is, '''these definitions have everything to do with the usage in daily life'''. And the issuance number quoted by the central banks/governments have little meaning in this sense, as a lot of them can be used for interbank transactions, hoarded by tax evaders and drug dealers (I hope this is not "daily life"), by casinos, and in the hands of foreigners. '''And only use these attributes when you are very sure. If you are not, fall back to a single list where rarely and frequently are not distinguished.''' ==== Frequency (notes) ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Attribute ! Live currency ! Dead currency ! Must use with ! Mutually exclusive with ! Default value ! Example / Style |- ! used_banknotes | Optional | Optional | | frequently_used_banknotes, rarely_used_banknotes | | See above |- ! frequently_used_banknotes | Optional | Optional | | used_banknotes | | See above |- ! rarely_used_banknotes | Optional | Optional | | used_banknotes | | See above |- ! banknote_article | Optional | Optional | | | | [[Banknotes of the Hong Kong dollar]] |- |} ==== Production ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Attribute ! Live currency ! Dead currency ! Must use with ! Mutually exclusive with ! Default value ! Example / Style |- ! printer | Optional | Optional | | | | Central Printing Shop * Like issuing_authority |- ! printer_website | Optional | Optional | printer | | | www.komsep.com * Like issuing_authority_website, if printer_override_with_original_text is not present |- ! printer_override_with_original_text | Optional | Optional | printer | | | Put any non-empty value to enable "original text" of printer. For example, <nowiki>[http://www.bportugal.pt/ Banco de Portugal]<br/> [http://www.bankofgreece.gr/ Bank of Greece]]</nowiki> |- ! mint | Optional | Optional | | | | Utopian Mint * Like issuing_authority |- ! mint_website | Optional | Optional | mint | | | www.swissmint.ch * Like printer_website |- ! mint_override_with_original_text | Optional | Optional | mint | | | Like printer_override_with_original_text |- ! obsolete_notice | Optional | Optional | | | | Put any non-empty value to enable the obsolete notice. See German mark for example. |- ! footnotes | Optional | Optional | | | | |} <includeonly> <!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --> [[Category:Numismatics infobox templates|Currency]] <!-- ADD INTERWIKIS BELOW THIS LINE --> </includeonly> 3f178a8990b04d4b25639bb9135b844b53d392b0 241 2013-03-28T10:43:33Z DixonDBot 0 Migrating 35 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q6453809]] {{documentation subpage}} <!-- EDIT TEMPLATE DOCUMENTATION BELOW THIS LINE --> === Usage === Here is an empty template with some of the most commonly used parameters: <pre style="overflow: auto"> {{ infobox currency | currency_name_in_local = | image_1 = | image_title_1 = | iso_code = | issuing_authority = | issuing_authority_website = | date_of_introduction = | date_of_introduction_source = | using_countries = | inflation_rate = | inflation_source_date = ''[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2092.html The World Factbook]'', 2010 est. | subunit_ratio_1 = 1/100 | subunit_name_1 = | symbol = | symbol_subunit_1 = | nickname = | nickname_subunit_1 = | plural = | plural_subunit_1 = | frequently_used_coins = | rarely_used_coins = | frequently_used_banknotes = | rarely_used_banknotes = }} </pre> ;Euro related: <pre style="overflow: auto"> {{ infobox currency | currency_name_in_local = | image_1 = | image_title_1 = | iso_code = | issuing_authority = | issuing_authority_website = | date_of_introduction = | date_of_introduction_source = | using_countries = | inflation_rate = | inflation_source_date = ''[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2092.html The World Factbook]'', 2010 est. | ERM_since = | ERM_fixed_rate_since = | euro_replace_non_cash = | euro_replace_cash = | ERM_fixed_rate = | ERM_band = | subunit_ratio_1 = 1/100 | subunit_name_1 = | symbol = | plural = | plural_subunit_1 = | frequently_used_coins = | rarely_used_coins = | frequently_used_banknotes = | rarely_used_banknotes = }} </pre> ;Full syntax <pre style="overflow: auto"> {{ infobox currency | currency_name = | currency_name_in_local = | image_1 = | image_background_1 = | image_title_1 = | image_width_1 = | image_2 = | image_background_2 = | image_title_2 = | image_width_2 = | iso_code = | issuing_authority = | issuing_authority_title = | issuing_authority_website = | date_of_introduction = | date_of_introduction_source = | unofficial_users = | using_countries = | inflation_rate = | inflation_source_date = | inflation_method = | ERM_since = | ERM_withdraw = | ERM_fixed_rate_since = | euro_replace_non_cash = | euro_replace_cash = | ERM_fixed_rate = | ERM_band = | pegged_with = | pegged_by = | superunit_ratio_1 = <!-- thru |superunit_ratio_5 = --> | superunit_name_1 = | superunit_inline_note_1 = | subunit_ratio_1 = <!-- thru |subunit_ratio_5 = --> | subunit_name_1 = | subunit_inline_note_1 = | symbol = | symbol_subunit_1 = <!-- thru |symbol_subunit_5 = --> | nickname = | nickname_subunit_1 = <!-- thru |nickname_subunit_5 = --> | plural = | plural_slavic = | no_plural = | plural_subunit_1 = <!-- thru |plural_subunit_5 = --> | used_coins = | frequently_used_coins = | rarely_used_coins = | coin_article = | used_banknotes = | frequently_used_banknotes = | rarely_used_banknotes = | banknote_article = | printer = | printer_website = | printer_override_with_original_text = | mint = | mint_website = | mint_override_with_original_text = | obsolete_notice = | footnotes = }} </pre> === Parameters === This is a complete list of usage. If things get large, use {{tl|Collapsible list}} wisely. ==== Basic parameters ==== {| class="wikitable" ! Attribute ! Live currency ! Dead currency ! Must use with ! Mutually exclusive with ! Default value ! Example / Style |- ! currency_name | Optional | Optional | | | <nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki> | To override the very first line in the infobox |- valign="top" ! currency_name_in_local | Optional | Optional | | | | <small><nowiki>Suomen markka <small>{{fi icon}}</small><br/> Finska mark <small>{{sv icon}}</small></nowiki></small> * All official languages of the issuing authority, plus all that appear on the physical currencies. But exclude languages that appear on motto ("E Pluribus Unum", of the US, "Dieu et mon droit" of UK, if it ever appears) that are in such languages for historical reasons, and regional languages on rotation (the don't-be-stupid clause). * It is better missing than to guess. It is ok to be missing. * In some languages, indefinite/definite articles are part of the nouns, such as the [[North Germanic languages]]. Use indefinite singular form. Example: [[Faroese króna]]. After all, you wouldn't write "le franc français" in French franc's infobox, right? * One line per spelling. Use language icons found at [[:Category:Language icons]]. If hypothetically Australia, Spain and Portugal all use the [[Australian dollar]], then the infobox would have <small><nowiki> dólar australiano <small>{{es icon}} {{pt icon}}</small> </nowiki></small> * Use capitalization rule as if it is '''in the middle of a sentence''' in that language. For example, "franc français", not "Franc français", nor "franc Français". |- ! image_1 | Optional | Optional | | | | |- ! image_2 | Optional | Optional | | | | |- ! image_title_1 | Optional | Optional | image_1 | | | |- ! image_title_2 | Optional | Optional | image_2 | | | |- ! image_background_1 | Optional | Optional | image_1 | | (none) | #000000 |- ! image_background_2 | Optional | Optional | image_2 | | (none) | #000000 |- ! image_width_1 | Optional | Optional | image_1 | | 126 / 252 | rowspan="2"| A positive integer, no "px". See [[East Caribbean dollar]], [[Polish złoty]], [[Slovenian tolar]], [[Chilean peso]], [[Portuguese escudo]], [[Bangladeshi taka]], [[Cypriot pound]], [[Romanian leu]], [[Turkmenistani manat]], [[Luxembourgian franc]], and [[Falkland Islands pound]] for examples. |- ! image_width_2 | Optional | Optional | image_2 | | 126 |} ==== Usage ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Attribute ! Live currency ! Dead currency ! Must use with ! Mutually exclusive with ! Default value ! Example / Style |- ! iso_code | '''Required''' | Optional | | | | Don't put anything if you can't find it. Not a question mark. |- ! issuing_authority | Optional | Optional | | | | Central Bank of xyz * If this exists in the infobox, remove duplicate wiki link from the article's '''"See also"''' section |- ! issuing_authority_title | Optional | Optional | issuing_authority | | Central bank | Monetary authority, currency board |- ! issuing_authority_website | Optional | Optional | issuing_authority | | | www.ecb.eu * '''(do not put "http://")''' and it is recommended that you don't put the trailing / * If this exists in the infobox, remove duplicate link from the article's '''"External link"''' section |- !date_of_introduction | Optional | Optional | | | | 16 August 1965 * The date when the issuing authority introduced the medium of currency. Not to be confused with adoption by a country or other entity. |- !date_of_introduction_source | Optional | Optional | date_of_introduction | | | Name of and reference to the act regarding the introduction of the currency. |- !using_countries | '''Required''' | '''Required''' | | | | Italicize non-sovereign states, order them as appropriate in the context. Use of {{tl|flag}}, {{tl|flagcountry}}, or {{tl|flagicon}} recommended. See also [[Wikipedia:Inline templates linking country articles]]. |} ==== Inflation ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Attribute ! Live currency ! Dead currency ! Must use with ! Mutually exclusive with ! Default value ! Example / Style |- ! inflation_rate | Optional | Optional | | | | Do not put things like "(2001)" here. Use the next attribute. Don't put anything if you can't find it. Not a question mark. |- ! inflation_source_date | Optional | Optional | inflation_rate | | | Wikipedia article<br/> [http://www.riksbank.com/templates/Page.aspx?id=12953 Sveriges Riksbank], August 2011<br/> ''[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2092.html The World Factbook]'', 2010 est.<br/> (prefer central bank data over CIA) |- ! inflation_method | Optional | Optional | inflation_rate | | | [[Consumer price index|CPI]], [[Consumer price index|CPI]] excluding real estate |} ==== ERM currencies ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Attribute ! Live currency ! Dead currency ! Must use with ! Mutually exclusive with ! Default value ! Example / Style |- ! ERM_since | Optional | Optional | | pegged_with (unless ERM_withdraw is present) | | |- ! ERM_withdraw | Optional | Optional | ERM_since | | | Date (for pound sterling and Italian lira) |- ! ERM_fixed_rate_since | Optional | Optional | ERM_since | pegged_with | | |- ! euro_replace_non_cash | Optional | Optional | ERM_since | pegged_with | | 1 January 1999 |- ! euro_replace_cash | Optional | Optional | ERM_since | pegged_with | | 1 January 2002 |- ! ERM_fixed_rate | Optional | Optional | ERM_since | pegged_with | | "5.94573 mk", not "1 euro = 5.94573 mk". Use symbol if possible. |- ! ERM_band | Optional | Optional | ERM_since | pegged_with | | "15%", not "±15%" |} ==== Pegging ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Attribute ! Live currency ! Dead currency ! Must use with ! Mutually exclusive with ! Default value ! Example / Style |- ! pegged_with | Optional | Optional | | ERM_* | | [[euro]] = 3 units. If the rate is defined that way, do not put the inverse rate like 1 unit = 0.333333 euro. |- ! pegged_by | Optional | Optional | | | | Use ISO 4217 Code if the list gets too long |} ==== Subunits ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Attribute ! Live currency ! Dead currency ! Must use with ! Mutually exclusive with ! Default value ! Example / Style |- ! subunit_ratio_{1..5} | Optional | Optional | Preceding subunit_ratio_*<br/>Matching subunit_name_(1..5} | | | 1/100, 1/20, 1/240 |- ! subunit_name_{1..5} | Optional | Optional | Matching subunit_ratio_{1..5} | | | Cent (currency), shilling, penny, and '''do not confuse centavo, centimo, centime, and centesimo'''. Link the subunit only if there's an article. |- ! subunit_inline_note_{1..5} | Optional | Optional | Matching subunit_name_{1..5} | | | This is so small that it is not used in practice |- ! superunit_ratio_{1..5} | Optional | Optional | | | | |- ! superunit_name_{1..5} | Optional | Optional | | | | |- ! superunit_inline_note_{1..5} | Optional | Optional | | | | |- ! symbol | Optional | Optional | | | | €, £, $. Link to the articles of the currency symbols if exist (e.g. dollar sign, pound sign) |- ! symbol_subunit_{1..5} | Optional | Optional | Matching subunit_name_(1..5} | | | ¢ |} ==== Nicknames ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Attribute ! Live currency ! Dead currency ! Must use with ! Mutually exclusive with ! Default value ! Example / Style |- ! nickname | Optional | Optional | | | | [[quid]], [[buck]]/[[greenback]], [[loonie]]/[[loonie|huard]] |- ! nickname_subunit_{1..5} | Optional | Optional | Matching subunit_name_(1..5} | | | penny |} ==== Plurals ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Attribute ! Live currency ! Dead currency ! Must use with ! Mutually exclusive with ! Default value ! Example / Style |- ! plural | Optional | Optional | | plural_slavic, no_plural | | emalangeni (use this is the it doesn't follow English grammar) |- ! plural_slavic | Optional | Optional | | plural, plural_subunit_{1..5}, no_plural | | Put any non-empty value to enable the Slavic notice. See Russian ruble for example. |- ! no_plural | Optional | Optional | | plural, plural_subunit_{1..5}, plural_slavic | | Put any non-empty value to enable the no-plural notice. See New Taiwan dollar for example. |- ! plural_subunit_{1..5} | Optional | Optional | Matching subunit_name_(1..5}, | plural_slavic, no_plural | | aurer (of Iceland) |} ==== Frequency (coins) ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Attribute ! Live currency ! Dead currency ! Must use with ! Mutually exclusive with ! Default value ! Example / Style |- ! used_coins | Optional | Optional | | frequently_used_coins, rarely_used_coins | | See below |- ! frequently_used_coins | Optional | Optional | | used_coins | | See below |- ! rarely_used_coins | Optional | Optional | | used_coins | | See below |- ! coin_article | Optional | Optional | | | | [[United States coinage]] |- |} * Use symbol if possible. But it has to be correct down to the position and the spacing. If you are not sure, fall back to the full name. Central bank websites are a good source for authoritative information. :'''Correct:''' ::$1, 10¢, £5, 500 Kč :'''Incorrect:''' ::1$, $ 1, 10 ¢, ¢10, £ 5, 5£, 500Kč, Kč 500 *If the symbol is behind the numeral, then put the symbol after the last one. :'''Recommended:''' ::20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 5000 Sk :'''Not recommended:''' ::20 Sk, 50 Sk, 100 Sk, 200 Sk, 500 Sk, 1000 Sk, 5000 Sk * Use the representation on the coin/banknote, e.g. if it says '''"100 cents"''', then it's "100 cents", not "1 dollar"; if it says '''"½ franc"''', then it's not "50 centimes" * Use ½ and ¼, not 1/2 or 1/4 * If the list involves both the subunits and the main unit, do not add a new line after the subunit. For example, :'''Recommended:''' ::10p, 20p, 50p, £1 :'''Not recommended:''' ::10p, 20p, 50p<br/>£1 :However, add a new line with <nowiki><br/></nowiki> after the subunit '''if and only if''' the total number of lines remains the same. :'''Recommended:''' ::10p, 20p, 50p<br/> ::£1, £2, £5 :'''Not recommended:''' ::10p, 20p, 50p, £1, £2,<br/> ::£5 * Do not put "and" before the last one, e.g. '''"1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 yuan"''', not "1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 yuan" * For a large numbers, write like these :* 1000 (no space, no comma) :* 10&nbsp;000 (with &amp;nbsp;, not a regular space) :* 100&nbsp;000 (with &amp;nbsp;, not a regular space) :* 1&nbsp;000&nbsp;000 (with &amp;nbsp;, not a regular space) :* 10⁷ (or higher) (use {{tl|e}} if the number doesn't start with 1) Frequent v.s. rare comments: * Smallest coins: :* recently and officially phased out (e.g. 10 and 20 h of Czech koruna, 5 New Zealand cents) :* not used in practice because of small value (1 and 5 South Korean won (maybe it's official now...)) * Denominations in the middle :* Ask yourself this question: if you are given change when conducting a daily activity, and denomination X is required to make a mathematically minimal number of coins and banknotes. Would you receive denomination X? This applies to US 50¢ (historical reason about silver stuff in the 60s) and 20 New Taiwan dollars (a new denomination lacks government support and campaign). * Banknotes that are being replaced by coins (I know this happens all the time, but I just can't think of one that is ongoing right now) * Large denominations :* Ask yourself this question: do ATMs give this denomination. The answer is no for US$50 and US$100. This question also applies to denominations in the middle, e.g. ATMs in Iceland dispense 500, 1000, and 5000 króna notes, making 2000 krónur "rarely used" :* Ask yourself this question: When someone buys an electronic that is worth several times of the largest and pays by cash. Is it more likely to use denomination X? You might be thinking, "why do these simple words 'rare' and 'frequent' have to turn into these long definitions?" The bottom line is, '''these definitions have everything to do with the usage in daily life'''. And the issuance number quoted by the central banks/governments have little meaning in this sense, as a lot of them can be used for interbank transactions, hoarded by tax evaders and drug dealers (I hope this is not "daily life"), by casinos, and in the hands of foreigners. '''And only use these attributes when you are very sure. If you are not, fall back to a single list where rarely and frequently are not distinguished.''' ==== Frequency (notes) ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Attribute ! Live currency ! Dead currency ! Must use with ! Mutually exclusive with ! Default value ! Example / Style |- ! used_banknotes | Optional | Optional | | frequently_used_banknotes, rarely_used_banknotes | | See above |- ! frequently_used_banknotes | Optional | Optional | | used_banknotes | | See above |- ! rarely_used_banknotes | Optional | Optional | | used_banknotes | | See above |- ! banknote_article | Optional | Optional | | | | [[Banknotes of the Hong Kong dollar]] |- |} ==== Production ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Attribute ! Live currency ! Dead currency ! Must use with ! Mutually exclusive with ! Default value ! Example / Style |- ! printer | Optional | Optional | | | | Central Printing Shop * Like issuing_authority |- ! printer_website | Optional | Optional | printer | | | www.komsep.com * Like issuing_authority_website, if printer_override_with_original_text is not present |- ! printer_override_with_original_text | Optional | Optional | printer | | | Put any non-empty value to enable "original text" of printer. For example, <nowiki>[http://www.bportugal.pt/ Banco de Portugal]<br/> [http://www.bankofgreece.gr/ Bank of Greece]]</nowiki> |- ! mint | Optional | Optional | | | | Utopian Mint * Like issuing_authority |- ! mint_website | Optional | Optional | mint | | | www.swissmint.ch * Like printer_website |- ! mint_override_with_original_text | Optional | Optional | mint | | | Like printer_override_with_original_text |- ! obsolete_notice | Optional | Optional | | | | Put any non-empty value to enable the obsolete notice. See German mark for example. |- ! footnotes | Optional | Optional | | | | |} <includeonly> <!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --> [[Category:Numismatics infobox templates|Currency]] <!-- ADD INTERWIKIS BELOW THIS LINE --> </includeonly> 3f178a8990b04d4b25639bb9135b844b53d392b0 10 50 143 142 2013-04-29T12:30:29Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <includeonly>{{{{{subst|}}}#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{{{subst|}}}#expr:(((({{{1|}}})*12+({{{2|1}}})+57608.5 round 0)/12-1.5 round 0)*1461/4-0.5 round 0)-(((({{{1|}}})*12+({{{2|1}}})+57608.5 round 0)/12-1.5 round 0)/100-0.5 round 0)+(((({{{1|}}})*12+({{{2|1}}})+57608.5 round 0)/12-1.5 round 0)/400-0.5 round 0)+(((({{{2|1}}})+57608.5 round 0)mod 12+4)*153/5-0.5 round 0)+({{{3|1}}})+({{{4|12}}})/24+({{{5|0}}})/1440+({{{6|0}}})/86400-32167.5}}|Parameter 1=''year'' required!}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{template doc}} </noinclude> 0d75a673071f0af83960ab5acb83aaa3c6ca27a6 142 2010-10-04T15:29:56Z WOSlinker 0 remove {{pp-template}} <includeonly>{{{{{subst|}}}#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{{{subst|}}}#expr:(((({{{1|}}})*12+({{{2|1}}})+57608.5 round 0)/12-1.5 round 0)*1461/4-0.5 round 0)-(((({{{1|}}})*12+({{{2|1}}})+57608.5 round 0)/12-1.5 round 0)/100-0.5 round 0)+(((({{{1|}}})*12+({{{2|1}}})+57608.5 round 0)/12-1.5 round 0)/400-0.5 round 0)+(((({{{2|1}}})+57608.5 round 0)mod 12+4)*153/5-0.5 round 0)+({{{3|1}}})+({{{4|12}}})/24+({{{5|0}}})/1440+({{{6|0}}})/86400-32167.5}}|Parameter 1=''year'' required!}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{template doc}} </noinclude> 0d75a673071f0af83960ab5acb83aaa3c6ca27a6 10 150 342 341 2013-04-29T15:31:03Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <!--{{Lead rewrite}} begin-->{{Ambox | name = Lead rewrite | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly><includeonly>substcheck}}</includeonly> | type = style | class = ambox-lead_rewrite | issue = The '''[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|lead section of this article]] may need to be rewritten.''' {{#if:{{{reason|}}}|The reason given is: '''{{{reason}}}'''.}} | fix = Please discuss this issue on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|talk page]] and read the [[Wikipedia:Layout guide|layout guide]] to make sure the section will be inclusive of all essential details. | cat = Wikipedia introduction cleanup | all = All pages needing cleanup | cat2 = Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify | all2 = All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify | date = {{{date|}}} }}<!--{{Lead rewrite}} end--><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 56f22807291d05c573aad81e7109d91b06213b70 341 2012-11-22T01:29:46Z Ahnoneemoos 0 <!--{{Lead rewrite}} begin-->{{Ambox | name = Lead rewrite | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly><includeonly>substcheck}}</includeonly> | type = style | class = ambox-lead_rewrite | issue = The '''[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|lead section of this article]] may need to be rewritten.''' {{#if:{{{reason|}}}|The reason given is: '''{{{reason}}}'''.}} | fix = Please discuss this issue on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|talk page]] and read the [[Wikipedia:Layout guide|layout guide]] to make sure the section will be inclusive of all essential details. | cat = Wikipedia introduction cleanup | all = All pages needing cleanup | cat2 = Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify | all2 = All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify | date = {{{date|}}} }}<!--{{Lead rewrite}} end--><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 56f22807291d05c573aad81e7109d91b06213b70 10 140 322 321 2013-04-29T15:31:01Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <span id="interwiki-{{{1}}}-ga"></span><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 490b5f086a63506d58452f634c3fbac1adc7cacc 321 2010-10-04T15:34:15Z WOSlinker 0 remove {{pp-template}} <span id="interwiki-{{{1}}}-ga"></span><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 490b5f086a63506d58452f634c3fbac1adc7cacc 10 51 145 144 2013-04-29T12:30:29Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#switch:{{MONTHNUMBER|{{{1}}}}}|1=January|2=February|3=March|4=April|5=May|6=June|7=July|8=August|9=September|10=October|11=November|12=December|Incorrect required parameter 1=''month''!}}|Missing required parameter 1=''month''!}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 25327282f70efd1189b70245a0e23509f3bb65e6 144 2010-10-04T15:40:38Z WOSlinker 0 remove {{pp-template}} <includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#switch:{{MONTHNUMBER|{{{1}}}}}|1=January|2=February|3=March|4=April|5=May|6=June|7=July|8=August|9=September|10=October|11=November|12=December|Incorrect required parameter 1=''month''!}}|Missing required parameter 1=''month''!}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 25327282f70efd1189b70245a0e23509f3bb65e6 10 52 147 146 2013-04-29T12:30:29Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}} |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{1}}}}} |january|jan=1 |february|feb=2 |march|mar=3 |apr|april=4 |may=5 |june|jun=6 |july|jul=7 |august|aug=8 |september|sep|sept=9 |october|oct=10 |november|nov=11 |december|dec=12 |{{#ifexpr:{{{1}}}<0 |{{#ifexpr:(({{{1}}})round 0)!=({{{1}}}) |{{#expr:12-(((0.5-({{{1}}}))round 0)mod 12)}} |{{#expr:12-(((11.5-({{{1}}}))round 0)mod 12)}} }} |{{#expr:(((10.5+{{{1}}})round 0)mod 12)+1}} }} }} |Missing required parameter 1=''month''! }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> c2ade663b96231e493986cd17b454923da290098 146 2010-10-04T15:40:33Z WOSlinker 0 remove {{pp-template}} <includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}} |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{1}}}}} |january|jan=1 |february|feb=2 |march|mar=3 |apr|april=4 |may=5 |june|jun=6 |july|jul=7 |august|aug=8 |september|sep|sept=9 |october|oct=10 |november|nov=11 |december|dec=12 |{{#ifexpr:{{{1}}}<0 |{{#ifexpr:(({{{1}}})round 0)!=({{{1}}}) |{{#expr:12-(((0.5-({{{1}}}))round 0)mod 12)}} |{{#expr:12-(((11.5-({{{1}}}))round 0)mod 12)}} }} |{{#expr:(((10.5+{{{1}}})round 0)mod 12)+1}} }} }} |Missing required parameter 1=''month''! }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> c2ade663b96231e493986cd17b454923da290098 10 120 282 281 2013-04-29T15:30:57Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{Rellink|extraclasses=relarticle mainarticle|{{#ifeq:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}|Category|The main {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE:{{{1}}}}}||article|page}}{{#if:{{{2|}}}|s}} for this [[Wikipedia:Categorization|category]] {{#if:{{{2|}}}|are|is}}|Main {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE:{{{1}}}}}||article|page}}{{#if:{{{2|}}}|s}}:}} [[{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|{{{l1|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{2| }}} |{{#if:{{{3|}}}|,&#32;|&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{2}}}|{{{l2|{{{2}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{3|}}} |{{#if:{{{4|}}}|,&#32;|,&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{3}}}|{{{l3|{{{3}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{4|}}} |{{#if:{{{5|}}}|,&#32;|,&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{4}}}|{{{l4|{{{4}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{5|}}} |{{#if:{{{6|}}}|,&#32;|,&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{5}}}|{{{l5|{{{5}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{6|}}} |{{#if:{{{7|}}}|,&#32;|,&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{6}}}|{{{l6|{{{6}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{7|}}} |{{#if:{{{8|}}}|,&#32;|,&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{7}}}|{{{l7|{{{7}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{8|}}} |{{#if:{{{9|}}}|,&#32;|,&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{8}}}|{{{l8|{{{8}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{9|}}} |{{#if:{{{10|}}}|,&#32;|,&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{9}}}|{{{l9|{{{9}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{10|}}} |, and [[{{{10}}}|{{{l10|{{{10}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{11| }}}|&#32; (too many parameters in &#123;&#123;[[Template:main|main]]&#125;&#125;)}}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 9fe745a250f754c56d4f72b86fe2eccf08b52682 281 2011-04-19T09:44:39Z Rich Farmbrough 0 Add namespace check, and plurals checks to category invocation. {{Rellink|extraclasses=relarticle mainarticle|{{#ifeq:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}|Category|The main {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE:{{{1}}}}}||article|page}}{{#if:{{{2|}}}|s}} for this [[Wikipedia:Categorization|category]] {{#if:{{{2|}}}|are|is}}|Main {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE:{{{1}}}}}||article|page}}{{#if:{{{2|}}}|s}}:}} [[{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|{{{l1|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{2| }}} |{{#if:{{{3|}}}|,&#32;|&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{2}}}|{{{l2|{{{2}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{3|}}} |{{#if:{{{4|}}}|,&#32;|,&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{3}}}|{{{l3|{{{3}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{4|}}} |{{#if:{{{5|}}}|,&#32;|,&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{4}}}|{{{l4|{{{4}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{5|}}} |{{#if:{{{6|}}}|,&#32;|,&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{5}}}|{{{l5|{{{5}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{6|}}} |{{#if:{{{7|}}}|,&#32;|,&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{6}}}|{{{l6|{{{6}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{7|}}} |{{#if:{{{8|}}}|,&#32;|,&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{7}}}|{{{l7|{{{7}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{8|}}} |{{#if:{{{9|}}}|,&#32;|,&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{8}}}|{{{l8|{{{8}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{9|}}} |{{#if:{{{10|}}}|,&#32;|,&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{9}}}|{{{l9|{{{9}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{10|}}} |, and [[{{{10}}}|{{{l10|{{{10}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{11| }}}|&#32; (too many parameters in &#123;&#123;[[Template:main|main]]&#125;&#125;)}}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 9fe745a250f754c56d4f72b86fe2eccf08b52682 10 6 95 79 2013-04-29T11:32:21Z Cyrus 1 [[Image:Litecoin-logo.png|left|200px|Litecoin.]] '''[[Litecoin |Litecoin]]''' is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that it can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations (2.5 minutes on average) and uses memory-hard, scrypt-based mining proof-of-work algorithm to target the regular computers and GPUs most people already have. The Litecoin network is scheduled to produce 84 million currency units. One of the aims of Litecoin was to provide a mining algorithm that could run at the same time, on the same hardware used to mine bitcoins. With the rise of specialized ASICs for Bitcoin, Litecoin continues to satisfy these goals. It is unlikely for ASIC mining to be developed for Litecoin until the currency is widely used. :''Sourced from [http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org] '''Litecoin-Qt:''' {|style="background-color: inherit;" | * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-win32-setup.exe '''Windows (exe)'''] 9 MB * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-linux.tar.gz '''GNU/Linux (tar.gz)'''] 11 MB * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-macosx.dmg '''Mac OS X (dmg)'''] 11 MB * [https://github.com/litecoin-project '''Litecoin-QT source code on GitHub'''] |} [https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/downloads '''Other Downloads'''] 6009acc8a74a83df251253f82429306751b91619 79 65 2013-04-29T10:35:28Z Cyrus 1 [[Image:Litecoin-logo.png|left|200px|Litecoin.]] [[Litecoin]] is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that it can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations (2.5 minutes on average) and uses memory-hard, scrypt-based mining proof-of-work algorithm to target the regular computers and GPUs most people already have. The Litecoin network is scheduled to produce 84 million currency units. One of the aims of Litecoin was to provide a mining algorithm that could run at the same time, on the same hardware used to mine bitcoins. With the rise of specialized ASICs for Bitcoin, Litecoin continues to satisfy these goals. It is unlikely for ASIC mining to be developed for Litecoin until the currency is widely used. :''Sourced from [http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org] '''Litecoin-Qt:''' {|style="background-color: inherit;" | * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-win32-setup.exe '''Windows (exe)'''] 9 MB * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-linux.tar.gz '''GNU/Linux (tar.gz)'''] 11 MB * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-macosx.dmg '''Mac OS X (dmg)'''] 11 MB * [https://github.com/litecoin-project '''Litecoin-QT source code on GitHub'''] |} [https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/downloads '''Other Downloads'''] 59fb0015bfcbeac7280cd0512784019731016028 65 56 2013-04-29T01:26:29Z Cyrus 1 [[Image:Litecoin-logo.png|left|200px|Litecoin.]] '''Litecoin''' is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that it can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations (2.5 minutes on average) and uses memory-hard, scrypt-based mining proof-of-work algorithm to target the regular computers and GPUs most people already have. The Litecoin network is scheduled to produce 84 million currency units. One of the aims of Litecoin was to provide a mining algorithm that could run at the same time, on the same hardware used to mine bitcoins. With the rise of specialized ASICs for Bitcoin, Litecoin continues to satisfy these goals. It is unlikely for ASIC mining to be developed for Litecoin until the currency is widely used. :''Sourced from [http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org] '''Litecoin-Qt:''' {|style="background-color: inherit;" | * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-win32-setup.exe '''Windows (exe)'''] 9 MB * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-linux.tar.gz '''GNU/Linux (tar.gz)'''] 11 MB * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-macosx.dmg '''Mac OS X (dmg)'''] 11 MB * [https://github.com/litecoin-project '''Litecoin-QT source code on GitHub'''] |} [https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/downloads '''Other Downloads'''] 2a7a6c0c83b442803ca2e79dc42a6d923c83c689 56 55 2013-04-29T01:02:38Z Cyrus 1 [[Image:Litecoin-logo.png|left|150px|Litecoin.]] '''Litecoin''' is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that it can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations (2.5 minutes on average) and uses memory-hard, scrypt-based mining proof-of-work algorithm to target the regular computers and GPUs most people already have. The Litecoin network is scheduled to produce 84 million currency units. One of the aims of Litecoin was to provide a mining algorithm that could run at the same time, on the same hardware used to mine bitcoins. With the rise of specialized ASICs for Bitcoin, Litecoin continues to satisfy these goals. It is unlikely for ASIC mining to be developed for Litecoin until the currency is widely used. :''Sourced from [http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org] '''Litecoin-Qt:''' {|style="background-color: inherit;" | * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-win32-setup.exe '''Windows (exe)'''] 9 MB * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-linux.tar.gz '''GNU/Linux (tar.gz)'''] 11 MB * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-macosx.dmg '''Mac OS X (dmg)'''] 11 MB * [https://github.com/litecoin-project '''Litecoin-QT source code on GitHub'''] |} [https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/downloads '''Other Downloads'''] 93422c66d269477a47f56dda92af5b4e8ea38f78 55 53 2013-04-29T01:01:20Z Cyrus 1 [[Image:Litecoin-logo.png|left|200px|Litecoin.]] '''Litecoin''' is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that it can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations (2.5 minutes on average) and uses memory-hard, scrypt-based mining proof-of-work algorithm to target the regular computers and GPUs most people already have. The Litecoin network is scheduled to produce 84 million currency units. One of the aims of Litecoin was to provide a mining algorithm that could run at the same time, on the same hardware used to mine bitcoins. With the rise of specialized ASICs for Bitcoin, Litecoin continues to satisfy these goals. It is unlikely for ASIC mining to be developed for Litecoin until the currency is widely used. :''Sourced from [http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org] '''Litecoin-Qt:''' {|style="background-color: inherit;" | * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-win32-setup.exe '''Windows (exe)'''] 9 MB * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-linux.tar.gz '''GNU/Linux (tar.gz)'''] 11 MB * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-macosx.dmg '''Mac OS X (dmg)'''] 11 MB * [https://github.com/litecoin-project '''Litecoin-QT source code on GitHub'''] |} [https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/downloads '''Other Downloads'''] 2a7a6c0c83b442803ca2e79dc42a6d923c83c689 53 52 2013-04-29T00:58:05Z Cyrus 1 [[Image:Litecoin.png|left|200px|Litecoin.]] '''Litecoin''' is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that it can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations (2.5 minutes on average) and uses memory-hard, scrypt-based mining proof-of-work algorithm to target the regular computers and GPUs most people already have. The Litecoin network is scheduled to produce 84 million currency units. One of the aims of Litecoin was to provide a mining algorithm that could run at the same time, on the same hardware used to mine bitcoins. With the rise of specialized ASICs for Bitcoin, Litecoin continues to satisfy these goals. It is unlikely for ASIC mining to be developed for Litecoin until the currency is widely used. :''Sourced from [http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org] '''Litecoin-Qt:''' {|style="background-color: inherit;" | * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-win32-setup.exe '''Windows (exe)'''] 9 MB * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-linux.tar.gz '''GNU/Linux (tar.gz)'''] 11 MB * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-macosx.dmg '''Mac OS X (dmg)'''] 11 MB * [https://github.com/litecoin-project '''Litecoin-QT source code on GitHub'''] |} [https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/downloads '''Other Downloads'''] 23d5eb04e647a9bdbffb19c7f2a1486cdc155b2a 52 51 2013-04-29T00:57:43Z Cyrus 1 [[Image:Litecoin.png|left|200px|Bitcoin usage worldwide.]] '''Litecoin''' is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that it can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations (2.5 minutes on average) and uses memory-hard, scrypt-based mining proof-of-work algorithm to target the regular computers and GPUs most people already have. The Litecoin network is scheduled to produce 84 million currency units. One of the aims of Litecoin was to provide a mining algorithm that could run at the same time, on the same hardware used to mine bitcoins. With the rise of specialized ASICs for Bitcoin, Litecoin continues to satisfy these goals. It is unlikely for ASIC mining to be developed for Litecoin until the currency is widely used. :''Sourced from [http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org] '''Litecoin-Qt:''' {|style="background-color: inherit;" | * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-win32-setup.exe '''Windows (exe)'''] 9 MB * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-linux.tar.gz '''GNU/Linux (tar.gz)'''] 11 MB * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-macosx.dmg '''Mac OS X (dmg)'''] 11 MB * [https://github.com/litecoin-project '''Litecoin-QT source code on GitHub'''] |} [https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/downloads '''Other Downloads'''] 3a2876536a068043a4415f7e501e06273e7a1e5a 51 36 2013-04-29T00:57:04Z Cyrus 1 [[Image:Bitcoin world map.png|left|200px|Bitcoin usage worldwide.]] '''Litecoin''' is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that it can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations (2.5 minutes on average) and uses memory-hard, scrypt-based mining proof-of-work algorithm to target the regular computers and GPUs most people already have. The Litecoin network is scheduled to produce 84 million currency units. One of the aims of Litecoin was to provide a mining algorithm that could run at the same time, on the same hardware used to mine bitcoins. With the rise of specialized ASICs for Bitcoin, Litecoin continues to satisfy these goals. It is unlikely for ASIC mining to be developed for Litecoin until the currency is widely used. :''Sourced from [http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org] '''Litecoin-Qt:''' {|style="background-color: inherit;" | * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-win32-setup.exe '''Windows (exe)'''] 9 MB * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-linux.tar.gz '''GNU/Linux (tar.gz)'''] 11 MB * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-macosx.dmg '''Mac OS X (dmg)'''] 11 MB * [https://github.com/litecoin-project '''Litecoin-QT source code on GitHub'''] |} [https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/downloads '''Other Downloads'''] f7c83cfa6f8a6896978120c2e4f5c3551f8dc654 36 34 2013-04-29T00:26:34Z Cyrus 1 '''Litecoin''' is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that it can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations (2.5 minutes on average) and uses memory-hard, scrypt-based mining proof-of-work algorithm to target the regular computers and GPUs most people already have. The Litecoin network is scheduled to produce 84 million currency units. One of the aims of Litecoin was to provide a mining algorithm that could run at the same time, on the same hardware used to mine bitcoins. With the rise of specialized ASICs for Bitcoin, Litecoin continues to satisfy these goals. It is unlikely for ASIC mining to be developed for Litecoin until the currency is widely used. :''Sourced from [http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org] '''Litecoin-Qt:''' {|style="background-color: inherit;" | * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-win32-setup.exe '''Windows (exe)'''] 9 MB * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-linux.tar.gz '''GNU/Linux (tar.gz)'''] 11 MB * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-macosx.dmg '''Mac OS X (dmg)'''] 11 MB * [https://github.com/litecoin-project '''Litecoin-QT source code on GitHub'''] |} [https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/downloads '''Other Downloads'''] c724d521eac5ef8ec05c4005f47496fa90d37cff 34 33 2013-04-29T00:22:53Z Cyrus 1 '''Litecoin''' is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that it can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations (2.5 minutes on average) and uses memory-hard, scrypt-based mining proof-of-work algorithm to target the regular computers and GPUs most people already have. The Litecoin network is scheduled to produce 84 million currency units. One of the aims of Litecoin was to provide a mining algorithm that could run at the same time, on the same hardware used to mine bitcoins. With the rise of specialized ASICs for Bitcoin, Litecoin continues to satisfy these goals. It is unlikely for ASIC mining to be developed for Litecoin until the currency is widely used. :''Sourced from [http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org] '''Litecoin-Qt:''' {|style="background-color: inherit;" | * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-win32-setup.exe '''Windows (exe)'''] 9 MB * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-linux.tar.gz '''GNU/Linux (tar.gz)'''] 11 MB * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-macosx.dmg '''Mac OS X (dmg)'''] 11 MB * [https://github.com/litecoin-project '''Litecoin-QT source code on GitHub'''] |} 3a327f3fbbd6593287f6485eb3134c3f7fec39a7 33 32 2013-04-29T00:18:49Z Cyrus 1 '''Litecoin''' is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that it can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations (2.5 minutes on average) and uses memory-hard, scrypt-based mining proof-of-work algorithm to target the regular computers and GPUs most people already have. The Litecoin network is scheduled to produce 84 million currency units. One of the aims of Litecoin was to provide a mining algorithm that could run at the same time, on the same hardware used to mine bitcoins. With the rise of specialized ASICs for Bitcoin, Litecoin continues to satisfy these goals. It is unlikely for ASIC mining to be developed for Litecoin until the currency is widely used. :''Sourced from [http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org] '''Litecoin-Qt:''' {|style="background-color: inherit;" | * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-win32-setup.exe '''Windows (exe)'''] * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-linux.tar.gz '''GNU/Linux'''] 13 MB * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-macosx.dmg '''Mac OS X'''] 12 MB |} 0fb0f02fb8c943eb6e190a79b0fc855607755c00 32 31 2013-04-29T00:17:49Z Cyrus 1 '''Litecoin''' is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that it can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations (2.5 minutes on average) and uses memory-hard, scrypt-based mining proof-of-work algorithm to target the regular computers and GPUs most people already have. The Litecoin network is scheduled to produce 84 million currency units. One of the aims of Litecoin was to provide a mining algorithm that could run at the same time, on the same hardware used to mine bitcoins. With the rise of specialized ASICs for Bitcoin, Litecoin continues to satisfy these goals. It is unlikely for ASIC mining to be developed for Litecoin until the currency is widely used. :''Sourced from [http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org] '''Litecoin-Qt:''' {|style="background-color: inherit;" | * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-win32-setup.exe '''Windows (exe)'''] 10 MB [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-win32.zip/download '''(zip)'''] 14 MB * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-linux.tar.gz '''GNU/Linux'''] 13 MB * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-macosx.dmg '''Mac OS X'''] 12 MB |} b13ac5c61b08a4838e725e61e1e2db27af32736a 31 30 2013-04-29T00:15:43Z Cyrus 1 '''Litecoin''' is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that it can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations (2.5 minutes on average) and uses memory-hard, scrypt-based mining proof-of-work algorithm to target the regular computers and GPUs most people already have. The Litecoin network is scheduled to produce 84 million currency units. One of the aims of Litecoin was to provide a mining algorithm that could run at the same time, on the same hardware used to mine bitcoins. With the rise of specialized ASICs for Bitcoin, Litecoin continues to satisfy these goals. It is unlikely for ASIC mining to be developed for Litecoin until the currency is widely used. :''Sourced from [http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org] '''Litecoin-Qt:''' {|style="background-color: inherit;" | * [https://github.com/downloads/litecoin-project/litecoin/litecoin-0.6.3c-win32-setup.exe '''Windows (exe)'''] 10 MB [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-win32.zip/download '''(zip)'''] 14 MB |} d78ba1ef9e23bc9249599f5e1edcbe70d928ce9b 30 29 2013-04-29T00:14:59Z Cyrus 1 '''Litecoin''' is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that it can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations (2.5 minutes on average) and uses memory-hard, scrypt-based mining proof-of-work algorithm to target the regular computers and GPUs most people already have. The Litecoin network is scheduled to produce 84 million currency units. One of the aims of Litecoin was to provide a mining algorithm that could run at the same time, on the same hardware used to mine bitcoins. With the rise of specialized ASICs for Bitcoin, Litecoin continues to satisfy these goals. It is unlikely for ASIC mining to be developed for Litecoin until the currency is widely used. :''Sourced from [http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org] '''Litecoin-Qt:''' {|style="background-color: inherit;" | * [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-win32-setup.exe/download '''Windows (exe)'''] 10 MB [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-win32.zip/download '''(zip)'''] 14 MB |} 283d420a33adbaf6256ba600ceb5b10b2cb39ef0 29 28 2013-04-29T00:14:26Z Cyrus 1 '''Litecoin''' is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that it can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations (2.5 minutes on average) and uses memory-hard, scrypt-based mining proof-of-work algorithm to target the regular computers and GPUs most people already have. The Litecoin network is scheduled to produce 84 million currency units. One of the aims of Litecoin was to provide a mining algorithm that could run at the same time, on the same hardware used to mine bitcoins. With the rise of specialized ASICs for Bitcoin, Litecoin continues to satisfy these goals. It is unlikely for ASIC mining to be developed for Litecoin until the currency is widely used. :''Sourced from [http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org] '''Litecoin-Qt:''' df4468cec722fe172eec2029f3239e3d66fd9f76 28 27 2013-04-29T00:14:16Z Cyrus 1 '''Litecoin''' is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that it can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations (2.5 minutes on average) and uses memory-hard, scrypt-based mining proof-of-work algorithm to target the regular computers and GPUs most people already have. The Litecoin network is scheduled to produce 84 million currency units. One of the aims of Litecoin was to provide a mining algorithm that could run at the same time, on the same hardware used to mine bitcoins. With the rise of specialized ASICs for Bitcoin, Litecoin continues to satisfy these goals. It is unlikely for ASIC mining to be developed for Litecoin until the currency is widely used. :''Sourced from [http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org] '''Litecoin-Qt:''' c6c7a1896d8d2c7d684140bf1da6a63e4c5b7765 27 26 2013-04-29T00:12:16Z Cyrus 1 '''Litecoin''' is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that it can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations (2.5 minutes on average) and uses memory-hard, scrypt-based mining proof-of-work algorithm to target the regular computers and GPUs most people already have. The Litecoin network is scheduled to produce 84 million currency units. One of the aims of Litecoin was to provide a mining algorithm that could run at the same time, on the same hardware used to mine bitcoins. With the rise of specialized ASICs for Bitcoin, Litecoin continues to satisfy these goals. It is unlikely for ASIC mining to be developed for Litecoin until the currency is widely used. :''Sourced from [http://litecoin.org Litecoin.org] 783b87e158267da136f349b815c47e5816112531 26 25 2013-04-29T00:11:14Z Cyrus 1 '''Litecoin''' is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that it can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations (2.5 minutes on average) and uses memory-hard, scrypt-based mining proof-of-work algorithm to target the regular computers and GPUs most people already have. The Litecoin network is scheduled to produce 84 million currency units. One of the aims of Litecoin was to provide a mining algorithm that could run at the same time, on the same hardware used to mine bitcoins. With the rise of specialized ASICs for Bitcoin, Litecoin continues to satisfy these goals. It is unlikely for ASIC mining to be developed for Litecoin until the currency is widely used. dc4bde720c1c8593e8b687298fd6acb447e83663 25 24 2013-04-29T00:10:53Z Cyrus 1 [[Image: litecoin-logo.png|left|200px|Litecoin.]] '''Litecoin''' is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that it can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations (2.5 minutes on average) and uses memory-hard, scrypt-based mining proof-of-work algorithm to target the regular computers and GPUs most people already have. The Litecoin network is scheduled to produce 84 million currency units. One of the aims of Litecoin was to provide a mining algorithm that could run at the same time, on the same hardware used to mine bitcoins. With the rise of specialized ASICs for Bitcoin, Litecoin continues to satisfy these goals. It is unlikely for ASIC mining to be developed for Litecoin until the currency is widely used. 0e965e4e73a2cd773be2d6d01446c602d8346edb 24 23 2013-04-29T00:10:34Z Cyrus 1 [[Image: litecoin-logo.png|left|200px|Bitcoin usage worldwide.]] '''Litecoin''' is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that it can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations (2.5 minutes on average) and uses memory-hard, scrypt-based mining proof-of-work algorithm to target the regular computers and GPUs most people already have. The Litecoin network is scheduled to produce 84 million currency units. One of the aims of Litecoin was to provide a mining algorithm that could run at the same time, on the same hardware used to mine bitcoins. With the rise of specialized ASICs for Bitcoin, Litecoin continues to satisfy these goals. It is unlikely for ASIC mining to be developed for Litecoin until the currency is widely used. 1adc151b857f53de392c98b25b6bf610cd16bf07 23 22 2013-04-29T00:09:23Z Cyrus 1 [[Image:Bitcoin litecoin-logo.png|left|200px|Bitcoin usage worldwide.]] '''Litecoin''' is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that it can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations (2.5 minutes on average) and uses memory-hard, scrypt-based mining proof-of-work algorithm to target the regular computers and GPUs most people already have. The Litecoin network is scheduled to produce 84 million currency units. One of the aims of Litecoin was to provide a mining algorithm that could run at the same time, on the same hardware used to mine bitcoins. With the rise of specialized ASICs for Bitcoin, Litecoin continues to satisfy these goals. It is unlikely for ASIC mining to be developed for Litecoin until the currency is widely used. 25ad06c3f79b237b57eee5951fd8446c9e65e7ef 22 2013-04-29T00:07:44Z Cyrus 1 Created page with "'''Litecoin''' is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that i..." '''Litecoin''' is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on the Bitcoin protocol but differs from Bitcoin in that it can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations (2.5 minutes on average) and uses memory-hard, scrypt-based mining proof-of-work algorithm to target the regular computers and GPUs most people already have. The Litecoin network is scheduled to produce 84 million currency units. One of the aims of Litecoin was to provide a mining algorithm that could run at the same time, on the same hardware used to mine bitcoins. With the rise of specialized ASICs for Bitcoin, Litecoin continues to satisfy these goals. It is unlikely for ASIC mining to be developed for Litecoin until the currency is widely used. dc4bde720c1c8593e8b687298fd6acb447e83663 10 7 474 473 2013-04-30T18:04:04Z Cyrus 1 <!-- First table is for tutorials. Left column = pages written for end users. Right column = pages for developers. Second table is for categories. --> {|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;" |- | scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | * [[Introduction]] * [http://litecoin.org/ Litecoin.org] * [[Myths]] * [[Bitcoin and Litecoin Comparison]] * [[Securing your wallet]] * [[Mining hardware comparison]] * [[Faucets]] | scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | * [[PHP developer intro]] * [[Litecoin API Calls List]] * [[Node Litecoin]] * [[Protocol specification]] * [[Secure Trading|Best practices for traders]] * [[Litecoin Improvement Proposals]] |} {|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;" |- ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | |- | * [[Software]] * [[Mining]] * [[:Category:Exchanges|Exchanges]] * [[:Category:Directories|Local Directories]] * [[:Category:Marketing|Marketing resources]] * [[People]] | * [[:Category:Technical|Technical articles]] * [[:Category:Clients|Clients]] / [[:Category:Frontends|Frontends]] * [[:Category:Economics|Economics]] * [[Trade|Businesses (Trade)]] * [[:Category:Games|Games]] * [[Real world shops|Real world merchants map]] * [[Donation-accepting_organizations_and_projects|Donation-accepting sites]] |} <div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"><span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Template:MainPage_Topics|action=edit}} '''Edit''']</span> &ndash; '''[[Special:Categories|See More]]'''</div> df84d28ee7ceecb82e169f0c5eb5edcbd26e82e8 473 466 2013-04-30T17:58:26Z Cyrus 1 <!-- First table is for tutorials. Left column = pages written for end users. Right column = pages for developers. Second table is for categories. --> {|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;" |- | scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | * [[Introduction]] * [http://litecoin.org/ Litecoin.org] * [[Myths]] * [[Comparison between Bitcoin and Litecoin]] * [[Securing your wallet]] * [[Mining hardware comparison]] * [[Faucets]] | scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | * [[PHP developer intro]] * [[Litecoin API Calls List]] * [[Node Litecoin]] * [[Protocol specification]] * [[Secure Trading|Best practices for traders]] * [[Litecoin Improvement Proposals]] |} {|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;" |- ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | |- | * [[Software]] * [[Mining]] * [[:Category:Exchanges|Exchanges]] * [[:Category:Directories|Local Directories]] * [[:Category:Marketing|Marketing resources]] * [[People]] | * [[:Category:Technical|Technical articles]] * [[:Category:Clients|Clients]] / [[:Category:Frontends|Frontends]] * [[:Category:Economics|Economics]] * [[Trade|Businesses (Trade)]] * [[:Category:Games|Games]] * [[Real world shops|Real world merchants map]] * [[Donation-accepting_organizations_and_projects|Donation-accepting sites]] |} <div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"><span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Template:MainPage_Topics|action=edit}} '''Edit''']</span> &ndash; '''[[Special:Categories|See More]]'''</div> 55c1a3428d3b0b4ed42693b4f866fba6942419a4 466 465 2013-04-30T17:23:14Z Cyrus 1 <!-- First table is for tutorials. Left column = pages written for end users. Right column = pages for developers. Second table is for categories. --> {|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;" |- | scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | * [[Introduction]] * [http://litecoin.org/ Litecoin.org] * [[Myths]] * [[Securing your wallet]] * [[Mining hardware comparison]] * [[Faucets]] | scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | * [[PHP developer intro]] * [[Litecoin API Calls List]] * [[Node Litecoin]] * [[Protocol specification]] * [[Secure Trading|Best practices for traders]] * [[Litecoin Improvement Proposals]] |} {|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;" |- ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | |- | * [[Software]] * [[Mining]] * [[:Category:Exchanges|Exchanges]] * [[:Category:Directories|Local Directories]] * [[:Category:Marketing|Marketing resources]] * [[People]] | * [[:Category:Technical|Technical articles]] * [[:Category:Clients|Clients]] / [[:Category:Frontends|Frontends]] * [[:Category:Economics|Economics]] * [[Trade|Businesses (Trade)]] * [[:Category:Games|Games]] * [[Real world shops|Real world merchants map]] * [[Donation-accepting_organizations_and_projects|Donation-accepting sites]] |} <div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"><span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Template:MainPage_Topics|action=edit}} '''Edit''']</span> &ndash; '''[[Special:Categories|See More]]'''</div> c89d091a9820b7c5e08e0f2591962d62a4f60462 465 401 2013-04-30T17:22:28Z Cyrus 1 <!-- First table is for tutorials. Left column = pages written for end users. Right column = pages for developers. Second table is for categories. --> {|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;" |- | scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | * [[Introduction]] * [http://litecoin.org/ Litecoin.org] * [[Myths]] * [[Securing your wallet]] * [[Mining hardware comparison]] * [[Faucets]] | scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | * [[PHP developer intro]] * [[Litecoin API Calls List]] * [[Protocol specification]] * [[Secure Trading|Best practices for traders]] * [[Litecoin Improvement Proposals]] |} {|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;" |- ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | |- | * [[Software]] * [[Mining]] * [[:Category:Exchanges|Exchanges]] * [[:Category:Directories|Local Directories]] * [[:Category:Marketing|Marketing resources]] * [[People]] | * [[:Category:Technical|Technical articles]] * [[:Category:Clients|Clients]] / [[:Category:Frontends|Frontends]] * [[:Category:Economics|Economics]] * [[Trade|Businesses (Trade)]] * [[:Category:Games|Games]] * [[Real world shops|Real world merchants map]] * [[Donation-accepting_organizations_and_projects|Donation-accepting sites]] |} <div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"><span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Template:MainPage_Topics|action=edit}} '''Edit''']</span> &ndash; '''[[Special:Categories|See More]]'''</div> 33619299190cd4ccb3a7fcac4f6b0d7a39683061 401 96 2013-04-29T15:35:31Z Cyrus 1 <!-- First table is for tutorials. Left column = pages written for end users. Right column = pages for developers. Second table is for categories. --> {|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;" |- | scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | * [[Introduction]] * [http://litecoin.org/ Litecoin.org] * [[Myths]] * [[Securing your wallet]] * [[Mining hardware comparison]] * [[Faucets]] | scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | * [[PHP developer intro]] * [[API reference (JSON-RPC)]] * [[Protocol specification]] * [[Secure Trading|Best practices for traders]] * [[Litecoin Improvement Proposals]] |} {|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;" |- ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | |- | * [[Software]] * [[Mining]] * [[:Category:Exchanges|Exchanges]] * [[:Category:Directories|Local Directories]] * [[:Category:Marketing|Marketing resources]] * [[People]] | * [[:Category:Technical|Technical articles]] * [[:Category:Clients|Clients]] / [[:Category:Frontends|Frontends]] * [[:Category:Economics|Economics]] * [[Trade|Businesses (Trade)]] * [[:Category:Games|Games]] * [[Real world shops|Real world merchants map]] * [[Donation-accepting_organizations_and_projects|Donation-accepting sites]] |} <div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"><span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Template:MainPage_Topics|action=edit}} '''Edit''']</span> &ndash; '''[[Special:Categories|See More]]'''</div> d5932accbd6fe2e2dd25017a3b80d67533289307 96 71 2013-04-29T11:36:04Z Cyrus 1 <!-- First table is for tutorials. Left column = pages written for end users. Right column = pages for developers. Second table is for categories. --> {|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;" |- | scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | * [[Introduction]] * [http://litecoin.org/ Litecoin.org] * [[Myths]] * [[Securing your wallet]] * [[Mining hardware comparison]] | scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | * [[PHP developer intro]] * [[API reference (JSON-RPC)]] * [[Protocol specification]] * [[Secure Trading|Best practices for traders]] * [[Litecoin Improvement Proposals]] |} {|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;" |- ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | |- | * [[Software]] * [[Mining]] * [[:Category:Exchanges|Exchanges]] * [[:Category:Directories|Local Directories]] * [[:Category:Marketing|Marketing resources]] * [[People]] | * [[:Category:Technical|Technical articles]] * [[:Category:Clients|Clients]] / [[:Category:Frontends|Frontends]] * [[:Category:Economics|Economics]] * [[Trade|Businesses (Trade)]] * [[:Category:Games|Games]] * [[Real world shops|Real world merchants map]] * [[Donation-accepting_organizations_and_projects|Donation-accepting sites]] |} <div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"><span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Template:MainPage_Topics|action=edit}} '''Edit''']</span> &ndash; '''[[Special:Categories|See More]]'''</div> 21f8629873dc6b40472cb5e8307b64b387608aab 71 70 2013-04-29T01:35:15Z Cyrus 1 <!-- First table is for tutorials. Left column = pages written for end users. Right column = pages for developers. Second table is for categories. --> {|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;" |- | scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | * [[Introduction]] * [http://www.weusecoins.com/getting-started.php Getting started] * [[Myths]] * [[Securing your wallet]] * [[Mining hardware comparison]] | scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | * [[PHP developer intro]] * [[API reference (JSON-RPC)]] * [[Protocol specification]] * [[Secure Trading|Best practices for traders]] * [[Litecoin Improvement Proposals]] |} {|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;" |- ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | |- | * [[Software]] * [[Mining]] * [[:Category:Exchanges|Exchanges]] * [[:Category:Directories|Local Directories]] * [[:Category:Marketing|Marketing resources]] * [[People]] | * [[:Category:Technical|Technical articles]] * [[:Category:Clients|Clients]] / [[:Category:Frontends|Frontends]] * [[:Category:Economics|Economics]] * [[Trade|Businesses (Trade)]] * [[:Category:Games|Games]] * [[Real world shops|Real world merchants map]] * [[Donation-accepting_organizations_and_projects|Donation-accepting sites]] |} <div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"><span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Template:MainPage_Topics|action=edit}} '''Edit''']</span> &ndash; '''[[Special:Categories|See More]]'''</div> 9aef73e6b5c4cbe347d7532697fccbf905a201f9 70 69 2013-04-29T01:34:13Z Cyrus 1 <!-- First table is for tutorials. Left column = pages written for end users. Right column = pages for developers. Second table is for categories. --> {|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;" |- | scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | * [[Introduction]] * [http://www.weusecoins.com/getting-started.php Getting started] * [[Myths]] * [[Securing your wallet]] * [[Mining Hardware Comparison]] | scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | * [[PHP developer intro]] * [[API reference (JSON-RPC)]] * [[Protocol specification]] * [[Secure Trading|Best practices for traders]] * [[Litecoin Improvement Proposals]] |} {|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;" |- ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | |- | * [[Software]] * [[Mining]] * [[:Category:Exchanges|Exchanges]] * [[:Category:Directories|Local Directories]] * [[:Category:Marketing|Marketing resources]] * [[People]] | * [[:Category:Technical|Technical articles]] * [[:Category:Clients|Clients]] / [[:Category:Frontends|Frontends]] * [[:Category:Economics|Economics]] * [[Trade|Businesses (Trade)]] * [[:Category:Games|Games]] * [[Real world shops|Real world merchants map]] * [[Donation-accepting_organizations_and_projects|Donation-accepting sites]] |} <div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"><span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Template:MainPage_Topics|action=edit}} '''Edit''']</span> &ndash; '''[[Special:Categories|See More]]'''</div> aef79daad3a70622847507be1f0838b61fd817e6 69 68 2013-04-29T01:31:29Z Cyrus 1 <!-- First table is for tutorials. Left column = pages written for end users. Right column = pages for developers. Second table is for categories. --> {|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;" |- | scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | * [[Introduction]] * [http://www.weusecoins.com/getting-started.php Getting started] * [[Myths]] * [[Securing your wallet]] | scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | * [[PHP developer intro]] * [[API reference (JSON-RPC)]] * [[Protocol specification]] * [[Secure Trading|Best practices for traders]] * [[Litecoin Improvement Proposals]] |} {|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;" |- ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | |- | * [[Software]] * [[Mining]] * [[:Category:Exchanges|Exchanges]] * [[:Category:Directories|Local Directories]] * [[:Category:Marketing|Marketing resources]] * [[People]] | * [[:Category:Technical|Technical articles]] * [[:Category:Clients|Clients]] / [[:Category:Frontends|Frontends]] * [[:Category:Economics|Economics]] * [[Trade|Businesses (Trade)]] * [[:Category:Games|Games]] * [[Real world shops|Real world merchants map]] * [[Donation-accepting_organizations_and_projects|Donation-accepting sites]] |} <div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"><span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Template:MainPage_Topics|action=edit}} '''Edit''']</span> &ndash; '''[[Special:Categories|See More]]'''</div> c27311e3eabb1a62ca3cef4fb3e5582f4b66fd7a 68 39 2013-04-29T01:31:09Z Cyrus 1 <!-- First table is for tutorials. Left column = pages written for end users. Right column = pages for developers. Second table is for categories. --> {|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;" |- | scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | * [[Introduction]] * [http://www.weusecoins.com/getting-started.php Getting started] * [[Myths]] * [[Securing your wallet]] | scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | * [[PHP developer intro]] * [[API reference (JSON-RPC)]] * [[Protocol specification]] * [[Secure Trading|Best practices for traders]] * [[Litecoin Improvement Proposals]] |} {|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;" |- ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | |- | * [[Software]] * [[Mining]] * [[:Category:Exchanges|Exchanges]] * [[:Category:Directories|Local Directories]] * [[:Category:Marketing|Marketing resources]] * [[People]] | * [[:Category:Technical|Technical articles]] * [[:Category:Clients|Clients]] / [[:Category:Frontends|Frontends]] * [[:Category:Economics|Economics]] * [[Trade|Businesses (Trade)]] * [[:Category:Games|Games]] * [[Real world shops|Real world merchants map]] * [[Donation-accepting_organizations_and_projects|Donation-accepting sites]] * [[Meetups]] |} <div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"><span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Template:MainPage_Topics|action=edit}} '''Edit''']</span> &ndash; '''[[Special:Categories|See More]]'''</div> d493c12c4983b26f799712710f1a40652f14f001 39 2013-04-29T00:34:52Z Cyrus 1 Created page with "<!-- First table is for tutorials. Left column = pages written for end users. Right column = pages for developers. Second table is for categories. --> {|cellpadding="2" style..." <!-- First table is for tutorials. Left column = pages written for end users. Right column = pages for developers. Second table is for categories. --> {|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;" |- | scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | * [[Introduction]] * [http://www.weusecoins.com/getting-started.php Getting started] * [[Myths]] * [[Securing your wallet]] | scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | * [[PHP developer intro]] * [[API reference (JSON-RPC)]] * [[Protocol specification]] * [[Secure Trading|Best practices for traders]] * [[Bitcoin Improvement Proposals]] |} {|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;" |- ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | |- | * [[Software]] * [[Mining]] * [[:Category:Exchanges|Exchanges]] * [[:Category:Directories|Local Directories]] * [[:Category:Marketing|Marketing resources]] * [[People]] | * [[:Category:Technical|Technical articles]] * [[:Category:Clients|Clients]] / [[:Category:Frontends|Frontends]] * [[:Category:Economics|Economics]] * [[Trade|Businesses (Trade)]] * [[:Category:Games|Games]] * [[Real world shops|Real world merchants map]] * [[Donation-accepting_organizations_and_projects|Donation-accepting sites]] * [[Meetups]] |} <div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"><span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Template:MainPage_Topics|action=edit}} '''Edit''']</span> &ndash; '''[[Special:Categories|See More]]'''</div> 48b56469a4bfa8c41ccb0b21034e3348e4d5ebf1 10 121 284 283 2013-04-29T15:30:57Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#switch: <!--If no or empty "demospace" parameter then detect namespace--> {{#if:{{{demospace|}}} | {{lc: {{{demospace}}} }} <!--Use lower case "demospace"--> | {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}} | main | other }} }} | main = {{{1|}}} | other | #default = {{{2|}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> c8e5526da7586aff37928206e183ceef44ed7829 283 2010-10-04T14:46:48Z WOSlinker 0 remove {{pp-template}} {{#switch: <!--If no or empty "demospace" parameter then detect namespace--> {{#if:{{{demospace|}}} | {{lc: {{{demospace}}} }} <!--Use lower case "demospace"--> | {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}} | main | other }} }} | main = {{{1|}}} | other | #default = {{{2|}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> c8e5526da7586aff37928206e183ceef44ed7829 10 96 234 233 2013-04-29T12:55:04Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{ {{namespace detect | demospace = {{{demospace|}}} | main = ambox | talk = tmbox | file = imbox | category = cmbox | other = ombox }} | type = {{{type|}}} | image = {{{image|}}} | imageright = {{{imageright|}}} | class = {{{class|}}} | style = {{{style|}}} | textstyle = {{{textstyle|}}} | text = {{{text}}} | small = {{{small|}}} | smallimage = {{{smallimage|}}} | smallimageright = {{{smallimageright|}}} | smalltext = {{{smalltext|}}} | subst = {{{subst|}}} | date = {{{date|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 2274b2f8c04458f5aa3c136395b86f7b6d40266c 233 2012-06-19T19:47:59Z MSGJ 0 pass name for benefit of ambox {{ {{namespace detect | demospace = {{{demospace|}}} | main = ambox | talk = tmbox | file = imbox | category = cmbox | other = ombox }} | type = {{{type|}}} | image = {{{image|}}} | imageright = {{{imageright|}}} | class = {{{class|}}} | style = {{{style|}}} | textstyle = {{{textstyle|}}} | text = {{{text}}} | small = {{{small|}}} | smallimage = {{{smallimage|}}} | smallimageright = {{{smallimageright|}}} | smalltext = {{{smalltext|}}} | subst = {{{subst|}}} | date = {{{date|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 2274b2f8c04458f5aa3c136395b86f7b6d40266c 10 122 286 285 2013-04-29T15:30:57Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{Ambox |name = Multiple issues |doc = no |subst = <includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly><includeonly>substcheck}}</includeonly> |class = ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox |type = content |text = '''This {{#if:{{{section|}}} |section |article }} has multiple issues'''. 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}}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{incomplete|}}} | template = Incomplete | demospace = {{{demospace|}}} }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{in-universe|}}} | template = In-universe }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{lead missing|{{{intromissing|}}}}}} | template = Lead missing }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{lead rewrite|{{{introrewrite|}}}}}} | template = Lead rewrite }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{lead too long|{{{intro length|{{{intro-toolong|}}}}}}}}} | template = Lead too long }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{lead too short|{{{intro-tooshort|}}}}}} | template = Lead too short }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{like resume|{{{likeresume|}}}}}} | template = Like resume }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{news release|{{{newsrelease|}}}}}} | template = News release }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{notability|{{{notable|}}}}}} | template = Notability }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{original research|}}} | template = Original research }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{orphan|}}} | template = Orphan }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{out of date|}}} | template = Out of date }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{overly detailed|{{{fancruft|}}}}}} | template = Overly detailed }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{peacock|}}} | template = Peacock }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{plot|}}} | template = Plot }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{POV|{{{NPOV|{{{pov|{{{npov|}}}}}}}}}}}} | template = POV }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{POV-check|{{{pov-check|}}}}}} | template = POV-check }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{prose|}}} | template = Prose }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{over-quotation|{{{quote farm|}}}}}} | template = Over-quotation }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{recentism|}}} | template = Recentism }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{review|}}} | template = Review }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{sections|}}} | template = Sections }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{self-published|}}} | template = Self-published }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{story|}}} | template = Story }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{synthesis|}}} | template = Synthesis }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{technical|{{{jargon|}}}}}} | template = Technical }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{tone|{{{inappropriate tone|}}}}}} | template = Tone }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{travel guide|{{{travelguide|}}}}}} | template = Travel guide }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{trivia|}}} | template = Trivia }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{unbalanced|}}} | template = Unbalanced }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{very long|{{{long|{{{verylong|}}}}}}}}} | template = Very long }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{weasel|}}} | template = Weasel }} {{#ifeq:{{{2|a}}}|{{{2|b}}}|[[Category:Pages using multiple issues with incorrect parameters]]}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 0840da9e6171c5055fe712f7866665853d5cb9e1 285 2013-03-07T09:26:07Z MSGJ 0 rmv deprecated parameters "expert" and "update" {{Ambox |name = Multiple issues |doc = no |subst = <includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly><includeonly>substcheck}}</includeonly> |class = ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox |type = content |text = '''This {{#if:{{{section|}}} |section |article }} has multiple issues'''. Please help '''[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} improve it]''' or discuss these issues on the '''[[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|talk page]]'''.{{{1|}}}{{#if:{{{BLP unsourced|{{{BLPunsourced|}}}}}}| |{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{unreferenced|{{{unref|}}}}}} | template = Unreferenced }} }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{BLP unsourced|{{{BLPunsourced|}}}}}} | template = BLP unsourced }}{{#if:{{{BLP sources|{{{BLPsources|}}}}}}| |{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{refimprove|}}} | template = Refimprove }} }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{BLP sources|{{{BLPsources|}}}}}} | template = BLP sources }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{BLP IMDb-only refimprove|{{{BLP IMDB-only refimprove|}}}}}} | template = BLP IMDb-only refimprove }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{BLP IMDb refimprove|{{{BLP IMDB refimprove|}}}}}} | template = BLP IMDb refimprove }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{citation style|{{{citationstyle|{{{citation-style|}}}}}}}}} | template = Citation style }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{citecheck|{{{cite check|}}}}}} | template = Cite check }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{more footnotes|}}} | template = More footnotes }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{no footnotes|}}} | template = No footnotes }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{one source|{{{onesource|}}}}}} | template = One source }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{primary sources|{{{primarysources|}}}}}} | template = Primary sources }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{unreliable sources|{{{unreliable|}}}}}} | template = Unreliable sources }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{abbreviations|}}} | template = Abbreviations }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{advert|}}} | template = Advert }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{autobiography|}}} | template = Autobiography }}{{#if:{{{cleanup|}}} |{{Cleanup |1={{#if:{{{section|}}}|section}} |reason={{{reason|}}} |date={{Check date|{{{cleanup|}}}}} |demospace={{{demospace|}}} |nocat={{{nocat|}}} }} }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{cleanup-laundry|{{{laundrylists|{{{laundry|}}}}}}}}} | template = Cleanup-laundry }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{cleanup-link rot|{{{linkrot|}}}}}} | template = Cleanup-link rot }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{cleanup-reorganize|{{{restructure|{{{reorganisation|{{{organize|}}}}}}}}}}}} | template = Cleanup-reorganize }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{cleanup-rewrite|{{{rewrite|}}}}}} | template = Cleanup-rewrite }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{cleanup-spam|{{{spam|}}}}}} | template = Cleanup-spam }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{COI|{{{coi|}}}}}} | template = COI }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{colloquial|}}} | template = Colloquial }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{confusing|}}} | template = Confusing }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{context|}}} | template = Context }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{contradict|}}} | template = Contradict }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{copy edit|{{{copyedit|}}}}}} | template = Copy edit }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{criticism section|{{{criticisms|}}}}}} | template = Criticism section }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{crystal|}}} | template = Crystal }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{dead end|{{{deadend|}}}}}} | template = Dead end }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{disputed|}}} | template = Disputed }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{essay-like|{{{essay|}}}}}} | template = Essay-like }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{example farm|{{{examplefarm|}}}}}} | template = Example farm }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{external links|}}} | template = External links }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{fanpov|{{{fansite|}}}}}} | template = Fanpov }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{fiction|}}} | template = Fiction }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{game guide|{{{gameguide|}}}}}} | template = Game guide }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{globalize|}}} | template = Globalize }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{histinfo|}}} | template = Historical information needed }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{hoax|}}} | template = Hoax }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{howto|}}} | template = Howto }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{inappropriate person|}}} | template = Inappropriate person }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{incomplete|}}} | template = Incomplete | demospace = {{{demospace|}}} }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{in-universe|}}} | template = In-universe }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{lead missing|{{{intromissing|}}}}}} | template = Lead missing }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{lead rewrite|{{{introrewrite|}}}}}} | template = Lead rewrite }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{lead too long|{{{intro length|{{{intro-toolong|}}}}}}}}} | template = Lead too long }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{lead too short|{{{intro-tooshort|}}}}}} | template = Lead too short }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{like resume|{{{likeresume|}}}}}} | template = Like resume }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{news release|{{{newsrelease|}}}}}} | template = News release }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{notability|{{{notable|}}}}}} | template = Notability }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{original research|}}} | template = Original research }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{orphan|}}} | template = Orphan }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{out of date|}}} | template = Out of date }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{overly detailed|{{{fancruft|}}}}}} | template = Overly detailed }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{peacock|}}} | template = Peacock }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{plot|}}} | template = Plot }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{POV|{{{NPOV|{{{pov|{{{npov|}}}}}}}}}}}} | template = POV }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{POV-check|{{{pov-check|}}}}}} | template = POV-check }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{prose|}}} | template = Prose }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{over-quotation|{{{quote farm|}}}}}} | template = Over-quotation }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{recentism|}}} | template = Recentism }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{review|}}} | template = Review }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{sections|}}} | template = Sections }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{self-published|}}} | template = Self-published }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{story|}}} | template = Story }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{synthesis|}}} | template = Synthesis }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{technical|{{{jargon|}}}}}} | template = Technical }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{tone|{{{inappropriate tone|}}}}}} | template = Tone }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{travel guide|{{{travelguide|}}}}}} | template = Travel guide }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{trivia|}}} | template = Trivia }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{unbalanced|}}} | template = Unbalanced }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{very long|{{{long|{{{verylong|}}}}}}}}} | template = Very long }}{{Multiple issues/message|{{{section|}}} | name = {{{weasel|}}} | template = Weasel }} {{#ifeq:{{{2|a}}}|{{{2|b}}}|[[Category:Pages using multiple issues with incorrect parameters]]}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 0840da9e6171c5055fe712f7866665853d5cb9e1 10 123 288 287 2013-04-29T15:30:58Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#if:{{{name|}}} |{{ {{{template}}} |1={{#if:{{{1|}}}|section|article}} |date={{Check date|{{{name}}}}} |demospace={{{demospace|}}} }} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> d4759b42626303503526c5eb6dfcebae645eb778 287 2012-08-02T09:14:53Z MSGJ 0 undo my stupid edit {{#if:{{{name|}}} |{{ {{{template}}} |1={{#if:{{{1|}}}|section|article}} |date={{Check date|{{{name}}}}} |demospace={{{demospace|}}} }} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> d4759b42626303503526c5eb6dfcebae645eb778 10 177 396 395 2013-04-29T15:34:06Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {| class="wikitable" |- | <onlyinclude>style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: {{{align|center}}}; {{{style|}}}" class="table-na" <!-- -->| <small>{{#if:{{{sort|}}}|{{hs|{{{sort}}}}}}}{{{1|N/A}}}</small></onlyinclude> |} {{documentation}} df6f3c8ca9935af838d1f51e4c1dd9de65f926ae 395 2013-02-06T19:58:33Z Waldir 0 there's no reason the sort key needs to be a number {| class="wikitable" |- | <onlyinclude>style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: {{{align|center}}}; {{{style|}}}" class="table-na" <!-- -->| <small>{{#if:{{{sort|}}}|{{hs|{{{sort}}}}}}}{{{1|N/A}}}</small></onlyinclude> |} {{documentation}} df6f3c8ca9935af838d1f51e4c1dd9de65f926ae 10 53 149 148 2013-04-29T12:30:29Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#switch: {{lc: <!--Lower case the result--> <!--If no or empty "demospace" parameter then detect namespace--> {{#if:{{{demospace|}}} | {{{demospace}}} | {{#if:{{{page|}}} | <!--Detect the namespace in the "page" parameter--> {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE:{{{page}}} }}|{{TALKSPACE:{{{page}}} }} | talk | {{SUBJECTSPACE:{{{page}}} }} }} | <!--No "demospace" or "page" parameters, so detect actual namespace--> {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}} | talk | {{SUBJECTSPACE}} }} }} }} }} <!-- Only one of the lines below will be executed --> <!-- Respecting empty parameters on purpose --> | main <!--"demospace=main" or {{SUBJECTSPACE}}={{ns:0}}=""--> | = {{{main| {{{other|}}} }}} | talk = {{{talk| {{{other|}}} }}} | user = {{{user| {{{other|}}} }}} | wikipedia = {{{wikipedia| {{{other|}}} }}} | file | image = {{{file| {{{image| {{{other|}}} }}} }}} | mediawiki = {{{mediawiki| {{{other|}}} }}} | template = {{{template| {{{other|}}} }}} | help = {{{help| {{{other|}}} }}} | category = {{{category| {{{other|}}} }}} | portal = {{{portal| {{{other|}}} }}} | book = {{{book| {{{other|}}} }}} | other | #default = {{{other|}}} <!--"demospace=other" or a new namespace--> }}<!--End switch--><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> abc38ce22f99bcdfc5e14200a9368086074f46e8 148 2010-10-04T18:40:00Z WOSlinker 0 remove {{pp-template}} since included in {{documentation}} {{#switch: {{lc: <!--Lower case the result--> <!--If no or empty "demospace" parameter then detect namespace--> {{#if:{{{demospace|}}} | {{{demospace}}} | {{#if:{{{page|}}} | <!--Detect the namespace in the "page" parameter--> {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE:{{{page}}} }}|{{TALKSPACE:{{{page}}} }} | talk | {{SUBJECTSPACE:{{{page}}} }} }} | <!--No "demospace" or "page" parameters, so detect actual namespace--> {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}} | talk | {{SUBJECTSPACE}} }} }} }} }} <!-- Only one of the lines below will be executed --> <!-- Respecting empty parameters on purpose --> | main <!--"demospace=main" or {{SUBJECTSPACE}}={{ns:0}}=""--> | = {{{main| {{{other|}}} }}} | talk = {{{talk| {{{other|}}} }}} | user = {{{user| {{{other|}}} }}} | wikipedia = {{{wikipedia| {{{other|}}} }}} | file | image = {{{file| {{{image| {{{other|}}} }}} }}} | mediawiki = {{{mediawiki| {{{other|}}} }}} | template = {{{template| {{{other|}}} }}} | help = {{{help| {{{other|}}} }}} | category = {{{category| {{{other|}}} }}} | portal = {{{portal| {{{other|}}} }}} | book = {{{book| {{{other|}}} }}} | other | #default = {{{other|}}} <!--"demospace=other" or a new namespace--> }}<!--End switch--><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> abc38ce22f99bcdfc5e14200a9368086074f46e8 10 87 216 215 2013-04-29T12:55:02Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <includeonly><div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar {{#if:{{{mini|}}}|mini}}" style="{{{style|}}}"><!-- -->{{#if:{{{mini|}}}{{{plain|}}}|<!--nothing-->|<!--else: --><span style="word-spacing:0;{{{fontstyle|}}}">{{{text|This box:}}} </span>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{brackets|}}}|<span style="margin-right:-0.125em;{{{fontstyle|}}}">&#91;</span>}}<!-- --><ul><!-- --><li class="nv-view">[[{{transclude|{{{1}}}}}|<span title="View this template" <!-- -->style="{{{fontstyle|}}}">{{#if:{{{mini|}}}|v|view}}</span>]]</li><!-- --><li class="nv-talk">[[{{TALKPAGENAME:{{transclude|{{{1}}}}}}}|<span title="Discuss this template" <!-- -->style="{{{fontstyle|}}}">{{#if:{{{mini|}}}|t|talk}}</span>]]</li><!-- -->{{#if:{{{noedit|}}}|<!--nothing-->|<!--else: --><li class="nv-edit">[{{fullurl:{{transclude|{{{1}}}}}|action=edit}} <span title="Edit this template" <!-- -->style="{{{fontstyle|}}}">{{#if:{{{mini|}}}|e|edit}}</span>]</li>}}<!-- --></ul><!-- -->{{#if:{{{brackets|}}}|<span style="margin-left:-0.125em;{{{fontstyle|}}}">&#93;</span>}}<!-- --></div></includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> b5e3d3880c467fd5abf4cb2b6dc31e4a42913a3c 215 2012-02-24T13:06:35Z Edokter 0 Use CSS class for small-caps <includeonly><div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar {{#if:{{{mini|}}}|mini}}" style="{{{style|}}}"><!-- -->{{#if:{{{mini|}}}{{{plain|}}}|<!--nothing-->|<!--else: --><span style="word-spacing:0;{{{fontstyle|}}}">{{{text|This box:}}} </span>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{brackets|}}}|<span style="margin-right:-0.125em;{{{fontstyle|}}}">&#91;</span>}}<!-- --><ul><!-- --><li class="nv-view">[[{{transclude|{{{1}}}}}|<span title="View this template" <!-- -->style="{{{fontstyle|}}}">{{#if:{{{mini|}}}|v|view}}</span>]]</li><!-- --><li class="nv-talk">[[{{TALKPAGENAME:{{transclude|{{{1}}}}}}}|<span title="Discuss this template" <!-- -->style="{{{fontstyle|}}}">{{#if:{{{mini|}}}|t|talk}}</span>]]</li><!-- -->{{#if:{{{noedit|}}}|<!--nothing-->|<!--else: --><li class="nv-edit">[{{fullurl:{{transclude|{{{1}}}}}|action=edit}} <span title="Edit this template" <!-- -->style="{{{fontstyle|}}}">{{#if:{{{mini|}}}|e|edit}}</span>]</li>}}<!-- --></ul><!-- -->{{#if:{{{brackets|}}}|<span style="margin-left:-0.125em;{{{fontstyle|}}}">&#93;</span>}}<!-- --></div></includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> b5e3d3880c467fd5abf4cb2b6dc31e4a42913a3c 10 171 384 383 2013-04-29T15:31:06Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#invoke: Navbox | navbox }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}<!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc sub-page --></noinclude> bbc966ee67e7eede3da716f53b3fe43d2491fd42 383 2013-03-26T02:45:11Z Dragons flight 0 Installing Lua version {{#invoke: Navbox | navbox }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}<!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc sub-page --></noinclude> bbc966ee67e7eede3da716f53b3fe43d2491fd42 10 178 398 397 2013-04-29T15:34:07Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <noinclude>{| class="wikitable" |- |</noinclude>style="background:#ff9090; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: {{{align|center}}}; {{{style|}}}" class="table-no" | {{{1|No}}}<noinclude> |} {{documentation}} </noinclude> 8e6144d2202a76bdf9ba5fe6b50db715d1a78f07 397 2010-02-19T16:30:33Z MSGJ 0 standardise documentation <noinclude>{| class="wikitable" |- |</noinclude>style="background:#ff9090; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: {{{align|center}}}; {{{style|}}}" class="table-no" | {{{1|No}}}<noinclude> |} {{documentation}} </noinclude> 8e6144d2202a76bdf9ba5fe6b50db715d1a78f07 10 54 151 150 2013-04-29T12:30:30Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <span class="nowrap">{{{1}}}</span><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!--interwikis/categories go inside doc--> </noinclude> 0a5498be3b4d4e7a0bbbe87de9d6940adb5b1684 150 2011-11-25T01:55:12Z Edokter 0 use nowrap class <span class="nowrap">{{{1}}}</span><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!--interwikis/categories go inside doc--> </noinclude> 0a5498be3b4d4e7a0bbbe87de9d6940adb5b1684 10 55 153 152 2013-04-29T12:30:30Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#switch: {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}NAMESPACE: {{{1|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}FULLPAGENAME}}}}}:Foo }} |{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ns:0}} |{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ns:File}} |{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ns:MediaWiki}} |{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ns:Category}} = |yes }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 8c6d09b3d90b43ee6be523fe63ffce32df0c3757 152 2010-05-03T11:20:44Z Amalthea 0 Allow substitution using safesubst: ([[meta:Help:Safesubst]]) {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#switch: {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}NAMESPACE: {{{1|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}FULLPAGENAME}}}}}:Foo }} |{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ns:0}} |{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ns:File}} |{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ns:MediaWiki}} |{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ns:Category}} = |yes }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 8c6d09b3d90b43ee6be523fe63ffce32df0c3757 10 97 236 235 2013-04-29T12:55:04Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#ifeq:{{{small|}}}|yes | {{ombox/core | small = yes | type = {{{type|}}} | image = {{#if:{{{smallimage|}}}| {{{smallimage}}} | {{{image|}}} }} | imageright = {{#if:{{{smallimageright|}}} | {{{smallimageright}}} | {{{imageright|}}} }} | class = {{{class|}}} | style = {{{style|}}} | textstyle = {{{textstyle|}}} | text = {{#if:{{{smalltext|}}}| {{{smalltext}}} | {{{text}}} }} }} | {{ombox/core | type = {{{type|}}} | image = {{{image|}}} | imageright = {{{imageright|}}} | class = {{{class|}}} | style = {{{style|}}} | textstyle = {{{textstyle|}}} | text = {{{text}}} }} }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}<!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --></noinclude> d85e66b545f5971e3bbe43a45c6d8af248e92849 235 2011-11-30T10:52:21Z Edokter 0 Add class parameter {{#ifeq:{{{small|}}}|yes | {{ombox/core | small = yes | type = {{{type|}}} | image = {{#if:{{{smallimage|}}}| {{{smallimage}}} | {{{image|}}} }} | imageright = {{#if:{{{smallimageright|}}} | {{{smallimageright}}} | {{{imageright|}}} }} | class = {{{class|}}} | style = {{{style|}}} | textstyle = {{{textstyle|}}} | text = {{#if:{{{smalltext|}}}| {{{smalltext}}} | {{{text}}} }} }} | {{ombox/core | type = {{{type|}}} | image = {{{image|}}} | imageright = {{{imageright|}}} | class = {{{class|}}} | style = {{{style|}}} | textstyle = {{{textstyle|}}} | text = {{{text}}} }} }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}<!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --></noinclude> d85e66b545f5971e3bbe43a45c6d8af248e92849 10 98 238 237 2013-04-29T12:55:04Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <table class="plainlinks ombox {{#ifeq:{{{small}}}|yes|mbox-small}} {{#switch:{{{type|}}} | speedy = ombox-speedy | delete = ombox-delete | content = ombox-content | style = ombox-style | move = ombox-move | protection = ombox-protection | notice <!-- notice = default --> | #default = ombox-notice }} {{{class|}}}" style="{{{style|}}}"> <tr> {{#ifeq:{{{image|}}}|none | <!-- No image. Cell with some width or padding necessary for text cell to have 100% width. --><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td> | <td class="mbox-image"> {{#if:{{{image|}}} | {{{image}}} | [[Image:{{#switch:{{{type|}}} | speedy = Imbox speedy deletion.png | delete = Imbox deletion.png | content = Imbox content.png | style = Edit-clear.svg | move = Imbox move.png | protection = Imbox protection.png | notice <!-- notice = default --> | #default = Imbox notice.png }} | {{#ifeq:{{{small|}}}|yes | 30x30px | 40x40px }}|link=|alt=]] }}</td> }} <td class="mbox-text" style="{{{textstyle|}}}"> {{{text}}} </td> {{#if:{{{imageright|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{{imageright|}}}|none | <!-- No image. --> | <td class="mbox-imageright"> {{{imageright}}} </td> }} }} </tr> </table><!-- Detect and report usage with faulty "type" parameter: -->{{#switch:{{{type|}}} | <!-- No type fed, is also valid input --> | speedy | delete | content | style | move | protection | notice = <!-- Do nothing, valid "type" --> | #default = <div style="text-align: center;">This message box is using an invalid "type={{{type|}}}" parameter and needs fixing.</div>[[Category:Wikipedia message box parameter needs fixing|{{main other|Main:}}{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]<!-- Sort on namespace --> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 1d604e6e3104fd1c202a5350a44d81a99fc20d3a 237 2011-11-30T10:47:25Z Edokter 0 Add class parameter <table class="plainlinks ombox {{#ifeq:{{{small}}}|yes|mbox-small}} {{#switch:{{{type|}}} | speedy = ombox-speedy | delete = ombox-delete | content = ombox-content | style = ombox-style | move = ombox-move | protection = ombox-protection | notice <!-- notice = default --> | #default = ombox-notice }} {{{class|}}}" style="{{{style|}}}"> <tr> {{#ifeq:{{{image|}}}|none | <!-- No image. Cell with some width or padding necessary for text cell to have 100% width. --><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td> | <td class="mbox-image"> {{#if:{{{image|}}} | {{{image}}} | [[Image:{{#switch:{{{type|}}} | speedy = Imbox speedy deletion.png | delete = Imbox deletion.png | content = Imbox content.png | style = Edit-clear.svg | move = Imbox move.png | protection = Imbox protection.png | notice <!-- notice = default --> | #default = Imbox notice.png }} | {{#ifeq:{{{small|}}}|yes | 30x30px | 40x40px }}|link=|alt=]] }}</td> }} <td class="mbox-text" style="{{{textstyle|}}}"> {{{text}}} </td> {{#if:{{{imageright|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{{imageright|}}}|none | <!-- No image. --> | <td class="mbox-imageright"> {{{imageright}}} </td> }} }} </tr> </table><!-- Detect and report usage with faulty "type" parameter: -->{{#switch:{{{type|}}} | <!-- No type fed, is also valid input --> | speedy | delete | content | style | move | protection | notice = <!-- Do nothing, valid "type" --> | #default = <div style="text-align: center;">This message box is using an invalid "type={{{type|}}}" parameter and needs fixing.</div>[[Category:Wikipedia message box parameter needs fixing|{{main other|Main:}}{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]<!-- Sort on namespace --> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 1d604e6e3104fd1c202a5350a44d81a99fc20d3a 10 151 344 343 2013-04-29T15:31:03Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <!--{{Overly detailed}} begin-->{{Ambox | name = Overly detailed | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly><includeonly>substcheck}}</includeonly> | type = style | class = ambox-overly_detailed | issue = This {{#if:{{{section|}}}|section|{{#if:{{{list|}}}|list|article}} }} '''may contain an excessive amount of [[WP:IINFO|intricate detail]] that may only interest a specific audience'''. | fix = Please help [[Wikipedia:Handling trivia#Recommendations for handling trivia|relocate]] any relevant information, and remove excessive detail that may be against [[WP:NOT|Wikipedia inclusion policy]]. | date = {{{date|}}} | cat = Wikipedia articles needing style editing | all = All articles needing style editing }}<!--{{Overly detailed}} end--><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 2eacdf17235dc1ac5c60d53f8e4fbce4940c89bd 343 2012-06-30T23:42:54Z GoingBatty 0 update ambox syntax so that template displays well in compact form using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] (8062) <!--{{Overly detailed}} begin-->{{Ambox | name = Overly detailed | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly><includeonly>substcheck}}</includeonly> | type = style | class = ambox-overly_detailed | issue = This {{#if:{{{section|}}}|section|{{#if:{{{list|}}}|list|article}} }} '''may contain an excessive amount of [[WP:IINFO|intricate detail]] that may only interest a specific audience'''. | fix = Please help [[Wikipedia:Handling trivia#Recommendations for handling trivia|relocate]] any relevant information, and remove excessive detail that may be against [[WP:NOT|Wikipedia inclusion policy]]. | date = {{{date|}}} | cat = Wikipedia articles needing style editing | all = All articles needing style editing }}<!--{{Overly detailed}} end--><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 2eacdf17235dc1ac5c60d53f8e4fbce4940c89bd 10 152 346 345 2013-04-29T15:31:03Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <!--{{POV}} begin-->{{Ambox | name = POV | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:substcheck}}</includeonly> | small = {{{small|}}} | type = content | class = ambox-POV | image = [[File:Unbalanced scales.svg|50x40px|link=]] | issue = The '''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutrality]] of this {{{what|article}}} is [[Wikipedia:NPOV dispute|disputed]]'''. | talk = {{{talk|{{{1|#}}}}}} | fix = Please do not remove this message until the [[WP:NPOVD#What is an NPOV dispute?|dispute is resolved]]. | date = {{{date|}}} | cat = NPOV disputes | all = All NPOV disputes }}<!--{{POV}} end--><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> b3b646249a0be7a87d542fbe3133dc9b5129a926 345 2012-12-19T01:39:56Z Remember the dot 0 simplified subst parameter for aesthetics and compatibility with the syntax highlighter gadget <!--{{POV}} begin-->{{Ambox | name = POV | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:substcheck}}</includeonly> | small = {{{small|}}} | type = content | class = ambox-POV | image = [[File:Unbalanced scales.svg|50x40px|link=]] | issue = The '''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutrality]] of this {{{what|article}}} is [[Wikipedia:NPOV dispute|disputed]]'''. | talk = {{{talk|{{{1|#}}}}}} | fix = Please do not remove this message until the [[WP:NPOVD#What is an NPOV dispute?|dispute is resolved]]. | date = {{{date|}}} | cat = NPOV disputes | all = All NPOV disputes }}<!--{{POV}} end--><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> b3b646249a0be7a87d542fbe3133dc9b5129a926 10 153 348 347 2013-04-29T15:31:04Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{POV |name=POV-section |subst=<includeonly>{{subst:substcheck}}</includeonly> |1={{{1|}}} |what=section |date={{{date|}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> b2113abc57301b0cdd0df3a046b633f37848b759 347 2012-12-19T01:46:11Z Remember the dot 0 simplified subst parameter for aesthetics and compatibility with the syntax highlighter gadget {{POV |name=POV-section |subst=<includeonly>{{subst:substcheck}}</includeonly> |1={{{1|}}} |what=section |date={{{date|}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> b2113abc57301b0cdd0df3a046b633f37848b759 10 88 218 217 2013-04-29T12:55:02Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <code style="white-space:nowrap;"><nowiki>|</nowiki>{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}<nowiki>=</nowiki>}}{{{2|}}}</code><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!--Categories and interwikis go near the bottom of the /doc subpage.--> </noinclude> e48f0b7dec4d33dbd25f9917ba6be1bce3cd9793 217 2013-02-18T14:11:52Z Redrose64 0 move the style="white-space:nowrap;" to outermost level, per [[Template talk:Para#Suggested changes]] <code style="white-space:nowrap;"><nowiki>|</nowiki>{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}<nowiki>=</nowiki>}}{{{2|}}}</code><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!--Categories and interwikis go near the bottom of the /doc subpage.--> </noinclude> e48f0b7dec4d33dbd25f9917ba6be1bce3cd9793 10 124 290 289 2013-04-29T15:30:58Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#if: {{NAMESPACE}} || [[Category:Articles with invalid ISBNs]]}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> b57d3430c98cc85bb5d48734404081cd3fd9ed1d 289 2012-04-23T10:34:58Z AGK 0 Changed protection level of Template:Please check ISBN: [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|Highly-visible template]] (between 1900 and 4000 transclusions) (‎[edit=autoconfirmed] (indefinite) ‎[move=sysop] (indefinite)) {{#if: {{NAMESPACE}} || [[Category:Articles with invalid ISBNs]]}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> b57d3430c98cc85bb5d48734404081cd3fd9ed1d 10 56 155 154 2013-04-29T12:30:30Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#invoke:Portal|portal}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata --> </noinclude> be1479ab5d7c41fbd9ec708a165f632fa006b803 154 2013-04-04T13:43:56Z Mr. Stradivarius 0 switch to Lua implementation {{#invoke:Portal|portal}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata --> </noinclude> be1479ab5d7c41fbd9ec708a165f632fa006b803 10 141 324 323 2013-04-29T15:31:01Z Cyrus 1 1 revision [[File:{{#ifexist:Template:Portal/Images/{{ucfirst:{{lc:{{{1|Science}}}}}}}|{{Portal/Images/{{ucfirst:{{lc:{{{1|Science}}}}}}}}}|{{Portal/Images/Default}}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{size|}}}|tiny|16x16px|32x28px}}|alt=Portal icon|link=]] [[Portal:{{{1|Science}}}|{{{1|Science}}}&#32;portal]]<noinclude>{{documentation}}<!-- place category and language links on the /doc sub-page, not here --></noinclude> ae7feb8c7649676a199ca9f45b148116b0549659 323 2013-03-21T03:12:05Z Echoblast53 0 capitalize "f" in file, add link peram to the image to deadlink it. [[File:{{#ifexist:Template:Portal/Images/{{ucfirst:{{lc:{{{1|Science}}}}}}}|{{Portal/Images/{{ucfirst:{{lc:{{{1|Science}}}}}}}}}|{{Portal/Images/Default}}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{size|}}}|tiny|16x16px|32x28px}}|alt=Portal icon|link=]] [[Portal:{{{1|Science}}}|{{{1|Science}}}&#32;portal]]<noinclude>{{documentation}}<!-- place category and language links on the /doc sub-page, not here --></noinclude> ae7feb8c7649676a199ca9f45b148116b0549659 10 57 157 156 2013-04-29T12:30:30Z Cyrus 1 1 revision BlackFlagSymbol.svg f54983206d4c2fec02377d649b6a8335a297bc6b 156 2012-01-25T04:30:46Z Materialscientist 0 Protected Template:Portal/Images/Anarchism: Highly visible pages (transcluded via template to multiple pages); request at WP:RFPP, ANI thread ([edit=autoconfirmed] (indefinite)) BlackFlagSymbol.svg f54983206d4c2fec02377d649b6a8335a297bc6b 10 58 159 158 2013-04-29T12:30:30Z Cyrus 1 1 revision Emblem-money.svg 1a529a7d47bd00020ab70d3ef0e98e48745bd308 158 2012-04-23T11:07:32Z AGK 0 Changed protection level of Template:Portal/Images/Business and economics: [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|Highly-visible template]] (thousands of transclusions) (‎[edit=autoconfirmed] (indefinite) ‎[move=sysop] (indefinite)) Emblem-money.svg 1a529a7d47bd00020ab70d3ef0e98e48745bd308 10 154 350 349 2013-04-29T15:31:04Z Cyrus 1 1 revision Crypto key.svg 8bbdd200df46d9ff8db66d29823d940ebbb01c02 349 2012-01-25T04:32:02Z Materialscientist 0 Protected Template:Portal/Images/Cryptography: Highly visible pages (transcluded via template to multiple pages); request at WP:RFPP, ANI thread ([edit=autoconfirmed] (indefinite)) Crypto key.svg 8bbdd200df46d9ff8db66d29823d940ebbb01c02 10 155 352 351 2013-04-29T15:31:04Z Cyrus 1 1 revision #REDIRECT [[Template:Portal/Images/Business and economics]] 15cdbe6139bdbfe0863017430b58768bbf6c52bc 351 2012-01-25T04:32:18Z Materialscientist 0 Protected Template:Portal/Images/Economics: Highly visible pages (transcluded via template to multiple pages); request at WP:RFPP, ANI thread ([edit=autoconfirmed] (indefinite)) #REDIRECT [[Template:Portal/Images/Business and economics]] 15cdbe6139bdbfe0863017430b58768bbf6c52bc 10 59 161 160 2013-04-29T12:30:30Z Cyrus 1 1 revision Computer-aj aj ashton 01.svg 1565ffc63d482ceaa3210e6d63caca8ab670c989 160 2012-04-23T11:07:54Z AGK 0 Changed protection level of Template:Portal/Images/Free software: [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|Highly-visible template]] (thousands of transclusions) (‎[edit=autoconfirmed] (indefinite) ‎[move=sysop] (indefinite)) Computer-aj aj ashton 01.svg 1565ffc63d482ceaa3210e6d63caca8ab670c989 10 156 354 353 2013-04-29T15:31:04Z Cyrus 1 1 revision Crystal Clear app browser.png e0ccac2b3493bc12699393572fb5f734812867db 353 2012-04-23T10:35:23Z AGK 0 Changed protection level of Template:Portal/Images/Internet: [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|Highly-visible template]] (between 1900 and 4000 transclusions) (‎[edit=autoconfirmed] (indefinite) ‎[move=sysop] (indefinite)) Crystal Clear app browser.png e0ccac2b3493bc12699393572fb5f734812867db 10 60 163 162 2013-04-29T12:30:30Z Cyrus 1 1 revision United States penny, obverse, 2002.png 2bc482a037cfa9c4d34fff3df9a2247449d26dfc 162 2012-04-23T10:35:29Z AGK 0 Changed protection level of Template:Portal/Images/Numismatics: [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|Highly-visible template]] (between 1900 and 4000 transclusions) (‎[edit=autoconfirmed] (indefinite) ‎[move=sysop] (indefinite)) United States penny, obverse, 2002.png 2bc482a037cfa9c4d34fff3df9a2247449d26dfc 10 89 220 219 2013-04-29T12:55:03Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#ifeq:{{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |move=<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{#switch:{{lc:{{{demolevel|undefined}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed = autoconfirmed |administrator |full |sysop = sysop |undefined = {{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}} |#default = <!--fallback value: null -->}} |sysop|yes|no }} |create=<!-- -->{{#if: {{#switch:{{lc:{{{demolevel|undefined}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed = autoconfirmed |administrator |full |sysop = sysop |undefined = {{PROTECTIONLEVEL:create}} |#default = <!--fallback value: null -->}} |yes|no }} |pc1 =<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{#switch:{{lc:{{{demolevel|undefined}}}}} |pc1 = autoconfirmed <!-- this is the value that the PENDINGCHANGELEVEL magic word returns for pc1 --> |undefined = {{PENDINGCHANGELEVEL}} |#default = <!--fallback value: null -->}} |autoconfirmed |yes|no }} |pc2 =<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{#switch:{{lc:{{{demolevel|undefined}}}}} |pc2 = review <!-- this is the value that the PENDINGCHANGELEVEL magic word returns for pc2 --> |undefined = {{PENDINGCHANGELEVEL}} |#default = <!--fallback value: null -->}} |review |yes|no }} |#default<!--includes all other types-->=<!-- -->{{#if: {{#switch:{{lc:{{{demolevel|undefined}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed = autoconfirmed |administrator |full |sysop = sysop |undefined = {{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}} |#default = <!--fallback value: null -->}} |{{#ifeq:{{#switch:{{lc:{{{disallowlevel|}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed = autoconfirmed |administrator |full |sysop = sysop |#default = <!--fallback value: null-->}} |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{demolevel|undefined}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed = autoconfirmed |administrator |full |sysop = sysop |undefined = {{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}} |#default = <!--fallback value: null -->}} |no|yes }} |no}} }}|yes|{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{small|}}}}}|yes| {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} | pc1 | pc2 = <div class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="protected-icon" style="display:none; right:25px;"> | #default = <div class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="protected-icon" style="display:none; right:55px;"> }}[[Image:{{{image|{{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |full=Padlock.svg |semi=Padlock-silver.svg |pc1=Padlock-silver-light.svg |pc2=Padlock-orange.svg |move=Padlock-olive.svg |indef=Padlock-red.svg |office=Padlock-black.svg |create=Padlock-skyblue.svg |#default=Transparent.gif }}}}}|20px|link={{{icon-link|Wikipedia:Protection policy#{{lc:{{{type}}}}}}}}|{{{icon-text|{{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |pc1 = All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review |pc2 = All edits by users who are not reviewers or administrators are subject to review |#default = This {{pp-meta/pagetype}} is {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |semi=semi- |move=move- |indef=permanently<nowiki> </nowiki> |create=creation- |office=<!--null, but should this have a special tag?--> |full |#default=<!--null--> }}protected }}{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type}}}}}|indef||{{#if:{{{expiry|}}}|<nowiki> </nowiki>until {{#time:F j, Y|{{{expiry}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{icon-reason|}}}|<nowiki> </nowiki>{{{icon-reason}}}}}.}}}|alt=Page {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |pc1=protected with pending changes level 1 |pc2=protected with pending changes level 2 |semi=semi-protected |move=move-protected |indef=permanently protected |create=creation-protected |office=protected<!--should this have a special tag?--> |full |#default=protected }}]]</div> |<!-- else, not small --> {{mbox | name = {{{name|Pp-meta}}} | subst = {{{subst|}}} | demospace = {{{demospace|}}} | type = protection | image = [[Image:{{{image|{{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |full=Padlock.svg |semi=Padlock-silver.svg |pc1=Padlock-silver-light.svg |pc2=Padlock-orange.svg |move=Padlock-olive.svg |indef=Padlock-red.svg |office=Padlock-black.svg |create=Padlock-skyblue.svg |#default=Transparent.gif }}}}}|40px|{{{icon-text|This page is {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |pc1=protected with pending changes level 1 |pc2=protected with pending changes level 2 |semi=semi-protected |move=move-protected |indef=permanently protected |create=creation-protected |office=protected<!--should this have a special tag?--> |full |#default=protected }}.}}}]] | text = '''{{{reason-text|{{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |full=This page is currently [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|protected]] from editing |semi=Editing of this {{pp-meta/pagetype}} by [[Wikipedia:User access levels#Autoconfirmed_users|new]] or [[Wikipedia:User access levels#Anonymous_users|unregistered]] users is currently [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|disabled]] |pc1=All edits made to this {{pp-meta/pagetype}} by [[Wikipedia:User access levels#Autoconfirmed_users|new]] or [[Wikipedia:User access levels#Anonymous_users|unregistered]] users are currently [[Wikipedia:Pending changes|subject to review]] |pc2=All edits made to this {{pp-meta/pagetype}} by users who are not [[Wikipedia:Reviewing|reviewers]] or [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrators]] are currently [[Wikipedia:Pending changes|subject to review]] |move=This {{pp-meta/pagetype}} is currently [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|protected]] from [[Help:Moving a page|page moves]] |indef=This page is [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|protected]] from editing ''indefinitely'' |office=This {{pp-meta/pagetype}} is currently [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|protected]] from editing |create=[[Help:Starting a new page|Recreation]] of this {{pp-meta/pagetype}} [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|has been disabled]] }}{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type}}}}}|indef||{{#if:{{{expiry|}}}|&#32;until {{#time:F j, Y|{{{expiry}}}}}}}}}{{{reason<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}.}}}'''<br /> {{{explanation-text|{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{dispute}}}}}|yes|This protection is '''not''' an endorsement of the {{#ifeq:{{{type}}}|move|[{{fullurl:Special:Log|type=move&page={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}}} current title]|[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}|action=history}} current version]}}.}} See the [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|protection policy]] and [{{fullurl:Special:Log|type={{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} | pc1 | pc2 = stable | #default = protect }}&page={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}}} {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} | pc1 | pc2 = pending changes | #default = protection }} log] for more details. {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |full|indef=Please discuss any changes on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}#{{#if:{{{section|}}}|{{{section}}}|top}}|talk page]]; you may use the {{tlx|editprotected}} template to ask an [[Wikipedia:Administrator|administrator]] to make an edit if it is supported by [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]]. {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:8}}<!--MediaWiki-->||You may also [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|request]] that this page be unprotected.}} |semi=If you cannot edit this {{pp-meta/pagetype}} and you wish to make a change, you can {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}||[[Template:Editsemiprotected|request an edit]], [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|discuss changes on the talk page]],}} [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection#Current requests for unprotection|request unprotection]], [[Special:Userlogin|log in]], or [[Special:UserLogin/signup|create an account]]. |move=The page may still be edited but cannot be moved until unprotected. Please discuss any suggested moves on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|talk page]] or at [[Wikipedia:Requested moves]]. You can also [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|request]] that the page be unprotected. |office=If you can edit this page, please discuss all changes and additions on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|talk page]] first. '''Do not remove protection from this page unless you are authorized by the Wikimedia Foundation to do so.''' |create=Please see the {{#if:{{{xfd|}}}|'''[[{{{xfd}}}|deletion discussion]]''' or the}} [{{fullurl:Special:Log|type=delete&page={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}}} deletion log] for details of why this page was deleted. If you would like to create a page at this title, you must first [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|request]] for it to be unprotected, or contact the administrator who deleted the page for the deleted material to be restored. If unsuccessful, you can use [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]. }}}}} }} }}|<includeonly>[[Category:Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates]]</includeonly>}}<!--End if small--><includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{categories|no}}}}}|no||{{{categories|}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> b772a2949522647bbd80be56eb3cfb20b00496b0 219 2013-02-26T18:07:28Z Mr. Stradivarius 0 Different positions for pc1 and pc2 padlocks {{#ifeq:{{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |move=<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{#switch:{{lc:{{{demolevel|undefined}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed = autoconfirmed |administrator |full |sysop = sysop |undefined = {{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}} |#default = <!--fallback value: null -->}} |sysop|yes|no }} |create=<!-- -->{{#if: {{#switch:{{lc:{{{demolevel|undefined}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed = autoconfirmed |administrator |full |sysop = sysop |undefined = {{PROTECTIONLEVEL:create}} |#default = <!--fallback value: null -->}} |yes|no }} |pc1 =<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{#switch:{{lc:{{{demolevel|undefined}}}}} |pc1 = autoconfirmed <!-- this is the value that the PENDINGCHANGELEVEL magic word returns for pc1 --> |undefined = {{PENDINGCHANGELEVEL}} |#default = <!--fallback value: null -->}} |autoconfirmed |yes|no }} |pc2 =<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{#switch:{{lc:{{{demolevel|undefined}}}}} |pc2 = review <!-- this is the value that the PENDINGCHANGELEVEL magic word returns for pc2 --> |undefined = {{PENDINGCHANGELEVEL}} |#default = <!--fallback value: null -->}} |review |yes|no }} |#default<!--includes all other types-->=<!-- -->{{#if: {{#switch:{{lc:{{{demolevel|undefined}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed = autoconfirmed |administrator |full |sysop = sysop |undefined = {{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}} |#default = <!--fallback value: null -->}} |{{#ifeq:{{#switch:{{lc:{{{disallowlevel|}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed = autoconfirmed |administrator |full |sysop = sysop |#default = <!--fallback value: null-->}} |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{demolevel|undefined}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed = autoconfirmed |administrator |full |sysop = sysop |undefined = {{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}} |#default = <!--fallback value: null -->}} |no|yes }} |no}} }}|yes|{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{small|}}}}}|yes| {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} | pc1 | pc2 = <div class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="protected-icon" style="display:none; right:25px;"> | #default = <div class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="protected-icon" style="display:none; right:55px;"> }}[[Image:{{{image|{{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |full=Padlock.svg |semi=Padlock-silver.svg |pc1=Padlock-silver-light.svg |pc2=Padlock-orange.svg |move=Padlock-olive.svg |indef=Padlock-red.svg |office=Padlock-black.svg |create=Padlock-skyblue.svg |#default=Transparent.gif }}}}}|20px|link={{{icon-link|Wikipedia:Protection policy#{{lc:{{{type}}}}}}}}|{{{icon-text|{{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |pc1 = All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review |pc2 = All edits by users who are not reviewers or administrators are subject to review |#default = This {{pp-meta/pagetype}} is {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |semi=semi- |move=move- |indef=permanently<nowiki> </nowiki> |create=creation- |office=<!--null, but should this have a special tag?--> |full |#default=<!--null--> }}protected }}{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type}}}}}|indef||{{#if:{{{expiry|}}}|<nowiki> </nowiki>until {{#time:F j, Y|{{{expiry}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{icon-reason|}}}|<nowiki> </nowiki>{{{icon-reason}}}}}.}}}|alt=Page {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |pc1=protected with pending changes level 1 |pc2=protected with pending changes level 2 |semi=semi-protected |move=move-protected |indef=permanently protected |create=creation-protected |office=protected<!--should this have a special tag?--> |full |#default=protected }}]]</div> |<!-- else, not small --> {{mbox | name = {{{name|Pp-meta}}} | subst = {{{subst|}}} | demospace = {{{demospace|}}} | type = protection | image = [[Image:{{{image|{{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |full=Padlock.svg |semi=Padlock-silver.svg |pc1=Padlock-silver-light.svg |pc2=Padlock-orange.svg |move=Padlock-olive.svg |indef=Padlock-red.svg |office=Padlock-black.svg |create=Padlock-skyblue.svg |#default=Transparent.gif }}}}}|40px|{{{icon-text|This page is {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |pc1=protected with pending changes level 1 |pc2=protected with pending changes level 2 |semi=semi-protected |move=move-protected |indef=permanently protected |create=creation-protected |office=protected<!--should this have a special tag?--> |full |#default=protected }}.}}}]] | text = '''{{{reason-text|{{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |full=This page is currently [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|protected]] from editing |semi=Editing of this {{pp-meta/pagetype}} by [[Wikipedia:User access levels#Autoconfirmed_users|new]] or [[Wikipedia:User access levels#Anonymous_users|unregistered]] users is currently [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|disabled]] |pc1=All edits made to this {{pp-meta/pagetype}} by [[Wikipedia:User access levels#Autoconfirmed_users|new]] or [[Wikipedia:User access levels#Anonymous_users|unregistered]] users are currently [[Wikipedia:Pending changes|subject to review]] |pc2=All edits made to this {{pp-meta/pagetype}} by users who are not [[Wikipedia:Reviewing|reviewers]] or [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrators]] are currently [[Wikipedia:Pending changes|subject to review]] |move=This {{pp-meta/pagetype}} is currently [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|protected]] from [[Help:Moving a page|page moves]] |indef=This page is [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|protected]] from editing ''indefinitely'' |office=This {{pp-meta/pagetype}} is currently [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|protected]] from editing |create=[[Help:Starting a new page|Recreation]] of this {{pp-meta/pagetype}} [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|has been disabled]] }}{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type}}}}}|indef||{{#if:{{{expiry|}}}|&#32;until {{#time:F j, Y|{{{expiry}}}}}}}}}{{{reason<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}.}}}'''<br /> {{{explanation-text|{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{dispute}}}}}|yes|This protection is '''not''' an endorsement of the {{#ifeq:{{{type}}}|move|[{{fullurl:Special:Log|type=move&page={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}}} current title]|[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}|action=history}} current version]}}.}} See the [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|protection policy]] and [{{fullurl:Special:Log|type={{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} | pc1 | pc2 = stable | #default = protect }}&page={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}}} {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} | pc1 | pc2 = pending changes | #default = protection }} log] for more details. {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |full|indef=Please discuss any changes on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}#{{#if:{{{section|}}}|{{{section}}}|top}}|talk page]]; you may use the {{tlx|editprotected}} template to ask an [[Wikipedia:Administrator|administrator]] to make an edit if it is supported by [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]]. {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:8}}<!--MediaWiki-->||You may also [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|request]] that this page be unprotected.}} |semi=If you cannot edit this {{pp-meta/pagetype}} and you wish to make a change, you can {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}||[[Template:Editsemiprotected|request an edit]], [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|discuss changes on the talk page]],}} [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection#Current requests for unprotection|request unprotection]], [[Special:Userlogin|log in]], or [[Special:UserLogin/signup|create an account]]. |move=The page may still be edited but cannot be moved until unprotected. Please discuss any suggested moves on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|talk page]] or at [[Wikipedia:Requested moves]]. You can also [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|request]] that the page be unprotected. |office=If you can edit this page, please discuss all changes and additions on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|talk page]] first. '''Do not remove protection from this page unless you are authorized by the Wikimedia Foundation to do so.''' |create=Please see the {{#if:{{{xfd|}}}|'''[[{{{xfd}}}|deletion discussion]]''' or the}} [{{fullurl:Special:Log|type=delete&page={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}}} deletion log] for details of why this page was deleted. If you would like to create a page at this title, you must first [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|request]] for it to be unprotected, or contact the administrator who deleted the page for the deleted material to be restored. If unsuccessful, you can use [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]. }}}}} }} }}|<includeonly>[[Category:Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates]]</includeonly>}}<!--End if small--><includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{categories|no}}}}}|no||{{{categories|}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> b772a2949522647bbd80be56eb3cfb20b00496b0 10 157 356 355 2013-04-29T15:31:04Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#ifeq:{{TALKSPACE}}|{{NAMESPACE}}|talk page| {{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}} |{{ns:}} = article |{{ns:File}} = file |{{ns:Template}} = template |{{ns:Category}} = category |#default = page}}}} 90a774c487cc0615dd51ae6959c021074e00c94c 355 2011-01-18T21:32:03Z Zzuuzz 0 Protected Template:Pp-meta/pagetype: [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|High risk template]] ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite)) {{#ifeq:{{TALKSPACE}}|{{NAMESPACE}}|talk page| {{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}} |{{ns:}} = article |{{ns:File}} = file |{{ns:Template}} = template |{{ns:Category}} = category |#default = page}}}} 90a774c487cc0615dd51ae6959c021074e00c94c 10 158 358 357 2013-04-29T15:31:04Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <includeonly>{{pp-meta |type={{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed=semi |administrator |full |sysop=full |#default=full<!--fallback value-->}} |small={{{small|}}} |demospace={{{demospace|}}} |demolevel={{{demolevel|undefined}}} |expiry={{{expiry|}}} |dispute=no |reason={{#if:{{{reason|}}}|&#32;because {{lcfirst:{{{reason|}}}}}}} |categories={{{categories| {{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed={{#switch: {{{demospace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}} | {{ns:2}} | {{ns:3}} = [[Category:Wikipedia semi-protected user and user talk pages|{{PAGENAME}}]] | {{ns:6}} = [[Category:Semi-protected images|{{PAGENAME}}]] | {{ns:4}} | {{ns:12}} = [[Category:Semi-protected project pages|{{PAGENAME}}]] | {{ns:100}} = [[Category:Semi-protected portals|{{PAGENAME}}]] | {{ns:10}} = [[Category:Wikipedia semi-protected templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] | {{ns:14}} = [[Category:Wikipedia semi-protected categories|{{PAGENAME}}]] | #default = {{talk other|[[Category:Semi-protected talk pages|{{PAGENAME}}]]|[[Category:Wikipedia semi-protected pages|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}}} |administrator |full |sysop={{#switch: {{{demospace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}} | {{ns:2}} | {{ns:3}} = [[Category:Wikipedia protected user and user talk pages|{{PAGENAME}}]] | {{ns:6}} = [[Category:Protected images|{{PAGENAME}}]] | {{ns:4}} | {{ns:12}} = [[Category:Protected project pages|{{PAGENAME}}]] | {{ns:10}} = [[Category:Wikipedia protected templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] | {{ns:14}} = [[Category:Wikipedia protected categories|{{PAGENAME}}]] | #default = {{talk other|[[Category:Protected talk pages]]|[[Category:Wikipedia protected pages|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}}}}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{pp-protected|demospace=main|categories=no|reason=[[Lorem ipsum|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet]]}} {{template doc}} <!-- Add categories and inter-wikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> bed0c92cd5ea68f983fe2081e50e8c2bdc2bc445 357 2010-10-03T12:45:23Z WOSlinker 0 remove {{pp-template}} <includeonly>{{pp-meta |type={{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed=semi |administrator |full |sysop=full |#default=full<!--fallback value-->}} |small={{{small|}}} |demospace={{{demospace|}}} |demolevel={{{demolevel|undefined}}} |expiry={{{expiry|}}} |dispute=no |reason={{#if:{{{reason|}}}|&#32;because {{lcfirst:{{{reason|}}}}}}} |categories={{{categories| {{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed={{#switch: {{{demospace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}} | {{ns:2}} | {{ns:3}} = [[Category:Wikipedia semi-protected user and user talk pages|{{PAGENAME}}]] | {{ns:6}} = [[Category:Semi-protected images|{{PAGENAME}}]] | {{ns:4}} | {{ns:12}} = [[Category:Semi-protected project pages|{{PAGENAME}}]] | {{ns:100}} = [[Category:Semi-protected portals|{{PAGENAME}}]] | {{ns:10}} = [[Category:Wikipedia semi-protected templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] | {{ns:14}} = [[Category:Wikipedia semi-protected categories|{{PAGENAME}}]] | #default = {{talk other|[[Category:Semi-protected talk pages|{{PAGENAME}}]]|[[Category:Wikipedia semi-protected pages|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}}} |administrator |full |sysop={{#switch: {{{demospace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}} | {{ns:2}} | {{ns:3}} = [[Category:Wikipedia protected user and user talk pages|{{PAGENAME}}]] | {{ns:6}} = [[Category:Protected images|{{PAGENAME}}]] | {{ns:4}} | {{ns:12}} = [[Category:Protected project pages|{{PAGENAME}}]] | {{ns:10}} = [[Category:Wikipedia protected templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] | {{ns:14}} = [[Category:Wikipedia protected categories|{{PAGENAME}}]] | #default = {{talk other|[[Category:Protected talk pages]]|[[Category:Wikipedia protected pages|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}}}}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{pp-protected|demospace=main|categories=no|reason=[[Lorem ipsum|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet]]}} {{template doc}} <!-- Add categories and inter-wikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> bed0c92cd5ea68f983fe2081e50e8c2bdc2bc445 10 90 222 221 2013-04-29T12:55:03Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <includeonly>{{pp-meta |type={{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}-{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}}|-sysop|move|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed=semi |administrator |full |sysop=indef |move=move |#default=indef<!--fallback value-->}} |small={{{small|yes}}} |demospace={{{demospace|}}} |demolevel={{#ifeq:{{PAGENAME}}/{{NAMESPACE}}|{{SUBPAGENAME}}/{{ns:Template}}|{{{demolevel|undefined}}}|{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}|sandbox|sysop|{{{demolevel|undefined}}}}}}} |expiry=<!--not applicable--> |dispute=no |icon-text=This {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:6}}|image, included in a high-risk template or message,|high-risk template}} is indefinitely {{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}-{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}}|-sysop|move|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed=semi-protected from editing |move=move-protected |administrator |full |sysop |#default=<!--fallback value-->protected from editing}} to prevent vandalism. |reason-text=This {{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}} |{{ns:image}}=image, used in one or more [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|high-risk templates]]{{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed= |administrator |full |sysop=<nowiki> </nowiki>and/or [[Special:Allmessages|system messages]], |#default=<!--fallback value-->}} |#default=[[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|high-risk template]] }} has been [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|{{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}-{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}}|-sysop|move|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed=semi- |move=move- |administrator |full |sysop<!--uses default--> |#default=<!--fallback value-->}}protected]]{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}-{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}}|-sysop||<nowiki> </nowiki>from editing}} to prevent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]]. {{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed= |administrator |full |sysop<!--uses default--> |#default={{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:image}}=<br /><small>'''Do not move this image''' to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]].</small>}}}} |categories={{{categories|{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:10}}|{{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}-{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}}|-sysop|move|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed=[[Category:Wikipedia semi-protected templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}}|sysop|[[Category:Wikipedia move-protected templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} |move=[[Category:Wikipedia move-protected templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] |administrator |full |sysop<!--uses default--> |#default=[[Category:Wikipedia protected templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]<!--fallback value-->}}}}{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:6}}|[[Category:{{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed=Semi-protected |administrator |full |sysop<!--uses default--> |#default=Protected<!--fallback value-->}} images|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{pp-template|categories=no}} <!-- Show the small version --> {{pp-template|small=no}} <!-- Show the large version --> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 0d030cd86ead62111ebfa1ebb1dbf1cf74ee20cf 221 2010-10-16T08:52:10Z WOSlinker 0 remove tracking cat <includeonly>{{pp-meta |type={{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}-{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}}|-sysop|move|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed=semi |administrator |full |sysop=indef |move=move |#default=indef<!--fallback value-->}} |small={{{small|yes}}} |demospace={{{demospace|}}} |demolevel={{#ifeq:{{PAGENAME}}/{{NAMESPACE}}|{{SUBPAGENAME}}/{{ns:Template}}|{{{demolevel|undefined}}}|{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}|sandbox|sysop|{{{demolevel|undefined}}}}}}} |expiry=<!--not applicable--> |dispute=no |icon-text=This {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:6}}|image, included in a high-risk template or message,|high-risk template}} is indefinitely {{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}-{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}}|-sysop|move|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed=semi-protected from editing |move=move-protected |administrator |full |sysop |#default=<!--fallback value-->protected from editing}} to prevent vandalism. |reason-text=This {{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}} |{{ns:image}}=image, used in one or more [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|high-risk templates]]{{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed= |administrator |full |sysop=<nowiki> </nowiki>and/or [[Special:Allmessages|system messages]], |#default=<!--fallback value-->}} |#default=[[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|high-risk template]] }} has been [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|{{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}-{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}}|-sysop|move|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed=semi- |move=move- |administrator |full |sysop<!--uses default--> |#default=<!--fallback value-->}}protected]]{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}-{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}}|-sysop||<nowiki> </nowiki>from editing}} to prevent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]]. {{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed= |administrator |full |sysop<!--uses default--> |#default={{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:image}}=<br /><small>'''Do not move this image''' to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]].</small>}}}} |categories={{{categories|{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:10}}|{{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}-{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}}|-sysop|move|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed=[[Category:Wikipedia semi-protected templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}}|sysop|[[Category:Wikipedia move-protected templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} |move=[[Category:Wikipedia move-protected templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] |administrator |full |sysop<!--uses default--> |#default=[[Category:Wikipedia protected templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]<!--fallback value-->}}}}{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:6}}|[[Category:{{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed=Semi-protected |administrator |full |sysop<!--uses default--> |#default=Protected<!--fallback value-->}} images|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{pp-template|categories=no}} <!-- Show the small version --> {{pp-template|small=no}} <!-- Show the large version --> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 0d030cd86ead62111ebfa1ebb1dbf1cf74ee20cf 10 91 224 223 2013-04-29T12:55:03Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink">[{{fullurl:{{{page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}|action=purge}} <span title="Purge this page">{{{1|Purge}}}</span>]</span><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 45345e0b7118c544dac81002757200f474f0f999 223 2010-10-01T18:54:24Z WOSlinker 0 remove {{pp-template}} <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink">[{{fullurl:{{{page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}|action=purge}} <span title="Purge this page">{{{1|Purge}}}</span>]</span><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 45345e0b7118c544dac81002757200f474f0f999 10 162 366 365 2013-04-29T15:31:05Z Cyrus 1 1 revision #REDIRECT [[Template:R from initialism]] 7afd52bff27a6aef227830b0971e82e075c0ab4c 365 2013-04-02T02:54:59Z OlEnglish 0 fix dbl redirect #REDIRECT [[Template:R from initialism]] 7afd52bff27a6aef227830b0971e82e075c0ab4c 10 165 372 371 2013-04-29T15:31:05Z Cyrus 1 1 revision #REDIRECT [[Template:R from alternative name]] {{R to redirect template}} 1e181d78bd7d8f829bfd16dbd51d6a2b4a110dd0 371 2012-04-23T11:09:19Z AGK 0 Protected Template:R from alternate name: [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|Highly-visible template]] (thousands of transclusions) (‎[edit=autoconfirmed] (indefinite) ‎[move=sysop] (indefinite)) #REDIRECT [[Template:R from alternative name]] {{R to redirect template}} 1e181d78bd7d8f829bfd16dbd51d6a2b4a110dd0 10 166 374 373 2013-04-29T15:31:05Z Cyrus 1 1 revision &nbsp; ---- This is a redirect from a title that is another name, a pseudonym, a nickname, or a synonym. It leads to the title in accordance with the naming conventions for common names and can help writing. It is not necessary to replace these redirected links with a piped link. For more information, see [[w:Wikipedia:Redirect|this reference page]] and the [[:Category:Redirects from alternative names]]. Do not use this template for incorrect names, instead use {{tl|R from incorrect name}}. <includeonly>[[Category:Redirects from alternative names]]</includeonly> <!-- this is Template:R from alternative name --><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 9f773670b1b44df71b1c173c3752cc29d8847ad7 373 2013-04-22T09:27:06Z Andrew Gray 0 includeonly per talkpage request &nbsp; ---- This is a redirect from a title that is another name, a pseudonym, a nickname, or a synonym. It leads to the title in accordance with the naming conventions for common names and can help writing. It is not necessary to replace these redirected links with a piped link. For more information, see [[w:Wikipedia:Redirect|this reference page]] and the [[:Category:Redirects from alternative names]]. Do not use this template for incorrect names, instead use {{tl|R from incorrect name}}. <includeonly>[[Category:Redirects from alternative names]]</includeonly> <!-- this is Template:R from alternative name --><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 9f773670b1b44df71b1c173c3752cc29d8847ad7 10 163 368 367 2013-04-29T15:31:05Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#ifeq:{{{embed}}}|yes |{{Redirect template |name=From an initialism |from=an initialism |to=a related topic, such as the expansion of the initialism |main category=Redirects from initialisms }} |{{Redirect template |from=an [[:Category:Redirects from initialisms|initialism]] |to=a related topic, such as the expansion of the initialism |main category=Redirects from initialisms }} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 2b33783c28428b65e49ce0584e6f5ad3f6f1edb5 367 2013-03-28T21:32:25Z Anthony Appleyard 0 Anthony Appleyard moved page [[Template:Redirect from initialism]] to [[Template:R from initialism]]: Requested at [[Wikipedia:Requested moves]] as uncontroversial (//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Requested_moves/Technical_requests&oldid... {{#ifeq:{{{embed}}}|yes |{{Redirect template |name=From an initialism |from=an initialism |to=a related topic, such as the expansion of the initialism |main category=Redirects from initialisms }} |{{Redirect template |from=an [[:Category:Redirects from initialisms|initialism]] |to=a related topic, such as the expansion of the initialism |main category=Redirects from initialisms }} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 2b33783c28428b65e49ce0584e6f5ad3f6f1edb5 10 164 370 369 2013-04-29T15:31:05Z Cyrus 1 1 revision *{{#if:{{{name|}}}|'''<!-- -->{{#if:{{{all category|}}}|[[w:Category:{{{all category}}}|{{{name}}}]]|<!-- -->{{#if:{{{main category|}}}|[[w:Category:{{{main category}}}|{{{name}}}]]|<!-- -->{{#if:{{{help category|}}}|[[w:Category:{{{help category}}}|{{{name}}}]]|<!-- -->{{#if:{{{portal category|}}}|[[w:Category:{{{portal category}}}|{{{name}}}]]|<!-- -->{{#if:{{{talk category|}}}|[[w:Category:{{{talk category}}}|{{{name}}}]]|<!-- -->{{#if:{{{template category|}}}|[[w:Category:{{{template category}}}|{{{name}}}]]|<!-- -->{{#if:{{{wikipedia category|}}}|[[w:Category:{{{wikipedia category}}}|{{{name}}}]]|<!-- -->{{{name}}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}''':}} This is a redirect{{#if:{{{from|}}}|&#32;from {{{from}}}}}{{#if:{{{to|}}}|&#32;to {{{to}}}}}. {{#if:{{{info|}}}|{{{info}}}}} <!-- == Target categories == -->{{#if:{{{all category|}}}|{{{category|[[Category:{{{all category}}}]]}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{main category|}}}|{{Main other|{{{category|[[Category:{{{main category}}}]]}}}|{{#if:{{{other category|}}}|{{{category|[[Category:{{{other category}}}]]}}}|{{Incorrect namespace|main}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{help category|}}}|{{Help other|{{{category|[[Category:{{{help category}}}]]}}}|{{#if:{{{other category|}}}|{{{category|[[Category:{{{other category}}}]]}}}|{{Incorrect namespace|help}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{portal category|}}}|{{Portal other|{{{category|[[Category:{{{portal category}}}]]}}}|{{#if:{{{other category|}}}|{{{category|[[Category:{{{other category}}}]]}}}|{{Incorrect namespace|portal}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{talk category|}}}|{{Talk other|{{{category|[[Category:{{{talk category}}}]]}}}|{{#if:{{{other category|}}}|{{{category|[[Category:{{{other category}}}]]}}}|{{Incorrect namespace|talk}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{template category|}}}|{{Template other|{{{category|[[Category:{{{template category}}}]]}}}|{{#if:{{{other category|}}}|{{{category|[[Category:{{{other category}}}]]}}}|{{Incorrect namespace|template}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{wikipedia category|}}}|{{Wikipedia other|{{{category|[[Category:{{{wikipedia category}}}]]}}}|{{#if:{{{other category|}}}|{{{category|[[Category:{{{other category}}}]]}}}|{{Incorrect namespace|Wikipedia project}}}}}}}}<!-- == Template category == --><includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc||{{Template other|{{{category|[[Category:All redirect templates]]}}}}}}}</includeonly><!-- == Printworthiness == -->{{#ifeq:{{{printworthy}}}|yes|{{Main other|{{{category|[[Category:Printworthy redirects]]}}}}}{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc||{{Template other|{{{category|[[Category:Templates for printworthy redirects]]}}}}}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{printworthy}}}|no|{{Main other|{{{category|[[Category:Unprintworthy redirects]]}}}}}{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc||{{Template other|{{{category|[[Category:Templates for unprintworthy redirects]]}}}}}}}}}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> a1ef001b3142c1dbc365d49855cd619f1679d612 369 2012-07-31T16:59:56Z Timotheus Canens 0 Changed protection level of Template:Redirect template: [[WP:High-risk templates|Highly visible template]] (‎[edit=sysop] (indefinite) ‎[move=sysop] (indefinite)) *{{#if:{{{name|}}}|'''<!-- -->{{#if:{{{all category|}}}|[[w:Category:{{{all category}}}|{{{name}}}]]|<!-- -->{{#if:{{{main category|}}}|[[w:Category:{{{main category}}}|{{{name}}}]]|<!-- -->{{#if:{{{help category|}}}|[[w:Category:{{{help category}}}|{{{name}}}]]|<!-- -->{{#if:{{{portal category|}}}|[[w:Category:{{{portal category}}}|{{{name}}}]]|<!-- -->{{#if:{{{talk category|}}}|[[w:Category:{{{talk category}}}|{{{name}}}]]|<!-- -->{{#if:{{{template category|}}}|[[w:Category:{{{template category}}}|{{{name}}}]]|<!-- -->{{#if:{{{wikipedia category|}}}|[[w:Category:{{{wikipedia category}}}|{{{name}}}]]|<!-- -->{{{name}}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}''':}} This is a redirect{{#if:{{{from|}}}|&#32;from {{{from}}}}}{{#if:{{{to|}}}|&#32;to {{{to}}}}}. {{#if:{{{info|}}}|{{{info}}}}} <!-- == Target categories == -->{{#if:{{{all category|}}}|{{{category|[[Category:{{{all category}}}]]}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{main category|}}}|{{Main other|{{{category|[[Category:{{{main category}}}]]}}}|{{#if:{{{other category|}}}|{{{category|[[Category:{{{other category}}}]]}}}|{{Incorrect namespace|main}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{help category|}}}|{{Help other|{{{category|[[Category:{{{help category}}}]]}}}|{{#if:{{{other category|}}}|{{{category|[[Category:{{{other category}}}]]}}}|{{Incorrect namespace|help}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{portal category|}}}|{{Portal other|{{{category|[[Category:{{{portal category}}}]]}}}|{{#if:{{{other category|}}}|{{{category|[[Category:{{{other category}}}]]}}}|{{Incorrect namespace|portal}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{talk category|}}}|{{Talk other|{{{category|[[Category:{{{talk category}}}]]}}}|{{#if:{{{other category|}}}|{{{category|[[Category:{{{other category}}}]]}}}|{{Incorrect namespace|talk}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{template category|}}}|{{Template other|{{{category|[[Category:{{{template category}}}]]}}}|{{#if:{{{other category|}}}|{{{category|[[Category:{{{other category}}}]]}}}|{{Incorrect namespace|template}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{wikipedia category|}}}|{{Wikipedia other|{{{category|[[Category:{{{wikipedia category}}}]]}}}|{{#if:{{{other category|}}}|{{{category|[[Category:{{{other category}}}]]}}}|{{Incorrect namespace|Wikipedia project}}}}}}}}<!-- == Template category == --><includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc||{{Template other|{{{category|[[Category:All redirect templates]]}}}}}}}</includeonly><!-- == Printworthiness == -->{{#ifeq:{{{printworthy}}}|yes|{{Main other|{{{category|[[Category:Printworthy redirects]]}}}}}{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc||{{Template other|{{{category|[[Category:Templates for printworthy redirects]]}}}}}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{printworthy}}}|no|{{Main other|{{{category|[[Category:Unprintworthy redirects]]}}}}}{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc||{{Template other|{{{category|[[Category:Templates for unprintworthy redirects]]}}}}}}}}}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> a1ef001b3142c1dbc365d49855cd619f1679d612 10 125 292 291 2013-04-29T15:30:58Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <includeonly><div class="refbegin <!-- -->{{#if: {{{normalfont|}}} | refbegin-100 }} <!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: {{{1|1}}} > 1 }} | references-column-width | references-column-count references-column-count-{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}} }} | {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}} | references-column-width }} }}" style="<!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: {{{1|1}}} > 1 }} | {{column-width|{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}}}} | {{column-count|{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}}}} }} | {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}} | {{column-width|{{{colwidth}}}}} }} }}"><!-- -->{{#if: {{{indent|}}} | <dl style="text-indent: -{{{indentsize|3.2}}}em;">}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> a6e3335d7420d9a425cb0c6cccd643c9f2f2d763 291 2012-08-05T17:54:33Z Edokter 0 fix pre-space bug <includeonly><div class="refbegin <!-- -->{{#if: {{{normalfont|}}} | refbegin-100 }} <!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: {{{1|1}}} > 1 }} | references-column-width | references-column-count references-column-count-{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}} }} | {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}} | references-column-width }} }}" style="<!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: {{{1|1}}} > 1 }} | {{column-width|{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}}}} | {{column-count|{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}}}} }} | {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}} | {{column-width|{{{colwidth}}}}} }} }}"><!-- -->{{#if: {{{indent|}}} | <dl style="text-indent: -{{{indentsize|3.2}}}em;">}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> a6e3335d7420d9a425cb0c6cccd643c9f2f2d763 10 126 294 293 2013-04-29T15:30:58Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <includeonly></dl></div></includeonly><noinclude>{{template doc|Template:refbegin/doc}}</noinclude> 31080a0de20e23533c3ee7c30b8024a3008499e8 293 2010-11-12T14:44:35Z Edokter 0 Ad closing </dl> <includeonly></dl></div></includeonly><noinclude>{{template doc|Template:refbegin/doc}}</noinclude> 31080a0de20e23533c3ee7c30b8024a3008499e8 10 127 296 295 2013-04-29T15:30:58Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{ambox | name = {{{name|Refimprove}}} | subst = {{{subst|<includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly><includeonly>substcheck}}</includeonly>}}} | small = {{{small|}}} | type = content | class = ambox-Refimprove | image = [[File:Question book-new.svg|50x40px|alt=|link=]] | issue = This {{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|article}} '''needs additional citations for verification'''. | fix = Please help [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} improve this article] by [[Help:Introduction to referencing/1|adding citations to reliable sources]]. Unsourced material may be [[Template:Citation needed|challenged]] and [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden of evidence|removed]]. | talk = {{{talk|}}} | date = {{{date|}}} | cat = Articles needing additional references | all = All articles needing additional references }}<!--{{refimprove}} end--><noinclude> {{documentation}}<!-- Please add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, thanks --> </noinclude> 6139cfce4f553faa3eda115b5bf9d6e717a33a82 295 2012-12-31T22:50:31Z Fuhghettaboutit 0 Object to removal of long-standing links to challenge and removal; especially with respect to WP:BURDEN, it is crucial that people are pointed to the policy on this as it's so misunderstood, If need be I'd lose every link before removing that one {{ambox | name = {{{name|Refimprove}}} | subst = {{{subst|<includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly><includeonly>substcheck}}</includeonly>}}} | small = {{{small|}}} | type = content | class = ambox-Refimprove | image = [[File:Question book-new.svg|50x40px|alt=|link=]] | issue = This {{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|article}} '''needs additional citations for verification'''. | fix = Please help [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} improve this article] by [[Help:Introduction to referencing/1|adding citations to reliable sources]]. Unsourced material may be [[Template:Citation needed|challenged]] and [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden of evidence|removed]]. | talk = {{{talk|}}} | date = {{{date|}}} | cat = Articles needing additional references | all = All articles needing additional references }}<!--{{refimprove}} end--><noinclude> {{documentation}}<!-- Please add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, thanks --> </noinclude> 6139cfce4f553faa3eda115b5bf9d6e717a33a82 10 61 165 164 2013-04-29T12:30:30Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <div class="reflist <!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: {{{1|1}}} > 1 }} | references-column-width | references-column-count references-column-count-{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}} }} | {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}} | references-column-width }} }}" style="<!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: {{{1|1}}} > 1 }} | {{column-width|{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}}}} | {{column-count|{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}}}} }} | {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}} | {{column-width|{{{colwidth}}}}} }} }} list-style-type: <!-- -->{{{liststyle|{{#switch: {{{group|}}} | upper-alpha | upper-roman | lower-alpha | lower-greek | lower-roman = {{{group}}} | #default = decimal}}}}};"> {{#tag:references|{{{refs|}}}|group={{{group|}}}}}</div><noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> 8132552667e8743d5d3c6befd0d735e0b65d2374 164 2012-08-05T17:49:47Z Edokter 0 fix pre-space bug <div class="reflist <!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: {{{1|1}}} > 1 }} | references-column-width | references-column-count references-column-count-{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}} }} | {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}} | references-column-width }} }}" style="<!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: {{{1|1}}} > 1 }} | {{column-width|{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}}}} | {{column-count|{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}}}} }} | {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}} | {{column-width|{{{colwidth}}}}} }} }} list-style-type: <!-- -->{{{liststyle|{{#switch: {{{group|}}} | upper-alpha | upper-roman | lower-alpha | lower-greek | lower-roman = {{{group}}} | #default = decimal}}}}};"> {{#tag:references|{{{refs|}}}|group={{{group|}}}}}</div><noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> 8132552667e8743d5d3c6befd0d735e0b65d2374 10 128 298 297 2013-04-29T15:30:58Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <div class="rellink{{#if:{{{extraclasses|}}}|<nowiki> </nowiki>{{{extraclasses}}}}}">{{{1}}}</div><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 11d95fa01969ac274ff0cde27483e6494a48cef7 297 2010-09-26T23:20:40Z Plastikspork 0 dupe pp <div class="rellink{{#if:{{{extraclasses|}}}|<nowiki> </nowiki>{{{extraclasses}}}}}">{{{1}}}</div><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 11d95fa01969ac274ff0cde27483e6494a48cef7 10 129 300 299 2013-04-29T15:30:59Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:0}} = article | {{ns:4}} = Wikipedia page | {{ns:2}} | {{ns:12}} = {{lc:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}}} page | #default = {{lc:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 4f84e8059ec30e2a96684cbcd53b80e19ff9f1e5 299 2011-02-11T01:29:19Z Plastikspork 0 Protected Template:SUBJECTSPACE formatted: [[WP:High-risk templates|Highly visible template]] ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite)) {{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:0}} = article | {{ns:4}} = Wikipedia page | {{ns:2}} | {{ns:12}} = {{lc:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}}} page | #default = {{lc:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 4f84e8059ec30e2a96684cbcd53b80e19ff9f1e5 10 172 386 385 2013-04-29T15:31:06Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{Navbox | name = Scams and confidence tricks | state = {{{state|<includeonly>autocollapse</includeonly>}}} | title = [[Confidence trick|Scams and confidence tricks]] | listclass = hlist | group1 = Terminology | list1 = * [[Confidence trick]] * [[Error account]] * [[List of confidence tricks]] * [[Shill]] * [[Sucker list]] * [[:wiktionary:conman#Noun|Conman]] | group2 = Notable scams and<br />confidence tricks | list2 = * [[Advance-fee fraud|Advance fee fraud]] * [[Art student scam]] * [[Badger game]] * [[Bait-and-switch]] * [[Black money scam]] * [[Bogus escrow]] * [[Boiler room (business)|Boiler room]] * [[Charity fraud]] * [[Clip joint]] * [[Coin rolling scams]] * [[Drop swindle]] * [[Embarrassing cheque]] * [[Employment scams]] * [[Fiddle game]] * [[Fine print]] * [[Fodder Scam|Fodder scam]] * [[Foreclosure rescue scheme]] * [[Foreign exchange fraud]] * [[Fortune telling fraud]] * [[Get-rich-quick scheme]] * [[Green goods scam]] * [[Hustling]] * [[Scams in intellectual property|Intellectual property scams]] * [[Kansas City Shuffle]] * [[Long firm]] * [[Miracle cars scam]] * [[Mock auction]] * [[Patent safe]] * [[Pig in a poke]] * [[Ponzi scheme]] * [[Pump and dump]] * [[Pyramid scheme]] * [[Reloading scam]] * [[Shell game]] * [[Sick baby hoax]] * [[Slavery reparations scam]] * [[Spanish Prisoner]] * [[Strip search prank call scam]] * [[Swampland in Florida]] * [[Telemarketing fraud]] * [[Gem scam]] * [[Thai tailor scam]] * [[Thai zig zag scam]] * [[Three-card Monte]] * [[Trojan horse (business)|Trojan horse]] * [[White van speaker scam]] * [[Work-at-home scheme]] | group3 = [[Internet fraud|Internet scams]] and<br />countermeasures | list3 = * [[Advance fee fraud]] * [[Avalanche (phishing group)]] * [[Click fraud]] * [[Computer crime]] * [[CyberThrill]] * [[DarkMarket]] * [[Scams in intellectual property|Domain slamming]] * [[Email authentication]] * [[Email fraud]] * [[El Gordo de la Primitiva Lottery International Promotions Programmes]] * [[Employment scams]] * [[Internet vigilantism]] * [[Lottery scam]] * [[PayPaI]] * [[Phishing]] * [[Referer spoofing]] * [[Ripoff Report]] * [[Rock Phish]] * [[Romance scam]] * [[Russian Business Network]] * [[SaferNet]] * [[Scam baiting]] * [[ShadowCrew]] * [[Spoofed URL]] * [[Spoofing attack]] * [[Stock Generation]] * [[Cramming (fraud)]] * [[Website reputation ratings]] * [[Whitemail]] | group4 = [[Pyramid scheme|Pyramid]] and [[Ponzi scheme|Ponzi]] schemes | list4 = * [[Aman Futures Group]] * [[Dona Branca]] * [[Caritas (Ponzi scheme)|Caritas]] * [[Bernard Cornfeld]] * [[Foundation for New Era Philanthropy]] * [[High-yield investment program|High-yield investment program (HYIP)]] * [[Investors Overseas Service]] * [[Madoff investment scandal|Bernard Madoff]] * [[MMM (Ponzi scheme company)|MMM]] * [[Make Money Fast]] * [[Petters Group Worldwide]] * [[Pyramid schemes in Albania]] * [[Reed Slatkin]] * [[Scott W. Rothstein]] * [[Stanford Financial Group]] | group5 = Confidence tricks in the media | list5 = * [[Confidence trick (books and literature)|Books and literature]] * [[:Category:Fictional con artists|Fictional con artists]] * [[Confidence trick (television and movies)|Television and movies]] | belowclass = hlist | below = * See also: [[List of con artists]] * [[List of confidence tricks]] * [[List of Ponzi schemes]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} </noinclude> 42b4ba99e652990b454ebb8bab364c5fc83e8873 385 2013-02-25T08:14:15Z Mediran 0 + Aman Futures Group {{Navbox | name = Scams and confidence tricks | state = {{{state|<includeonly>autocollapse</includeonly>}}} | title = [[Confidence trick|Scams and confidence tricks]] | listclass = hlist | group1 = Terminology | list1 = * [[Confidence trick]] * [[Error account]] * [[List of confidence tricks]] * [[Shill]] * [[Sucker list]] * [[:wiktionary:conman#Noun|Conman]] | group2 = Notable scams and<br />confidence tricks | list2 = * [[Advance-fee fraud|Advance fee fraud]] * [[Art student scam]] * [[Badger game]] * [[Bait-and-switch]] * [[Black money scam]] * [[Bogus escrow]] * [[Boiler room (business)|Boiler room]] * [[Charity fraud]] * [[Clip joint]] * [[Coin rolling scams]] * [[Drop swindle]] * [[Embarrassing cheque]] * [[Employment scams]] * [[Fiddle game]] * [[Fine print]] * [[Fodder Scam|Fodder scam]] * [[Foreclosure rescue scheme]] * [[Foreign exchange fraud]] * [[Fortune telling fraud]] * [[Get-rich-quick scheme]] * [[Green goods scam]] * [[Hustling]] * [[Scams in intellectual property|Intellectual property scams]] * [[Kansas City Shuffle]] * [[Long firm]] * [[Miracle cars scam]] * [[Mock auction]] * [[Patent safe]] * [[Pig in a poke]] * [[Ponzi scheme]] * [[Pump and dump]] * [[Pyramid scheme]] * [[Reloading scam]] * [[Shell game]] * [[Sick baby hoax]] * [[Slavery reparations scam]] * [[Spanish Prisoner]] * [[Strip search prank call scam]] * [[Swampland in Florida]] * [[Telemarketing fraud]] * [[Gem scam]] * [[Thai tailor scam]] * [[Thai zig zag scam]] * [[Three-card Monte]] * [[Trojan horse (business)|Trojan horse]] * [[White van speaker scam]] * [[Work-at-home scheme]] | group3 = [[Internet fraud|Internet scams]] and<br />countermeasures | list3 = * [[Advance fee fraud]] * [[Avalanche (phishing group)]] * [[Click fraud]] * [[Computer crime]] * [[CyberThrill]] * [[DarkMarket]] * [[Scams in intellectual property|Domain slamming]] * [[Email authentication]] * [[Email fraud]] * [[El Gordo de la Primitiva Lottery International Promotions Programmes]] * [[Employment scams]] * [[Internet vigilantism]] * [[Lottery scam]] * [[PayPaI]] * [[Phishing]] * [[Referer spoofing]] * [[Ripoff Report]] * [[Rock Phish]] * [[Romance scam]] * [[Russian Business Network]] * [[SaferNet]] * [[Scam baiting]] * [[ShadowCrew]] * [[Spoofed URL]] * [[Spoofing attack]] * [[Stock Generation]] * [[Cramming (fraud)]] * [[Website reputation ratings]] * [[Whitemail]] | group4 = [[Pyramid scheme|Pyramid]] and [[Ponzi scheme|Ponzi]] schemes | list4 = * [[Aman Futures Group]] * [[Dona Branca]] * [[Caritas (Ponzi scheme)|Caritas]] * [[Bernard Cornfeld]] * [[Foundation for New Era Philanthropy]] * [[High-yield investment program|High-yield investment program (HYIP)]] * [[Investors Overseas Service]] * [[Madoff investment scandal|Bernard Madoff]] * [[MMM (Ponzi scheme company)|MMM]] * [[Make Money Fast]] * [[Petters Group Worldwide]] * [[Pyramid schemes in Albania]] * [[Reed Slatkin]] * [[Scott W. Rothstein]] * [[Stanford Financial Group]] | group5 = Confidence tricks in the media | list5 = * [[Confidence trick (books and literature)|Books and literature]] * [[:Category:Fictional con artists|Fictional con artists]] * [[Confidence trick (television and movies)|Television and movies]] | belowclass = hlist | below = * See also: [[List of con artists]] * [[List of confidence tricks]] * [[List of Ponzi schemes]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} </noinclude> 42b4ba99e652990b454ebb8bab364c5fc83e8873 10 142 326 325 2013-04-29T15:31:01Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{rellink|extraclasses=boilerplate seealso|{{{altphrase|See also}}}: {{#if:{{{1<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |<!--then:-->[[:{{{1}}}{{#if:{{{label 1|{{{l1|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 1|{{{l1}}}}}}}}]] |<!--else:-->'''Error: [[Template:See also|Template must be given at least one article name]]''' }}{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{#if:{{{3|}}}|, |&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{2}}}{{#if:{{{label 2|{{{l2|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 2|{{{l2}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{#if:{{{4|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{3}}}{{#if:{{{label 3|{{{l3|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 3|{{{l3}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{4|}}}|{{#if:{{{5|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{4}}}{{#if:{{{label 4|{{{l4|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 4|{{{l4}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{5|}}}|{{#if:{{{6|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{5}}}{{#if:{{{label 5|{{{l5|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 5|{{{l5}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{6|}}}|{{#if:{{{7|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{6}}}{{#if:{{{label 6|{{{l6|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 6|{{{l6}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{7|}}}|{{#if:{{{8|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{7}}}{{#if:{{{label 7|{{{l7|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 7|{{{l7}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{8|}}}|{{#if:{{{9|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{8}}}{{#if:{{{label 8|{{{l8|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 8|{{{l8}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{9|}}}|{{#if:{{{10|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{9}}}{{#if:{{{label 9|{{{l9|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 9|{{{l9}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{10|}}}|{{#if:{{{11|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{10}}}{{#if:{{{label 10|{{{l10|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 10|{{{l10}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{11|}}}|{{#if:{{{12|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{11}}}{{#if:{{{label 11|{{{l11|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 11|{{{l11}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{12|}}}|{{#if:{{{13|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{12}}}{{#if:{{{label 12|{{{l12|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 12|{{{l12}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{13|}}}|{{#if:{{{14|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{13}}}{{#if:{{{label 13|{{{l13|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 13|{{{l13}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{14|}}}|{{#if:{{{15|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{14}}}{{#if:{{{label 14|{{{l14|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 14|{{{l14}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{15|}}}|,&nbsp;and [[:{{{15}}}{{#if:{{{label 15|{{{l15|}}} }}}|{{!}}{{{label 15|{{{l15|}}} }}} }}]] }}{{#if:{{{16|}}}| &mdash; '''<br/>Error: [[Template:See also|Too many links specified (maximum is 15)]]''' }}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 7dc0481029af23c6d0e093eb80583257982cafc8 325 2011-08-08T03:04:05Z Bkonrad 0 remove terminal punctuation -- this does not form a grammatical sentence and the use of a full stop is simply incorrect {{rellink|extraclasses=boilerplate seealso|{{{altphrase|See also}}}: {{#if:{{{1<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |<!--then:-->[[:{{{1}}}{{#if:{{{label 1|{{{l1|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 1|{{{l1}}}}}}}}]] |<!--else:-->'''Error: [[Template:See also|Template must be given at least one article name]]''' }}{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{#if:{{{3|}}}|, |&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{2}}}{{#if:{{{label 2|{{{l2|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 2|{{{l2}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{#if:{{{4|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{3}}}{{#if:{{{label 3|{{{l3|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 3|{{{l3}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{4|}}}|{{#if:{{{5|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{4}}}{{#if:{{{label 4|{{{l4|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 4|{{{l4}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{5|}}}|{{#if:{{{6|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{5}}}{{#if:{{{label 5|{{{l5|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 5|{{{l5}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{6|}}}|{{#if:{{{7|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{6}}}{{#if:{{{label 6|{{{l6|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 6|{{{l6}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{7|}}}|{{#if:{{{8|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{7}}}{{#if:{{{label 7|{{{l7|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 7|{{{l7}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{8|}}}|{{#if:{{{9|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{8}}}{{#if:{{{label 8|{{{l8|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 8|{{{l8}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{9|}}}|{{#if:{{{10|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{9}}}{{#if:{{{label 9|{{{l9|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 9|{{{l9}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{10|}}}|{{#if:{{{11|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{10}}}{{#if:{{{label 10|{{{l10|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 10|{{{l10}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{11|}}}|{{#if:{{{12|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{11}}}{{#if:{{{label 11|{{{l11|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 11|{{{l11}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{12|}}}|{{#if:{{{13|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{12}}}{{#if:{{{label 12|{{{l12|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 12|{{{l12}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{13|}}}|{{#if:{{{14|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{13}}}{{#if:{{{label 13|{{{l13|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 13|{{{l13}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{14|}}}|{{#if:{{{15|}}}|, |,&nbsp;and }} [[:{{{14}}}{{#if:{{{label 14|{{{l14|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 14|{{{l14}}}}}}}}]] }}{{#if:{{{15|}}}|,&nbsp;and [[:{{{15}}}{{#if:{{{label 15|{{{l15|}}} }}}|{{!}}{{{label 15|{{{l15|}}} }}} }}]] }}{{#if:{{{16|}}}| &mdash; '''<br/>Error: [[Template:See also|Too many links specified (maximum is 15)]]''' }}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 7dc0481029af23c6d0e093eb80583257982cafc8 10 130 302 301 2013-04-29T15:30:59Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <table class="metadata mbox-small{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{position|}}}}}|left|-left}} {{{class|}}}" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; {{{style|}}}"> {{#if:{{{above|}}} | <tr><td colspan={{#if:{{{imageright|}}}|3|2}} class="mbox-text" style="{{{textstyle|}}}{{{abovestyle|}}}"> {{{above}}}</td></tr> }} <tr> {{#switch:{{{image|}}} |<!--BLANK-->|none={{td}} |#default=<td class="mbox-image">{{{image}}}</td> }} <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="{{{textstyle|}}}">{{{text}}}</td> {{#if:{{{imageright|}}} | <td class="mbox-imageright">{{{imageright}}}</td> }} </tr> {{#if:{{{below|}}} | <tr><td colspan={{#if:{{{imageright|}}}|3|2}} class="mbox-text" style="{{{textstyle|}}}">{{{below}}}</td></tr> }} </table><noinclude>{{Documentation}}<!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage --></noinclude> b83220d96d055e719b1664dd931842fac1ca9bc1 301 2012-08-16T08:09:25Z Thumperward 0 add plainlist class, which makes adds semantic value when multiple elements are used. any problems with this, please let me know <table class="metadata mbox-small{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{position|}}}}}|left|-left}} {{{class|}}}" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; {{{style|}}}"> {{#if:{{{above|}}} | <tr><td colspan={{#if:{{{imageright|}}}|3|2}} class="mbox-text" style="{{{textstyle|}}}{{{abovestyle|}}}"> {{{above}}}</td></tr> }} <tr> {{#switch:{{{image|}}} |<!--BLANK-->|none={{td}} |#default=<td class="mbox-image">{{{image}}}</td> }} <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="{{{textstyle|}}}">{{{text}}}</td> {{#if:{{{imageright|}}} | <td class="mbox-imageright">{{{imageright}}}</td> }} </tr> {{#if:{{{below|}}} | <tr><td colspan={{#if:{{{imageright|}}}|3|2}} class="mbox-text" style="{{{textstyle|}}}">{{{below}}}</td></tr> }} </table><noinclude>{{Documentation}}<!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage --></noinclude> b83220d96d055e719b1664dd931842fac1ca9bc1 10 143 328 327 2013-04-29T15:31:02Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <table class="vertical-navbox {{#ifeq:{{{wraplinks|}}}|true||nowraplinks}} {{{bodyclass|{{{class|}}}}}}" <!-- -->cellspacing="{{#if:{{{cellspacing|}}} |{{{cellspacing}}} |5}}" <!-- -->cellpadding="{{#if:{{{cellpadding|}}} |{{{cellpadding}}} |0}}" <!-- -->style="float:{{#if:{{{float|}}} |{{{float}}} |right}};<!-- -->clear:{{#ifeq:{{{float|}}}|none |both |{{#if:{{{float|}}} |{{{float}}} |right}}}};<!-- -->width:{{#if:{{{width|}}} |{{{width}}} |22.0em}};<!-- (margins:)-->{{#switch:{{{float|}}} |left=margin:0 1.0em 1.0em 0; |none|right|#default=margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;}}<!-- -->background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;{{{bodystyle|{{{style|}}}}}}"><!-- -->{{#if:{{{outertitle|}}} |<caption class="{{{outertitleclass|}}}" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold;{{{outertitlestyle|}}}">{{{outertitle}}}</caption><!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{topimage|}}} |<tr><td class="{{{topimageclass|}}}" style="padding:0.4em 0;{{{topimagestyle|}}}">{{{topimage}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{topcaption|}}} |<div style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;{{{topcaptionstyle|}}}">{{{topcaption}}}</div>}}</td> </tr> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{pretitle|}}} |<tr><td class="{{{pretitleclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{topimage|}}} |padding-top:0.2em |padding-top:0.4em}};line-height:1.2em;{{{pretitlestyle|}}}">{{{pretitle}}}</td> </tr> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{title|}}} |<tr><th class="{{{titleclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;{{#if:{{{pretitle|}}} |padding-top:0}};font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;{{{titlestyle|}}}">{{{title}}}</th> </tr> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{image|}}} |<tr><td class="{{{imageclass|}}}" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;{{{imagestyle|}}}">{{{image}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{caption|}}} |<div style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;{{{captionstyle|}}}">{{{caption}}}</div>}}</td> </tr> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{above|}}} |<tr><td class="{{{aboveclass|}}}" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;{{{abovestyle|}}}"><!--newline required for bullet-points to work:--> {{{above}}}</td> </tr> }}<!-- heading#/content# starts here: -->{{#if: {{{heading1|}}}| <tr> <th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading1style|}}}">{{{heading1}}}</th> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{content1|}}}| <tr> <td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em; {{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content1style|}}}"><!-- newline required before contents# for bullets to work --> {{{content1}}}</td> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{heading2|}}}| <tr> <th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading2style|}}}">{{{heading2}}}</th> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{content2|}}}| <tr> <td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em; {{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content2style|}}}"> {{{content2}}}</td> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{heading3|}}}| <tr> <th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading3style|}}}">{{{heading3}}}</th> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{content3|}}}| <tr> <td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em; {{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content3style|}}}"> {{{content3}}}</td> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{heading4|}}}| <tr> <th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading4style|}}}">{{{heading4}}}</th> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{content4|}}}| <tr> <td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em; {{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content4style|}}}"> {{{content4|}}}</td> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{heading5|}}}| <tr> <th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading5style|}}}">{{{heading5}}}</th> </tr> 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{{{content14|}}}| <tr> <td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em; {{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content14style|}}}"> {{{content14}}}</td> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{heading15|}}}| <tr> <th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading15style|}}}">{{{heading15}}}</th> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{content15|}}}| <tr> <td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em; {{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content15style|}}}"> {{{content15}}}</td> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{heading16|}}}| <tr> <th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading16style|}}}">{{{heading16}}}</th> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{content16|}}}| <tr> <td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em; {{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content16style|}}}"> {{{content16}}}</td> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{heading17|}}}| <tr> <th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading17style|}}}">{{{heading17}}}</th> 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style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading20style|}}}">{{{heading20}}}</th> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{content20|}}}| <tr> <td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em; {{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content20style|}}}"> {{{content20}}}</td> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{heading21|}}}| <tr> <th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading21style|}}}">{{{heading21}}}</th> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{content21|}}}| <tr> <td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em; {{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content21style|}}}"> {{{content21}}}</td> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{heading22|}}}| <tr> <th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading22style|}}}">{{{heading22}}}</th> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{content22|}}}| <tr> <td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em; {{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content22style|}}}"> {{{content22}}}</td> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{heading23|}}}| <tr> <th 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{{{heading26|}}}| <tr> <th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading26style|}}}">{{{heading26}}}</th> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{content26|}}}| <tr> <td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em; {{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content26style|}}}"> {{{content26}}}</td> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{heading27|}}}| <tr> <th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading27style|}}}">{{{heading27}}}</th> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{content27|}}}| <tr> <td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em; {{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content27style|}}}"> {{{content27}}}</td> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{heading28|}}}| <tr> <th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading28style|}}}">{{{heading28}}}</th> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{content28|}}}| <tr> <td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em; {{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content28style|}}}"> {{{content28}}}</td> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{heading29|}}}| <tr> <th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading29style|}}}">{{{heading29}}}</th> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{content29|}}}| <tr> <td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em; {{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content29style|}}}"> {{{content29}}}</td> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{heading30|}}}| <tr> <th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading30style|}}}">{{{heading30}}}</th> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{content30|}}}| <tr> <td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em; {{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content30style|}}}"> {{{content30}}}</td> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{heading31|}}}| <tr> <th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading31style|}}}">{{{heading31}}}</th> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{content31|}}}| <tr> <td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em; {{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content31style|}}}"> {{{content31}}}</td> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{heading32|}}}| <tr> <th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading32style|}}}">{{{heading32}}}</th> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{content32|}}}| <tr> <td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em; {{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content32style|}}}"> {{{content32}}}</td> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{heading33|}}}| <tr> <th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading33style|}}}">{{{heading33}}}</th> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{content33|}}}| <tr> <td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em; {{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content33style|}}}"> {{{content33}}}</td> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{heading34|}}}| <tr> <th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading34style|}}}">{{{heading34}}}</th> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{content34|}}}| <tr> <td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em; {{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content34style|}}}"> {{{content34}}}</td> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{heading35|}}}| <tr> <th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading35style|}}}">{{{heading35}}}</th> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{content35|}}}| <tr> <td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em; {{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content35style|}}}"> {{{content35}}}</td> </tr> }}<!-- -->{{#if: {{{below|}}} |<tr><td class="{{{belowclass|}}}" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;{{{belowstyle|}}}"> {{{below}}}</td> </tr> }}<!-- -->{{#switch:{{{navbar|{{{tnavbar|<noinclude>off</noinclude>}}}}}} |none |off= |#default=<tr><td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;{{{navbarstyle|{{{tnavbarstyle|}}}}}}">{{navbar|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|mini=1|fontstyle={{{navbarfontstyle|{{{tnavbarfontstyle|}}}}}}}}</td></tr><!-- -->}} </table><noinclude>{{documentation}}<!-- Please add categories and interwikis to the bottom of Template:Sidebar/doc, not here --></noinclude> 6b1e40c58b6d764ce0c31f9e5f8d5f2651218544 10 131 304 303 2013-04-29T15:30:59Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{Side box | position = {{{position|}}} | image = {{#switch: {{{image|}}} | none = <!-- "image=none", do nothing --> | = <!-- No image fed, select an image --> [[Image:{{#switch: {{lc: {{{project|}}} }} | commons = Commons-logo.svg | meta|metawiki|m = Wikimedia Community Logo.svg | wikibooks|wbk|wb|b = Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg | wikidata|data = Wikidata-logo.svg | wikiquote|quote|wqt|q = Wikiquote-logo-en.svg | wikipedia|wp|w = Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg | wikisource|source|ws|s = Wikisource-logo.svg | wiktionary|wkt|wdy|d = Wiktionary-logo-en.svg | wikinews|news|wnw|n = Wikinews-logo.svg | wikispecies|species = Wikispecies-logo.svg | wikiversity|wvy|v = Wikiversity-logo.svg | wikivoyage|voyage|voy = Wikivoyage-logo.svg | mediawiki|mw = Mediawiki.png | outreachwiki|outreach = Wikimedia Outreach.png | incubator = Incubator-notext.svg | #default = Wikimedia-logo.svg }}|40x40px|link=|alt= ]] | #default = {{{image|}}} }} | text = {{{text}}} | below = {{{below|}}} | imageright = {{{imageright|}}} | class = plainlinks }}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}<!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --></noinclude> c345eee91d56f9c24bcaf4c14654d25963d7fe5d 303 2013-01-15T06:27:58Z Rschen7754 0 change logo {{Side box | position = {{{position|}}} | image = {{#switch: {{{image|}}} | none = <!-- "image=none", do nothing --> | = <!-- No image fed, select an image --> [[Image:{{#switch: {{lc: {{{project|}}} }} | commons = Commons-logo.svg | meta|metawiki|m = Wikimedia Community Logo.svg | wikibooks|wbk|wb|b = Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg | wikidata|data = Wikidata-logo.svg | wikiquote|quote|wqt|q = Wikiquote-logo-en.svg | wikipedia|wp|w = Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg | wikisource|source|ws|s = Wikisource-logo.svg | wiktionary|wkt|wdy|d = Wiktionary-logo-en.svg | wikinews|news|wnw|n = Wikinews-logo.svg | wikispecies|species = Wikispecies-logo.svg | wikiversity|wvy|v = Wikiversity-logo.svg | wikivoyage|voyage|voy = Wikivoyage-logo.svg | mediawiki|mw = Mediawiki.png | outreachwiki|outreach = Wikimedia Outreach.png | incubator = Incubator-notext.svg | #default = Wikimedia-logo.svg }}|40x40px|link=|alt= ]] | #default = {{{image|}}} }} | text = {{{text}}} | below = {{{below|}}} | imageright = {{{imageright|}}} | class = plainlinks }}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}<!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --></noinclude> c345eee91d56f9c24bcaf4c14654d25963d7fe5d 10 132 306 305 2013-04-29T15:30:59Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <includeonly>{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:|{{{2|1}}}|{{{1}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 9c0bdb76d3fd64ecd8af888df4ec235e5aec0b33 305 2010-04-23T14:30:19Z Amalthea 0 Aargh <includeonly>{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:|{{{2|1}}}|{{{1}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 9c0bdb76d3fd64ecd8af888df4ec235e5aec0b33 10 92 226 225 2013-04-29T12:55:03Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <code style="white-space:nowrap;">{{#switch:{{{2|pair}}} |c|close = <!--nothing--> |s|single |o|open |p|pair = &lt;{{{1|tag}}}{{#if:{{{params|}}}|&#32;{{{params}}}}} }}{{#switch:{{{2|pair}}} |c|close = {{{content|}}} |s|single = &#32;&#47;&gt; |o|open = &gt;{{{content|}}} |p|pair = &gt;{{{content|...}}} }}{{#switch:{{{2|pair}}} |s|single |o|open = <!--nothing--> |c|close |p|pair = &lt;&#47;{{{1|tag}}}&gt; }}</code><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 7c8003f540f61572908fabb392c47f319f0a286d 225 2011-11-21T00:25:23Z Edokter 0 I think this is a solution to a non-existing problem. <code style="white-space:nowrap;">{{#switch:{{{2|pair}}} |c|close = <!--nothing--> |s|single |o|open |p|pair = &lt;{{{1|tag}}}{{#if:{{{params|}}}|&#32;{{{params}}}}} }}{{#switch:{{{2|pair}}} |c|close = {{{content|}}} |s|single = &#32;&#47;&gt; |o|open = &gt;{{{content|}}} |p|pair = &gt;{{{content|...}}} }}{{#switch:{{{2|pair}}} |s|single |o|open = <!--nothing--> |c|close |p|pair = &lt;&#47;{{{1|tag}}}&gt; }}</code><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 7c8003f540f61572908fabb392c47f319f0a286d 10 159 360 359 2013-04-29T15:31:04Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#switch: <!--If no or empty "demospace" parameter then detect namespace--> {{#if:{{{demospace|}}} | {{lc: {{{demospace}}} }} <!--Use lower case "demospace"--> | {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}} | talk | other }} }} | talk = {{{1|}}} | other | #default = {{{2|}}} }}<!--End switch--><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 785860279f62807849432c050dc6307913c53e8b 359 2010-10-04T14:46:45Z WOSlinker 0 remove {{pp-template}} {{#switch: <!--If no or empty "demospace" parameter then detect namespace--> {{#if:{{{demospace|}}} | {{lc: {{{demospace}}} }} <!--Use lower case "demospace"--> | {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}} | talk | other }} }} | talk = {{{1|}}} | other | #default = {{{2|}}} }}<!--End switch--><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 785860279f62807849432c050dc6307913c53e8b 10 93 228 227 2013-04-29T12:55:03Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#switch: <!--If no or empty "demospace" parameter then detect namespace--> {{#if:{{{demospace|}}} | {{lc: {{{demospace}}} }} <!--Use lower case "demospace"--> | {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:Template}} | template | other }} }} | template = {{{1|}}} | other | #default = {{{2|}}} }}<!--End switch--><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 06fb13d264df967b5232141067eb7d2b67372d76 227 2010-10-04T14:47:12Z WOSlinker 0 remove {{pp-template}} {{#switch: <!--If no or empty "demospace" parameter then detect namespace--> {{#if:{{{demospace|}}} | {{lc: {{{demospace}}} }} <!--Use lower case "demospace"--> | {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:Template}} | template | other }} }} | template = {{{1|}}} | other | #default = {{{2|}}} }}<!--End switch--><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 06fb13d264df967b5232141067eb7d2b67372d76 10 94 230 229 2013-04-29T12:55:03Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{[[Template:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> d277314774e23fd4e1da2c410504bf62d84a7c7b 229 2010-10-02T19:12:49Z WOSlinker 0 remove {{pp-template}} {{[[Template:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> d277314774e23fd4e1da2c410504bf62d84a7c7b 10 95 232 231 2013-04-29T12:55:04Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{#switch: {{NAMESPACE: {{{1}}} }} |#default = {{FULLPAGENAME: {{{1}}} }} <!-- eg "User:Foo" --> |{{ns:0}} = {{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACE: {{{1}}} }} | {{NAMESPACE: Template{{{1}}} }} | Template:{{{1}}} <!-- no leading colon, eg "Foo" --> | {{PAGENAME: {{{1}}} }} <!-- leading colon, eg ":Foo", so we want the article --> }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> d0239e71e5745cd0d4efd032cee07341e111376b 231 2009-03-06T12:09:04Z Happy-melon 0 Protected Template:Transclude: [[WP:HRT|Highly visible template]] ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite)) {{#switch: {{NAMESPACE: {{{1}}} }} |#default = {{FULLPAGENAME: {{{1}}} }} <!-- eg "User:Foo" --> |{{ns:0}} = {{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACE: {{{1}}} }} | {{NAMESPACE: Template{{{1}}} }} | Template:{{{1}}} <!-- no leading colon, eg "Foo" --> | {{PAGENAME: {{{1}}} }} <!-- leading colon, eg ":Foo", so we want the article --> }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> d0239e71e5745cd0d4efd032cee07341e111376b 10 62 167 166 2013-04-29T12:30:30Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst |<includeonly>{{subst:Unsubst|Unreferenced|1|{{{1|¬}}}|name|{{{name|¬}}}|small|{{{small|¬}}}|date|{{{date|{{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}}}} }}</includeonly>| {{Ambox | name = {{{name|Unreferenced}}} | subst = <includeonly>{{{subst|{{subst:substcheck}}}}}</includeonly> | type = content | class = ambox-Unreferenced | small = {{{small|}}} | image = [[File:Question book-new.svg|50x40px]] | issue = This {{{1|article}}} '''does not [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|cite]] any [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|references or sources]]'''. | fix = Please help {{#ifeq:{{{1}}}|section|improve this section|[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} improve this article]}} by [[Help:Introduction to referencing/1|adding citations to reliable sources]]. Unsourced material may be challenged and [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden of evidence|removed]]. | date = {{{date|}}} | cat = Articles {{#ifeq:{{{1}}}|section|needing additional references|lacking sources}} | all = All articles {{#ifeq:{{{1}}}|section|needing additional references|lacking sources}} }} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 8828e4d8d2b3a836b48b51992b6d54c35ac4a171 166 2013-04-27T21:59:54Z PBS 0 [[Help:Reverting|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/PBS|PBS]] ([[User talk:PBS|talk]]) to last version by Fram {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst |<includeonly>{{subst:Unsubst|Unreferenced|1|{{{1|¬}}}|name|{{{name|¬}}}|small|{{{small|¬}}}|date|{{{date|{{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}}}} }}</includeonly>| {{Ambox | name = {{{name|Unreferenced}}} | subst = <includeonly>{{{subst|{{subst:substcheck}}}}}</includeonly> | type = content | class = ambox-Unreferenced | small = {{{small|}}} | image = [[File:Question book-new.svg|50x40px]] | issue = This {{{1|article}}} '''does not [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|cite]] any [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|references or sources]]'''. | fix = Please help {{#ifeq:{{{1}}}|section|improve this section|[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} improve this article]}} by [[Help:Introduction to referencing/1|adding citations to reliable sources]]. Unsourced material may be challenged and [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden of evidence|removed]]. | date = {{{date|}}} | cat = Articles {{#ifeq:{{{1}}}|section|needing additional references|lacking sources}} | all = All articles {{#ifeq:{{{1}}}|section|needing additional references|lacking sources}} }} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 8828e4d8d2b3a836b48b51992b6d54c35ac4a171 10 63 169 168 2013-04-29T12:30:30Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{Unreferenced|section |name=Unreferenced section |subst=<includeonly>{{subst:substcheck}}</includeonly> |date={{{date|}}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 06d7a78ab512d3cc1f98889f9ffb83bf47e891a9 168 2012-12-19T01:51:12Z Remember the dot 0 simplified subst parameter for aesthetics and compatibility with the syntax highlighter gadget {{Unreferenced|section |name=Unreferenced section |subst=<includeonly>{{subst:substcheck}}</includeonly> |date={{{date|}}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 06d7a78ab512d3cc1f98889f9ffb83bf47e891a9 10 64 171 170 2013-04-29T12:30:30Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <noinclude><!-- ##### param 1 is the year ##### param 2 is the month number ##### param 3 is the day of the month ##### optional param 4 is the category ##### optional named parameter reason= is ignored (used as a hidden comment to future editors) --></noinclude>{{#ifexpr: {{JULIANDAY| {{CURRENTYEAR}} | {{CURRENTMONTH}} | {{CURRENTDAY}} }} >= {{JULIANDAY| {{{1|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} | {{{2|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}} | {{{3|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}} + {{{delay|0}}} }} |{{Fix |link = Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Precise language |text = dated info |cat = {{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{DMCA|Wikipedia articles in need of updating|from|{{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}} {{{1}}}}}|{{DMCA|Wikipedia articles in need of updating|from|January {{{1}}}}}}}|{{DMCA|||Wikipedia articles in need of updating}}}}{{#if:{{{4|}}}|[[Category:{{{4}}}]]}} |title = The text near this tag is dated.}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and inter-wikis to the /doc subpage, please, not here! --> </noinclude> 438d048d844ba59157c0ec9177c053f42064c85f 170 2013-04-10T05:32:18Z Jason Quinn 0 "in the vicinity of" -> "near"... less wordy and simpler English for non-native speakers; also added trailing period <noinclude><!-- ##### param 1 is the year ##### param 2 is the month number ##### param 3 is the day of the month ##### optional param 4 is the category ##### optional named parameter reason= is ignored (used as a hidden comment to future editors) --></noinclude>{{#ifexpr: {{JULIANDAY| {{CURRENTYEAR}} | {{CURRENTMONTH}} | {{CURRENTDAY}} }} >= {{JULIANDAY| {{{1|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} | {{{2|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}} | {{{3|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}} + {{{delay|0}}} }} |{{Fix |link = Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Precise language |text = dated info |cat = {{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{DMCA|Wikipedia articles in need of updating|from|{{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}} {{{1}}}}}|{{DMCA|Wikipedia articles in need of updating|from|January {{{1}}}}}}}|{{DMCA|||Wikipedia articles in need of updating}}}}{{#if:{{{4|}}}|[[Category:{{{4}}}]]}} |title = The text near this tag is dated.}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and inter-wikis to the /doc subpage, please, not here! --> </noinclude> 438d048d844ba59157c0ec9177c053f42064c85f 10 160 362 361 2013-04-29T15:31:04Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{DMCA|Use dmy dates|from|{{{date|}}}}}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 20defb05fb79ea627965ef9e0d1aaf6a9b8a1778 361 2011-09-24T17:19:32Z Plastikspork 0 closing {{DMCA|Use dmy dates|from|{{{date|}}}}}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 20defb05fb79ea627965ef9e0d1aaf6a9b8a1778 10 144 330 329 2013-04-29T15:31:02Z Cyrus 1 1 revision {{DMCA|Use mdy dates|from|{{{date|}}}}}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 34e42a83f22e7d365ac9dddc42c065b0519b6a11 329 2011-09-24T17:19:18Z Plastikspork 0 closing {{DMCA|Use mdy dates|from|{{{date|}}}}}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 34e42a83f22e7d365ac9dddc42c065b0519b6a11 10 161 364 363 2013-04-29T15:31:05Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <!--{{Who}} begin-->{{Fix | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly><includeonly>substcheck}}</includeonly> | link = Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words | text = who? | title = The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. | date = {{{date|}}} | cat = [[Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases]] | cat-date = Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases}}<!--{{Who}} end--><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- PLEASE ADD THIS TEMPLATE'S CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS --> </noinclude> b6e23e78a1f4c417a7fc75c8a8d9c50b055630df 363 2013-04-09T21:38:11Z Jason Quinn 0 "in the vicinity of" -> "near"... less wordy and simpler English for non-native speakers <!--{{Who}} begin-->{{Fix | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly><includeonly>substcheck}}</includeonly> | link = Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words | text = who? | title = The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. | date = {{{date|}}} | cat = [[Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases]] | cat-date = Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases}}<!--{{Who}} end--><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- PLEASE ADD THIS TEMPLATE'S CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS --> </noinclude> b6e23e78a1f4c417a7fc75c8a8d9c50b055630df 10 179 400 399 2013-04-29T15:34:07Z Cyrus 1 1 revision <noinclude>{| class="wikitable" |- |</noinclude>style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: {{{align|center}}}; {{{style|}}}" class="table-yes"|{{{1|Yes}}}<noinclude> |} {{documentation}} </noinclude> 066bb2836075b8428e0145d9d4dca2198ddcb347 399 2010-02-19T16:28:52Z MSGJ 0 standardise documentation <noinclude>{| class="wikitable" |- |</noinclude>style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: {{{align|center}}}; {{{style|}}}" class="table-yes"|{{{1|Yes}}}<noinclude> |} {{documentation}} </noinclude> 066bb2836075b8428e0145d9d4dca2198ddcb347